Kodi Wolakwa Ndani?

“KUKHUTA mowa nkovomerezeka” kwa anthu ambiri m’chitaganya, akutero Jim Vanderwood wa ku Mohawk Valley Council pa nkhani ya Uchidakwa m’Boma la New York. Mwatsoka, ngochepa amene angakane mwachipambano kuti kumwa, ngakhale kukhuta mowa, ndiko kokondedwa m’chitaganya chawo.

Kwa zaka zambiri zitaganya zambiri zakhala zolekerera kumwa mowa, kapena ngakhale uchidakwa. Ichi chalimbikitsa anthu ena kutsanzira mkhalidwe wolekererawo. Monga momwe Vanderwood wanenera kuti: “Talingalirani makanema. Nthaŵi zonse takhala tikuombera m’manja anthu omwe akhala akumwa tikuŵawona napitirizabe ndiuchamuna wawo. Kumalingaliridwa kukhala kotchukitsa munthuwe. Kodi zoterezi zingalakidwe motani?”

Chotero, pamene kuli kwakuti liŵongo loyambirira limakhala pa anthu omwe amachita upandu mwa kumwa akuyendetsa galimoto, chitaganya cholekerera, chomwerekera ndi mkhalidwe wake wosalinganizika kulinga ku zakumwa zoledzeretsa chirinso ndi liŵongo lake.

“Kumwa nkosavomerezedwa chabe koma kumapititsidwa patsogolo kwambiri,” watero Jim Thompson yemwe ali nduna yotetezera upandu. Iye anauza Galamukani! kuti: “Mapwando ambiri amaseŵera amazikidwa paindasitale yopanga zakumwa zoledzeretsa, monga ngati indasitale ya mowa.” Iye anawona kuti m’mapwando ambiri a zamaseŵera, “kusatsa malonda kwabwino kwambiri kosonyezedwa pa TV nkwamalonda a mowa, omwe amakhala ndi ngwazi zonse za m’chitaganya zikusankha mowa wapamtima pawo.”

Msonkhano waboma wochitidwira pansi pa chitsogozo cha yemwe kale anali dokotala wamkulu wotumbula wotchedwa C. Everett Koop unakanidwa ndi National Association of Broadcasters ndiponso ndi Association of National Advertisers. Chifukwa ninji? Chifukwa chakuti unafotokoza nkhani ya kuyendetsa galimoto pamene munthu ali wokhuta zakumwa zoledzeretsa ndi kupatsidwa kwawo chilango. Dr. Patricia Waller, amene anali tcheyamani wa Bungwe Lophunzitsa la msonkhanowu anati: “Mfundo njakuti ife [chitaganya] ndife talipanga vutoli, ndipo anthu ngokonzekera mokwanira kutsanzira zotsendereza zomwe takhala tikuŵasonyeza popeza kuti ngaakuludi mokwanira kuwona chinthu chirichonse chochitika pawailesi yakanema. ‘Komatu,’ [chitaganyacho chikuti] ‘ife tiribe liŵongo. Sivuto lathu limenelo.’”

Aliŵongo Achichepere Lerolino—Ngomwe Adzakhala Chidakwa Mtsogolo

Kumwa kukukometseredwa kupyolera m’zipangizo zosiyanasiyana, zonga ngati wailesi yakanema, makanema, ndi kusatsa malonda. Zinthuzi zimafikira malingaliro achichepere, opanda kuzoloŵera ndiuthenga wakuti, ‘Ungamwe mowa ndikukhalabe wachimwemwe pambuyo pake.’

“Mwana wachikatikati adzawona zakumwa zoledzeretsa zikumwedwa nthaŵi zokwanira 75,000 pa TV asanafike pamsinkhu wovomerezedwa ndi lamulo kuyamba kumwa mowa,” akutero Dr. T. Radecki wa National Coalition on Television Violence mu United States. Wofufuza zinthu wa ku Briteni, Anders Hansen anafufuza TV yotchuka mu United Kingdom ndipo anapeza kuti 71 peresenti ya maprogramu onse opeka amaphatikizapo kumwa mowa. Pa avereji, panali zochitika zakumwa mowa 3.4 pa ola limodzi “ndi kuwonetsedwa kochepa kwa zotulukapo zakutizakuti zakudza ndi kumwa zoledzeretsa,” monga ngati ngozi zagalimoto ndikupha anthu, anachitira chisoni tero Hansen.

Polemba mu The Washington Post, mtola nkhani Colman McCarthy anafotokoza motere: “M’maseŵera a . . . ngwazi zakale monga ngati osonyeza munthu akugulitsa m’bawa muli kusatsa malonda ndi ndawala zopititsira patsogolo zinthu zolinganizidwa kusonkhezera ana ndikusindikiza mwa ophunzira pa koleji lingaliro lakuti kumwa zoledzeretsa, ndi kukhuta nazo, nkofunika m’kakhalidwe ka zamayanjano. Anyamatanu, tsatirani ‘ukoma wake, osati zomwe umachita,’ ngati inu simumwa, sindinu kanthu.”

Mu Soviet Union, kumwa ndi kuyendetsa galimoto kuli vuto lalikulu la dziko lonselo. Akuluakulu ena akukaikira kumeneko ngati zizoloŵezi zakumwa zidzasinthidwa. “Iko kwazikidwa m’miyambo yathu ya m’Russia,” anatero wina. Pamene kuli kwakuti zingakhale choncho, iko kukulingaliridwa ndi ambiri kukhala mtundu wina wa zosangulutsa. Chotero achichepere ndi okopedwa amakulira mmalo okhala anthu okonda kumwa.

J. Vanderwood akulongosola kuti United States ili ndi “achichepere a mwambo wokonda kumwa. Zakumwa zoledzeretsa nzofanana ndi maseŵera osangulutsa a kuseŵera mpira, maseŵera oponyerana mpira, maseŵera olimbanirana mpira. M’maseŵera osangulutsa, mumakhala zoledzeretsa, pazoledzeretsa pamakhala maseŵera osangulutsa.” Iye akudziŵitsa kuti: “Munthuwe ungakulire m’zoterozo ngati sunagwidwebe ndi kumwerekera m’maganizo, m’mayanjano, kapena kuthupi.” Komano akuchenjeza kuti: “Chinthu chimodzi chimene timadziŵa kuchokera m’kufufuza, ndipo nchotsimikizirika, nchakuti utayamba uchidakwa pamsinkhu wa zaka 14, 15, kapena 16, ungakulitse kumwerekera m’chaka chomwecho. Kuchiyambi kwa ma 20, m’zaka zochepa.”

Kodi kungakhale kodabwitsa kuti chochititsa imfa chachikulu pakati pa a msinkhu wa zaka 16 mpaka 24 mu United States ndicho ngozi zapamsewu zochititsidwa ndi zakumwa zoledzeretsa? Mosakaikira ndikonso chochititsa imfa chachikulu m’maiko ambiri. Chotero, Dr. Waller akumaliza kuti makolo odera nkhaŵa amene amayesa kulera ana panyumba mumkhalidwe wotsitsimuka akuyang’anizana ndi chitaganya chopatsa ufulu wopambanitsa kwa ana chomwe “chikuŵatsogolera kuchita zosiyana.”

Chotero wachichepere yemwe lerolino akumwa mowa angakhale chidakwa chogona m’bawa kutsogolo. Ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsa kuwongoleredwa, chomwe chimabweretsa chiwopsezo chachikulu ku chisungiko cha anthu pamsewu. Munthu wina wa zaka 34 amene anabwerezanso liŵongo lake, pambuyo pophunzira programu yaboma yoletsa kumwa zoledzeretsa, anakamwanso mowa nayendetsera galimoto yake kumbali yolakwika mumsewu wa Kentucky. Iye anakagunda m’basi yodzala ndi achichepere napha anthu 27—achichepere 24 ndi achikulire 3—moipa. Ndithudi, kwatsimikiziridwa kuti oposa nusu ya anthu omwe amazengedwa ndi mlandu wa kukhala oyendetsa galimoto okhuta mowa amakhala aliŵongo akale.

Zakumwa Zoledzeretsa—Ndimankhwala Ololedwa

Akuluakulu ambiri akudziŵitsa unyinji wa anthu kuti zakumwa zoledzeretsa ndimankhwala ololedwa (mwalamulo). Iwo akuyerekeza zakumwa zoledzeretsa ndi mankhwala ena omwereketsa.

Pakukumana kwachidule kwapadera m’nyumba yamalamulo yotchedwa White House, pulezidenti Bush wa U.S. analengeza kuti kuyendetsa galimoto woledzera “kumalemazika mofanana ndi crack. Nkwa apa ndi apo mofanana ndi chipwirikiti cha chiwawa. Ndipo kukupha achichepere ambiri kuposa chiwonkhetso chomwe chikuphedwa ndi zonse ziŵiri zotchulidwazo.” Iye anagogomezeranso kuti “tiyenera kuphunzitsa ana athu kuti zakumwa zoledzeretsa ndimankhwala.”

Ngati simunalingalirepo zakumwa zoledzeretsa kukhala mankhwala, inu simuli nokha. “Anthu ambiri samazigwirizanitsa,” akutero C. Graziano, mtsogoleri wa chisungiko cha pamsewu, nawonjezera kuti: “Maloya, adokotala, oweruza. Zakumwa zoledzeretsa zingayambukire munthu aliyense . . . Nzofikirika. Nzopepuka kuzipeza!” Chifukwa chakuti nzalamulo m’maiko ambiri, izo zingagulidwe m’masitolo osiyanasiyana. Pamakhala kulamulira kochepa kaŵirikaŵiri.

Kufotokoza mwaluntha, zakumwa zoledzeretsa nchakudya chifukwa chakuti ziri ndi msanganizo wopezeka m’zakudya. Koma ziyenera kuikidwanso m’gulu lamankhwala chifukwa chakuti zimafooketsa dongosolo la mitsempha yotumizira uthenga m’thupi. Zitamwedwa zambiri zimapereka chiyambukiro cha narcotic m’thupi mofanana ndi barbiturate. Chifukwa cha “mphamvu zake zosintha munthu, ngwochepetsa kupsinjika,” watero J. Vanderwood. “Izo zimapeputsa zokutsenderezani, nizisintha malingaliro anu. Munthuwe umalingalira kuti ungathe kuchita nazo pamene sungathe nkomwe.” Ndilo vuto la kumwa ndi kuyendetsa galimoto. Iye akumaliza kuti: “Mumakhala ndimunthu wofooketsedwa akupanga chiweruzo chofooka chokachita mofooka.”

Anthu ena amene amaphatikizidwa m’mikhalidwe yovuta—chisudzulo, kuchotsedwa ntchito, mavuto abanja—kaŵirikaŵiri amatembenukira kuuchidakwa kuyesera kulaka kutsendereza ndi kupsinjika. Mumkhalidwewu iwo amachita “m’njira yachilendo, yosasamala, kuphatikizapo DWI,” ikutero Journal of Studies on Alcohol.

Komabe, ponena za zakumwa zoledzeretsa munthu samafunikira kukhala woledzera kuti zochita zake ziyambukiridwe. Kumwa botolo limodzi kapena aŵiri okha kungafooketse kuweruza kwa woyendetsa galimoto ndikumpangitsa kukhala chiwopsezo kwa mwiniyo ndi ena.

Mliriwu ngwangozidi pachitaganya, popeza wadziika paizoni ndi msanganizo wakupha wa umbombo wa zamalonda ndi mkhalidwe wolola kumwa mowa wovomerezedwa mwalamulowu komano waupandu zedi. Pamenepa, kodi ndi chitonthozo chotani chomwe chiripo kwa anthu omwe akuchitira chisoni mliriwu? Kodi ndichiyembekezo chenicheni chotani chomwe chingakhalepo chopezera chothetsera?

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 10]

Achichepere omwe ndi zidakwa angakhale omwerekera m’chaka chimodzi

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 10]

Nkosayenera kukhala woledzera kuti kuyendetsa galimoto kwa munthu kuyambukiridwe

[Chithunzi patsamba 9]

Kuledzera kumakometseredwa kupyolera m’zinthu zosiyanasiyana, zonga ngati wailesi yakanema