Kunyonyotsoka kwa Makhalidwe Nkofalikira

Kumaluluza Mbali Iriyonse ya Chitaganya

CHITAGANYA lerolino chiribe makhalidwe abwino. Nchogaŵikana ndi njira za moyo zosiyanasiyana. Ambiri amalingalira motere: ‘Njira iriyonse ya moyo iri yolandirika. Uyenera kundilola kuchita zokhumba zanga, nanenso ndidzakulola kuchita zokhumba zako. Uchite zako, ndidzachita zanga. Aliyense achite zakukhosi kwake. Pali njira zambiri zochitiramo zinthu, ndipo njira iriyonse njolungama; kulibe cholakwa. Kulibenso tchimo. Menyera maubwino ako. Ngati utsutsa mwamtendere palibe adzakumva; ngati ufuna kumvedwa gwiritsira ntchito chiwawa. Chiwawa ndimtundu wa ufulu wakulankhula. Kugonana nkwa aliyense ndipo ukhoza kukuchita ndi aliyense amene usankha ndipo m’njira iriyonse imene ufuna. Kutukwana ndi luso. Uyenera kukhala ndi moyo mulimonse mmene ufunira, ndi kuleka ena kukhala mmene nawonso akhumbira.’

Kodi moyo woterowo ngwovulaza kapena ngwothandiza? Kwa mbali yaikulu ya zaka za zana la 20, anthu anali ndi maganizo abwino a cholungama ndi chosalungama, chabwino ndi choipa, chaulemu ndi chamanyazi—ndipo ambiri akuterobe. Koma ena anayamba kusintha m’ma 1950 ndipo kusinthako kunawonjezereka pambuyo pake. Malingaliro onse a chabwino, mkhalidwe wabwino, ulemu, ndi mwambo anawonedwa kukhala opanda nzeru, osayenerera, ndi osalandirika. Malingaliro amene anafalikira anachirikiza mzimu wa dziŵa zako. Anasonkhezera mzimu wotsatira zonulirapo zako wekha. Tsopano makhalidwe olandirika ndiwo kulekerera, kukhala wosiyana, ndi kusasankha. Malinga ndi nthanthi yatsopano imeneyi, kuletsa nkoletsedwa.

Zotulukapo zatsoka za nthanthi imeneyi zinapitirizabe mpaka m’ma 1980 pamene zinafika powopsa kwenikweni, ndipo zikukwerabe m’ma 1990 muno. Naŵa malipoti oŵerengeka chabe a zotulukapo zatsoka, kuyambira ndi nkhani yapamakhalidwe imene inaperekedwa mu New York City ndi tcheyamani wa chigwirizano pamsonkhano wokambirana za makhalidwe a m’malonda:

“Andale zadziko amachita mwachinyengo kwa anthu a m’madera awo. Ogulitsira malonda amabera eni malonda. Akuluakulu a mabanki opereka maloni amayendetsa ziungwezo mosayenera kufikira zilephera kugwiranso ntchito ndikusiira olipira misonkho kulipira ngongolezo. Alaliki ndi oyembekezeredwa kukhala aprezidenti amakhala osakhulupirika kwa akazi awo. Ana amanama pamayeso, ndipo mamiliyoni amadziwononga okha ndi ena ndi zotulukapo za mankhwala oledzeretsa ndi upandu. . . . Maukwati okwanira 50 peresenti amathera m’chisudzulo. Chiŵerengero cha 22 peresenti ya ana onse obadwa lero ali ana am’zitsamba, ndipo chigawo chimodzi mwazitatu cha ana onse adzakhala ndi makolo opeza asanafike zaka 18. Mwachiwonekere, kusweka kwa mabanja nkwakukulu. Ngati muganiza kuti kukhala ndi makhalidwe abwino kumayambira panyumba—paubwana—pamenepo zifukwa za kunyonyotsoka kwa makhalidwe nzowonekeratu.”—Vital Speeches of the Day, September 1, 1990.

Masiku onse, manyuzipepala, magazini, nkhani zoulutsidwa, akanema, ndi maprogramu apawailesi yakanema zimasonyeza kugwa kwa makhalidwe amwambo. M’nkhani yoperekedwa ku University of Chicago, tcheyamani wa Chase Manhattan Corporation anati:

“Pamene choyamba mutsegula pankhani zamaseŵera, lipoti la Washington, kapena chigawo cha zamalonda, umboni usonyeza mkhalidwe umodzimodzi. Madanga a zamaseŵera amasimba nkhani za oseŵera a mpira amene analandira chiphuphu kuti asaloŵetse zigoli, matimu apakoleji oimitsidwa kutengamo mbali m’maseŵera chifukwa chakuswa malamulo akulemba oseŵera atsopano, ndi akatswiri amaseŵera anyonga ogwiritsira ntchito mangolomera. Nkhani ya ku Washington imanena za kuzenga milandu kokhotetsedwa, oweruza aboma oimbidwa mlandu, kuchita malonda ndi malo antchito, ndi kufufuzidwa kwa wopanga malamulo wachatsopano ndi House Ethics Committee. Mutatsegula chigawo cha zamalonda mupeza kuvumbulidwa kwa kupeza mapindu amtseri pa malonda a ena ndi zina zofanana.”—Vital Speeches of the Day, August 1, 1990.

Mliriwo umapitirizabe mosabwerera m’mbuyo kwakuti wakhala wozoloŵereka kwa anthu. Samadabwanso ndi nkhani zoterozo. Mphunzitsi wogwidwa mawu posachedwapa anati pazimenezi: “Anthu a ku Amereka ambiri sachitanso kakasi ndi nkhani za kululuzika kwa makhalidwe komvedwanso. Apandu opezedwa ndi mlandu samawonedwanso monga osafunika. Ngotchuka kwambiri. Amaitanidwa kumapwando a anthu apamwamba. Amalemba mabuku ogulidwa koposa.”

Ivan Boesky wa ku Wall Street anamaliza nkhani yake kwa ophunzira pasukulu yamalonda mwakutukula mikono yake pamwamba pa mutu wake ndi kupanga chizindikiro cha V chosonyeza chilakiko nati, “Umbombo ulakike!” Pambuyo pake umbombo wake unamtsogolera kukubera eni malonda, ndipo anazengedwa mlandu, kupezedwa ndi mlandu, nalipiritsidwa faindi, ndi kuponyedwa m’ndende. Faindi yake inali $100 miliyoni, koma iye anali ndi madola oposa 500 miliyoni. Michael Milken, mbava ina ya ku Wall Street, analipiritsidwa faindi yokwanira $600 miliyoni kaamba ka uphyuta wake—koma ndalama imeneyo ndiyo phindu limene iye anapanga chaka chirichonse! Iye anatha kusunga madola 1,500 miliyoni.

Magazini a Industry Week anafalitsa nkhani imene mutu wake unafunsa kuti, “Kodi Munthu Ayenera Kunyalanyaza Makhalidwe Amwambo—Moti Apambane M’malonda?” Wofufuza wa ku Utah analingalira kuti makhalidwe a m’zigwirizano anaipirako ndipo anati: “Zimene ndikuwona zisonyeza kuti pamene wamalonda apita patsogolo ndipamenenso amataya makhalidwe amwambo.” Manijala wa ku Michigan ananena kuti: “Tiri ndilamulo la makhalidwe amwambo, koma amanijala ena amanyalanyaza malamulowo mwakuwachepsa kuti, ‘Kumeneko sikuli kupanda mwambo, kuli chabe machenjera m’malonda.’” Kapitawo wa ku Miami anadzuma kuti: “Makhalidwe amwambo akulephera mofulumira; kupeza phindu ndiko Na. 1 mosasamala kanthu ndi zotulukapo zake.” Amalonda ena ananena molunjika nati: “Chirichonse nchololedwa.” Winanso anawonjezera mwamachenjera kuti: “Lamulo lathu nlakuti ngati ungachite kanthu popanda kugwidwa, kachite ndithu.”

Siamalonda okha amene amathandizira kutsika kwa miyezo yamakhalidwe. Mzimu umene umawononga makhalidwe abwino wafalikira m’mbali iriyonse ya chitaganya. Maloya ambiri amachita mofanana ndi anthu osawona mtima mmalo mokhala owopa lamulo. Asayansi ambiri amagongera ku makhalidwe oipa ndi chinyengo kuti apatsidwe ndalama ndi boma. Madokotala ambiri adziŵika kukhala okonda malipiro aakulu kuposa mmene amasamalirira odwala—ndipo odwala awo ambirimbiri akulinganiza njira zowaimbira mlandu wakunyalanyaza ntchito yawo.

Anthu akuvutitsidwa ndi omwerekera ndi mankhwala oledzeretsa, upandu, ndi nkhondo za zigaŵenga. Kusakhulupirika kwa muukwati kukuswa mabanja. Ana aang’ono amachitiridwa nkhanza yakugonedwa, ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito m’zamaliseche. Kugonana kwa asungwana ndi anyamata kumachititsa kutenga mimba, kuchotsa mimba, ndi makanda onyanyalidwa. Ogulitsa mankhwala ogodomalitsa aloŵerera masukulu. Ana asukulu amanyamula mipeni ndi mfuti, ndipo khama lakuŵerenga la ana asukulu likupita pansi. Amene angathandize bwino koposa m’vuto limeneli ndi makolo amene angamaŵerenge kwa ana awo, koma kaŵirikaŵiri makolo amakhala otanganitsidwa ndi kufunafuna zochirikiza moyo kapena amamwerekera m’zonulirapo za iwo eni.

Nyimbo zimathandiziranso kunyonyotsola makhalidwe, makamaka magulu ena oimba nyimbo za roko zachiwawa. Mlangizi wa chigwirizano anathirira ndemanga kuti: “Nyimbo za roko zinakhala njira yogwira ntchito koposa yolengezera ndi kufalitsira lingaliro la machitidwe a kugonana kosasamala ndi kopanda malire ndi kuchirikiza kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala oledzeretsa oletsedwa. Nyimbo za roko zirinso zosonkhezera mwamphamvu kunyoza makolo, okalamba ndi ziungwe zachitaganya zimene zimatsutsa chisembwere chakugonana, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa mankhwala oledzeretsa.”

Chimodzi cha zolinga zawo ndicho kudabwitsa ndi kuwopsa ndi kukwiitsa anthu ndi mawu onyansa mwa mtundu uliwonse, amene amachirikiza kuchitira nkhanza akazi. Kugonana kwa kukamwa ndi kumatako kumalongosoledwa mwanjira zambiri, nkhanza yakugonana imachirikizidwa, kuthokoza kugwirira chigololo kwankhalwe kong’amba ziŵalo zogonanira za akazi—palibe malire m’mawu onyansa otamandidwa. Pamene gulu lina linkazengedwa mlandu m’khoti wa kutukwana, profesa wa ku Duke University anatamanda gululo kukhala losalakwa ndi kuchinjiriza mawu ake otukwana kukhala luso. Oweruza anavomereza, nagamula kuti mawuwo sanali kutukwana koma luso.

Umboni wofananawo wa kuwola kwa makhalidwe m’chitaganya ngwakuti chaka chatha lekodi lanyimbo zamawu otukwana moipitsitsa “linagulidwa (makope oposa 1 miliyoni) m’milungu itatu ya kutulutsidwa kwake kwakuti lakhala Na. 1. Izi zimasonyeza kuti ndicho chinali chinthu chachikulu m’malonda anyimbo panthaŵiyo.’ Maina amene amapatsa magulu oimba nyimbo za roko ameneŵa amafanana ndi mawu oimbidwa: “Pali magulu osachepera 13 otchedwa ndi mpeto wachimuna, 6 otchedwa ndi mpeto wachikazi, 4 otchedwa ndi ubwamuna, 8 otchedwa ndi kuchotsa mimba ndi limodzi lotchedwa ndi nthenda ya kumpeto wachikazi.”—U.S.News & World Report.

Profesa wa ku Boston University anapereka ndemanga pa chisonyezero cha zamaliseche cha Mapplethorpe kuti: “Ndinaziwona ku Institute of Contemporary Art mu Boston. Kumeneko, monga kwina kulikonse, zithunzizo zinaikidwa m’magulu magulu. Zinali zithunzithunzi ‘zoipitsitsa’ zosonyeza zamaliseche . . . zimene munthu zangaziganizire. Sindidziŵa ngati zinali ‘zakugonana kwa ofanana ziŵalo,’ koma zinali zithunzithuzi zimene zinasonyeza machitidwe amene ine pandeka sindikanawaganiza kukhala othekera, ndipo onyansa zedi.” Nkhani yakusonyeza zamaliseche inaperekedwa ku khoti, ndipo oweruza anagamula kuti zamalisechezo zinali luso lakujambula. Komatu siziri luso lakujambula mpang’ono ponse, ziri kutalitali ndi makhalidwe abwino, ndipo ziri umboni wa kunyonyotsoka kowonjezereka kwa makhalidwe enieni kwa amaluso akujambulawo ndi openyerera.

Tifunikira malire. Tifunikira zitsogozo zolamulira. Tifunikira miyezo yabwino yoikalamira. Tifunikira kubwerera ku magwero oyambirira a makhalidwe abwino.