Ko e Apakalifa—Ke Matakutaku po ke Amaamanaki ki Ai?
“Ko e Apakalifa he vaha nei, nakai ni ko e fakamaamaaga he Tohi Tapu ka kua eke ni mo taha mena lahi he mouiaga nei.”—Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, ko e takitaki tohikupu fakamua he Tau Motu Kaufakalataha.
KO E fakaaogaaga he kupu “apakalifa” he taha tagata mahuiga kua fakakite e puhala ne maama mo e mailoga he laulahi he tau tagata he tau kifaga mo e tau mataulu tohi, tau vala tala mekasini, mo e tau hokotaki tohitala. Kua fafati hake e tau fakakiteaga he matematekelea fakalutukia lahi. Ka ko e heigoa e kakano moli he kupu “apakalifa”? Ka kua mua atu agaia he aoga, ko e heigoa e matafekau ne tokai i loto he tohi Tohi Tapu ne fakahigoa Apakalifa, po ke Fakakiteaga?
Kua mai e kupu “apakalifa” he kupu Heleni ne kakano “veveu,” po ke “hafagiaga.” Ko e heigoa ne hafagi, po ke fakakite, he Fakakiteaga he Tohi Tapu? Ko e matafekau malaia ni kia hokoia, ko e fakatuogo he moumouaga ti nakai fai tagata ka hao? He huhu ko e heigoa e manatu hana ke he Apakalifa, ko e tagata fakamau tala tuai ko Jean Delumeau, ko ia he Institut de France, ne talahau: “Ko e tohi fakamafana ai mo e he amaamanakiaga. Kua fakavihi ai he tau tagata e tau fakamaamaaga he fakamahino atu ni ke he tau vala tala fakamalaia.”
Lotu Fakamua mo e Apakalifa
Fefe e onoonoaga he tau “Kerisiano” fakamua ke he Apakalifa mo e ke he amaamanakiaga ne fakatoka he Pule Afe Tau (Afetau) he Keriso ke he lalolagi? Ne talamai he tagata fakamau tala tuai ia ni: “Ko e tau Kerisiano he tau senetenari gahoa fakamua atu kua tuga hiki e taofiaga ke he afetau. . . . Haia he tau Kerisiano he tau senetenari fakamua ne talitonu ke he Afetau ko Papias, ko e pisopo ha Iarapoli i Asia Tote, . . . Ko e Tagata Tapu ko Justin, fanau i Palesitaina, mate matulo i Roma he kavi 165, ko e Tagata Tapu ko Irenæus, pisopo ha Lyons, mate he 202, ko Tertullian, mate he 222, mo e . . .tagata tohia talahaua ko Lactantius.” Hagaao ki a Papias, ne talahau ke mate matulo i Perekamo he 161 po ke 165 V.N., Ne talahau he The Catholic Encyclopedia: “Ko e pisopo ko Papias ha Iarapoli, ko e tutaki he St. John, ne kitia ke fakahakehake e taofiaga ke he afetau. Ne talahau a ia ke moua hana taofiaga mai he atuhau he tau Aposetolo, ti fakailoa e Irenæus ko e falu ‘Epikopo’, ne kua kitia mo e logona e tutaki ko Ioane, kua ako mai ia ia e talitonuaga ke he taofiaga ke he afetau ko e vala he taofiaga he Iki. Hagaao ai ki a Eusebius . . . ne fakamoli e Papias i loto he hana tohi ko e liu tu mai ha lautolu ne mamate to mailoga ka mole e taha afe tau he kautu kitia mata, lilifu he Keriso he lalolagi.”
Ko e heigoa ne talahau he mena nei ki a tautolu hagaao ke he lauiaaga he tohi Apakalifa, po ke Fakakiteaga, ke he tau tagata talitonu fakamua atu? Kua fakaohooho kia e matakutaku po ke amaamanakiaga? Kua fuluola ai, he ui he tau tagata fakamau tala tuai e tau Kerisiano vaha i tuai ko e tau tagata talitonu ke he afetau (chiliasts), mai he tau kupu Heleni khiʹli·a eʹte (afe tau). E, kua tokologa ia lautolu ne talahaua ke talitonu ke he Pule Afe Tau he Keriso, ka ta mai e tau tutuaga parataiso ke he lalolagi. Ko e tohi ni ne fakamahino e amaamanakiaga he afetau i loto he Tohi Tapu ko e Apakalifa, po ke Fakakiteaga. (20:1-7) Ti, he mamao atu he fakamatakutaku e tau tagata talitonu, kua foaki he Apakalifa ki a lautolu e amaamanakiaga homo ue atu. I loto he hana tohi The Early Church and the World, ne tohia e Cecil Cadoux ko e porofesa Oxford he fakamauaga tala tuai he lotu: “Ko e tau manatu he taofiaga ke he afetau, pete kua fakaheu he mogo fakamui, kua leva e holofa he Lotu, ko e mena fakaako he falu tagata tohia lilifu.”
Kakano ne Fakaheu e Amaamanakiaga he Apakalifa
Tali mai he fakamauaga tuai ko e tokologa he tau Kerisiano fakamua kua amaamanaki ke he Pule Afetau he Keriso ke he lalolagi parataiso, ka kua hoko mai fefe e “tau manatu he taofiaga ke he afetau” ia ke “fakaheu he mogo fakamui”? Ko e falu talahauaga moli kua hoko mai ha kua, tuga ne fakakite he tagata fakaako tokoluga ko Robert Mounce, “kua kelea ai, ha kua lahi e tokanoa he tokologa he tau tagata talitonu ke he afetau e tau manamanatuaga ha lautolu, mo e onoono atu ke he tau puhala oti he velevelemena mo e tau manako lahi he vaha afe tau.” Ka ko e tau manatu muatua nei kua lata ke fakahako ka e nakai ke fakaheu e amaamanakiaga moli he Afetau.
Moli kua ofogia ha e tau puhala ne fakaaoga he fi ke fakatikai aki e taofiaga ke he afetau. Ne talahau he Dictionnaire de Théologie Catholique hagaao ke he tagata lotu Roma ko Caius (matahiku he senetenari ke ua aki, kamataaga he senetenari ke tolu aki) “ke maeke ke fakamahala e taofiaga ke he afetau, ne fakatikai pauaki e ia e tonuhia he Apakalifa [Fakakiteaga] mo e he Evagelia ha St. John.” Ko e Dictionnaire nei kua talahau foki ko Dionysius, pisopo ha Alesania he senetenari ke tolu aki, ne tohia e fakamauaga ke he taofiaga ke he afetau “ke taofi aki a lautolu ne pipiki ke he manatu nei neke fakave ha lautolu a talitonu ke he Apakalifa he Tagata Tapu ko Ioane, kua nakai fakauaua ke fakatikai e tonuhia he Apakalifa.” Ko e totoko fakafaifi pihia ke he amaamanakiaga he tau monuina he afetau ke he lalolagi, kua fakakite e fakaohoohoaga fakagalogalo ne gahuahua he vahaloto he tau tagata fioloti he magaaho ia.
I loto he hana tohi The Pursuit of the Millennium, ne tohia he Porofesa ko Norman Cohn: “Ne kitia he senetenari ke tolu aki e laliaga fakamua ke fakaheu e taofiaga he afetau, he magaaho ne kamata a Origen, ne liga mahuiga lahi mai he tau tagata fioloti katoa he Lotu i tuai, kua fakamaama e Kautu ko e mena to tupu nakai he lagi likoliko po ke ha vaha, ka e he tau solu he tau tagata talitonu.” He tuaha ni ke he pulotu Heleni nakai ke he Tohi Tapu, ne fakahui e Origen e amaamanakiaga homo ue atu he tau monuina ke he lalolagi i lalo he Kautu faka-Mesia ke he “tuaga [halavihu] . . . i loto he tau solu he tau tagata talitonu.” Ne tohi he tagata tohia Katolika ko Léon Gry: “Ko e tau fakaohooho malolo he pulotu Heleni . . . ne toho fakahaga hifo e tau manatu he tau TagataTalitonu ke he Afetau.”
“Kua Galo he Lotu Hana Matafekau he Amaamanakiaga”
Kua nakai fakauaua ai ko Augustine e Matua he Lotu ne lahi mahaki e gahua ke lafi e pulotu Heleni mo e mena ne talahau he vaha hana ke tuga e fakaakoaga Kerisiano. Fakamua ko e tagata fakahakehake makutu he taofiaga ke he afetau, ne fakaheu e ia he mogo fakamui ha manatu ke he Pule Afetau he Keriso anoiha ke he lalolagi. Ne fakamaama ai e ia e Fakakiteaga veveheaga 20 ke tuga e tau tala fakahehe.
Ne talahau he The Catholic Encyclopedia: “Ati fakahiku ai a Augustine ke tapiki ke he fifiliaga to nakai fai afetau. . . . Ko e liu tu mai fakamua, ne tala e veveheaga nei ki ai, he tala mai e ia, kua hagaao ke he liu fanau fakaagaga he papatisoaga; ko e sapati he taha afe tau he mole atu e ono afe tau he fakamauaga tuai, ko e katoatoaaga haia he moui tukulagi.” Ne tohi he The New Encyclopædia Britannica: “Ko e tuaha noa ha Augustine ke he taofiaga ke he afetau kua taute ai mo matapatu taofiaga he lotu . . . Ko e tau Porotesano Liliuina mai he tau mena toka tuai he lotu Luther, Calvin, mo e Akilikana . . . kua pipiki mauokafua ke he tau manatu ha Augustine.” Ti, ko e tau tagata he tau lotu Kerisitenitome kua fakahoge mai he amaamanakiaga he taofiaga ke he afetau.
Mua atu, ne talahau he tagata fioloti Suisalani Frédéric de Rougemont, “he fakatikai hana tua fakamua ke he pule afe tau, ne fakatupu e [Augustine] e matematekelea makimaki ke he Lotu. Mo e pule fakaohooho lahi ha ko e hana higoa, ne talia e ia e hepe ne fakahoge aki [e Lotu] mai he manatu ke he lalolagi.” Kua pihia foki he talahau he tagata fioloti Sihamani ko Adolf Harnack, ke fakaheu e talitonuaga ke he Afetau kua fakahoge e tau tagata mai he “lotu ne maama e lautolu,” he tautui e “tua tuai mo e tau amaamanakiaga tuai” aki e “tua ne nakai hihiga a lautolu ke maama.” He vaha nei ko e gatigati he tau fale tapu he tau motu loga kua kitia maaliali e lata he tau tagata ke fai tua mo e amaamanakiaga ne kua maama e lautolu.
I loto he hana tohi Highlights of the Book of Revelation, ne tohia he tagata fakaako Tohi Tapu ko George Beasley-Murray: “Ha ko e fakaohoohoaga malolo ha Augustine he taha fahi mo e hiki he taofiaga ke he afetau he tau vahega lotu ke he taha fahi, kua kaufakalataha e tau Katolika mo e tau Porotesano ke fakaheu e taofiaga ia. He magaaho ne huhu ko e heigoa taha amaamanakiaga foki ha lautolu ma e tagata he lalolagi nei, ko e tali: Nakai fai. To fakaotioti e lalolagi he hauaga he Keriso ti hukui ai he lagi tukulagi mo e helo mo e nimo ai mogoia e tau mena mai tuai. . . . Kua galo he lotu hana matafekau he amaamanakiaga.”
Moui Agaia e Amaamanakiaga Homo Ue Atu he Apakalifa!
Ka ko e Tau Fakamoli a Iehova kua iloa tonuhia ko e tau maveheaga homo ue atu ne matutaki ke he Afetau to fakamoli ni. He polokalama he televisoni Falani kua huhu hagaao ke he mataulu tala “Tau 2000: Matakutaku he Apakalifa,” ne talahau he tagata fakamau tala tuai ha Falani ko Jean Delumeau: “Ko e Tau Fakamoli a Iehova kua mumui tonu ke he manatu he taofiaga ke he afetau, he kua talahau e lautolu nakai leva . . . to huhu atu a tautolu—ke he matematekekea fakalutukia lahi—ko e vaha he 1,000 tau he fiafiaaga.”
Ko e mena nei ni ne kitia he aposetolo ko Ioane he fakakiteaga mo e fakamaama ai i loto he hana tohi Apakalifa, po ke Fakakiteaga. Ne tohia e ia: “Ne kitia foki e au e lagi fou mo e lalolagi fou . . . Ne logona foki e au e leo lahi mai he lagi, kua pehe mai, Kitiala, kua fakalataha mo e tau tagata e fale uta fano he Atua, to nofo a ia mo lautolu; to eke a lautolu mo motu hana, to ha ia lautolu e Atua ni, ko e ha lautolu a Atua haia. To holoholo kehe he Atua e tau hihina mata oti mai he tau mata ha lautolu; ti nakai tuai fai mate, po ke fakatutuku, po ke tagi, ti nakai tuai fai matematekelea; ha kua mole atu e tau mena fakamua.”—Fakakiteaga 21:1, 3, 4.
Hane fa e fakafita e Tau Fakamoli a Iehova ke he gahua fakaako Tohi Tapu he lalolagi katoa ke fakalagalaga e tokologa he tau tagata ke kuku e amaamanakiaga nei. To fiafia a lautolu ke lagomatai a koe ke ako atu foki hagaao ki ai.
[Fakatino he lau 4]
Ne talahau a Papias ke moua tonu e taofiaga ke he Afetau mai he atuhau he tau aposetolo
[Fakatino he lau 5]
Ne talitonu a Tertullian ke he Pule Afetau he Keriso
[Credit Line]
© Cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris
[Fakatino he lau 5]
“He fakatikai hana tua fakamua ke he pule afe tau, ne fakatupu e [Augustine] e matematekelea makimaki ke he Lotu”
[Fakatino he lau 6]
Ko e lalolagi Parataiso ne mavehe mai he Apakalifa ko e taha mena ke amaamanaki lahi ki ai