Chirala Chowononga Kummwera kwa Afirika

YOLEMBEDWA NDI MTOLANKHANI WA GALAMUKANI! MU AFIRIKA

AMBIRI ananena kuti chinali chirala choipitsitsa m’zaka za zana lino. Ena ananenadi kuti chinali choipitsitsa m’mbiri ya kummwera kwa Afirika. Chirala chimenechi cha zaka ziŵiri chimene chinakantha kummwera kwa Afirika chinasiya zizindikiro za tsokalo. “Chili chinthu choipa, choipitsitsa kwambiri kuposa zimene tinayembekezera,” ananena motero mkulu wa Operation Hunger, gulu lothandiza lodziimira la ku South Africa. “Maulendo amene apangidwa ndiwo a kukatulukira mavuto aakulu amene sanadziŵidwe papitapo, kuvutika kwa anthu ndi kusoŵa kwawo.”

“Sungathe kubzala chilichonse. Dzikoli lauma,” anadandaula motero mlimi wina wakumudzi. M’malo ena anthu akumidzi anjala anadya dothi kapena mizu ya zomera za m’tchire. Nthumwi zogaŵira chithandizo cha chakudya zinathedwa mphamvu ndi kuchuluka kwa osoŵa. Malinga ndi kunena kwa The Guardian Weekly, “kummwera kwa Afirika kwatayikiridwa ndi mbewu zake zochuluka kwambiri kuposa mmene anachitira Ethiopia ndi Sudan m’chirala chowopsa cha 1985.”

Chiralacho chinaloŵetsa anthu pafupifupi 18 miliyoni m’kuvutika ndi njala. Ku Angola vutolo linali loipitsitsa m’mbiri ya dzikolo. Kwayerekezeredwa kuti nsambi wa ng’ombe miliyoni unafa, ndipo m’chaka chimodzi pafupifupi 60 peresenti ya mbewu zake inatayika. Anthu amene anayambukiridwa kwambiri sanathe kufikiridwa kuti apatsidwe chithandizo. Podzafika August 1992, zigawo ziŵiri mwa zitatu za mbewu za Zambia zinatayika, ndipo matani miliyoni imodzi a chimanga oyembekezeredwa kuchokera kunja anali ofunika. Anthu pafupifupi 1.7 miliyoni anali kuvutika ndi njala.

Ku Zimbabwe, dziko limene kale linali kutchedwa kuti nkhokwe ya chakudya ya kummwera kwa Afirika, mamiliyoni anayi anafunikira chithandizo cha chakudya—pafupifupi theka la anthu. M’dera lina mphunzitsi wa pasukulu anati: “Pali madzi ochepa ndipo palibe chakudya chilichonse chotsala. Palibe udzu wotsala padziko.”

M’midzi ina anthu anakwera mitengo kukatchera masamba kuti akaphike ndi kudya. Boma linafunikira kuchepetsa chithandizo chake cha chakudya kuchokera pa makilogalamu 15 kufikira pa makilogalamu 5 pa munthu mmodzi pamwezi. Nyanja yaikuluyo yopangidwa ndi anthu ya Kariba inali yakuphwa madzi kwambiri kuposa ndi kalelonse, ndipo ku Bulawayo lamulo lochepetsa kugwiritsira ntchito madzi linaperekedwa.

Nyama mazana ambiri za m’malo aulimi wosunga nyama zakuthengo ku Zimbabwe zinaphedwa, popeza kuti panalibe madzi okwanira ozipatsa. Nyuzipepala ina inasimba kuti: “Mbalame zakufa zagwa m’mitengo yofota, akamba, njoka, mbeŵa ndi zouluka zazimiririka.”

Mozambique anali pakati pa maiko oyambukiridwa moipitsitsa ndi chirala. Dzikolo linapeza 80 peresenti ya chakudya chake mwa kupatsidwa thandizo ndi maiko akunja, ndipo kuyerekezera kwina kunali kwakuti anthu 3.2 miliyoni anali kuvutika ndi njala. Othaŵa kwawo anakhamukira m’Malaŵi, South Africa, Swaziland, ndi Zimbabwe. Komano limodzi ndi kuchepa kowonjezereka kwa chiralacho, othaŵa kwawo ambiri abwerera.

Nzika za m’mizinda kaŵirikaŵiri sizimazindikira mphamvu imene chirala chimakhala nayo pa miyoyo ya anthu a kumidzi. Mkulu wina wogwira ntchito yopereka chithandizo cha chakudya anati: “Chiwonongeko chochititsidwa ndi chirala chimaonekera kukhala chinthu chakutali kwa anthu ochuluka a m’madera a m’mizinda amene apulumuka kupereŵera kwakukulu kwa chakudya ndi madzi.”

Ngakhale kuti mvula inadzetsa chitonthozo pang’ono kumadera ambiri, mbali zina za Mozambique, Swaziland, ndi South Africa zikufunikirabe mvula yambiri. Nkosakayikitsa kuti ziyambukiro za chirala chimenechi zidzamvedwa m’zaka zambiri zimene zikudzazo.

Pamenepa, mwachionekere, chochititsa chimodzi cha chirala ndicho kusoŵa kwa mvula. Koma ziyambukiro zake zimakulitsidwa ndi mavuto ena amene afunikira kulingaliridwa.

Zovuta Zina

Mu Afirika chiyambukiro cha chirala chimawonjezereka kwambiri ndi kusakhazikika kwa ndale. Maiko amene ayang’anizana ndi kupereŵera kwakukulu kwa chakudya ali awo amene akanthidwa ndi kusakhazikika kwa zinthu kotero. Zitsanzo zake ndizo Angola, Ethiopia, Mozambique, ndi Somalia. Nkhondo zadodometsa ulimi ndi kukakamiza alimi ambiri kuthaŵa, akumasiya minda yawo yopanda oilima.

Chochititsa mkangano m’chiralacho ndicho kuipitsa mpweya ndi chimene chikunenedwa ndi ena monga kutentha kwa dziko lapansi kumene kukuchitika. Chochititsa china ndicho kuwonjezereka kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu. Avareji ya kukula kwa chiŵerengero cha pa chaka mu Afirika ndiyo 3 peresenti, chimodzi cha ziŵerengero zapamwamba koposa padziko. Kuti ayese kudyetsa anthu owonjezereka, alimi amalima m’madera amene ali osayenerera ulimi ndipo samasiya malowo kuti agonere kotero kuti akhalenso ndi chonde.

Ndiponso, nkhalango zikuwonongedwa, makamaka kuti zilambulidwe kaamba ka minda yowonjezereka yolimamo. Malinga ndi kunena kwa magazini otchedwa African Insight, zaka 20 zapitazo 20 peresenti ya Ethiopia inali nkhalango; tsopano pali 2 peresenti yokha. Pamavuto onse a malo okhala amene akuwopseza dziko lapansi, maboma ena akunena kuti kuzimiririka kwa nkhalango ndiko kuli vuto lalikulu koposa. Kumayambukira mikhalidwe ya kachedwe kakunja ndipo kumachititsa kukokoloka kwa nthaka, ndiponso kufalikira kwa zigawo za chipululu.

Maboma ena a mu Afirika atsitsa mtengo wa chakudya ndi zifuyo kuti akondweretse makasitomala a m’mizinda. Zimenezi zimalefula alimi, amene sakhoza kupeza phindu mu ulimi. Boma la Zimbabwe linachitapo kanthu pa zimenezi mwa kuwonjezera mtengo wa chimanga ndi 64 peresenti monga chosonkhezera alimi kulima chowonjezereka.

Kodi Nchiyani Chimene Chili Chothetsera Vutolo?

Akatswiri ali ndi malingaliro ambiri. Koma nthaŵi zina iwo alangiza maiko a mu Afirika kugwiritsira ntchito njira zaulimi za Kumadzulo, zimene zakhala zosayenera m’malo a mu Afirika.

Zothetsera vuto zothandiza zikufunika mwamsanga. Mkulu wina wa mu Afirika wa Economic Commission for Africa ya Mitundu Yogwirizana anati: “Pamaziko a mapulani azachuma onse amene taona kufikira pano, Afirika m’chaka cha 2000 sadzangokhala ali m’dzenje limene alimo tsopano. Adzakhala pansi penipeni pa dzenjelo.”

Chofunika chachionekere ndicho kukhazikika m’zandale ndi kutha kwa chiwawa ndi nkhondo. Kugwirizana ndi maiko oyandikana nawo kulinso kofunika.

Malinga ndi kunena kwa gulu la Food and Agriculture Organization la Mitundu Yogwirizana, Afirika akhoza kudyetsa kuwirikiza katatu chiŵerengero chake cha anthu chimene chilipochi. Koma kutulutsa kwake chakudya kwakhala kukutsika kwa zaka makumi ambiri, ndipo pamlingo womakula umene uliwopu, chiŵerengero chake cha anthu chikhoza kuwirikiza kaŵiri mkati mwa zaka 30.

Thandizo la chakudya lochokera kumaiko akunja mosakayikira lapulumutsa ambiri pakuvutika ndi njala. Chikhalirechobe, thandizo lotero lanthaŵi zonse siliri chothetsera vutolo ndipo lili ndi chiyambukiro choipa popeza kuti limalefulitsa maganizo a alimi akumaloko kulima. Ameneŵa angakhale osakhoza kugulitsa zolima zawo pamtengo wabwino, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri anthu amayamba kukonda chakudya chochokera kunja ndipo samakhumbanso chakudya cha kumaloko.

Kodi Nchiyani Chimene Chikuchitidwa?

Zoyesayesa zosatopa za ambiri amene moona mtima amafuna kuthandiza anthu a mu Afirika nzoyamikiridwa. M’madera ena zoyesayesa zotero zabala zipatso. Ku Zimbabwe kagulu kofufuza ka padziko lonse kayambitsa programu yobzala mitengo imene imakula bwino ndiponso mofulumirirapo m’madera ouma. Lingaliro lake ndilo la kubzala mitengoyo pamlingo waukulu kuthandiza kugonjetsa vuto la nkhuni, popeza kuti 80 peresenti ya anthuwo imagwiritsira ntchito nkhuni kuphikira.

M’mudzi wa Charinge m’dera lokanthidwa ndi chirala la Masvingo, ku Zimbabwe, alimi alimbikitsidwa kugwiritsira ntchito miyala monga zophimbira malo okulira ndiwo zawo zamasamba ndi mitengo ya zipatso. Monga chotulukapo chake izo zimafuna madzi ochepa, ndipo mbewuzo zakula bwino kwambiri. Alimi analidi okhoza kugulitsa chakudya kwa ena amene anachifuna.

Ku South Africa kampani ina yaikulu inasintha pang’ono fakitale yake yopanga malasha kukhala mafuta kuti idziyeretsa madzi onse ogwiritsiridwa ntchito kuti agwiritsiridwe ntchito kachiŵirinso. Ngakhale kuti kuyeretsa madzi a ku indasitale nkokwera mtengo, potsirizira pake South Africa akulinganiza zoyeretsa pafupifupi 70 peresenti ya madzi a ku maindasitale.

Ku Luanshya, mu Zambia, nyemba za soya zinaperekedwa kukhala chakudya choloŵa m’malo chopatsa thanzi. Wantchito ya chithandizo wina anati: “Imfa zambiri zochititsidwa ndi kutupirana zimachitika m’March ndi June pamene zakudya zozoloŵereka zakumaloko zimakhala zochepa. Komabe, nyemba za soya zimakololedwa mu April ndipo zimasungika bwinopo kuposa zakudya zozoloŵereka monga ngati chimanga ndi mapira.”

Ngakhale kuti zoyesayesa za kugonjetsa mavuto a chirala ndi kuchepa kwa chakudya zili zoyenerera, munthu, limodzi ndi luso lake lazopangapanga ndi kupita patsogolo, sanakhoze kuthetsa chirala mu Afirika. Ndi Munthu mmodzi yekha amene amadziŵa bwino zoloŵetsedwamo zake, ndipo iye ananeneratu kalekale chothetsera vutolo. Pansi pa ulamuliro wa Ufumu wa Yehova Mulungu kupyolera mwa Mfumu yake yoikidwa, Yesu Kristu, mawu a mneneri Yesaya posachedwa adzakhaladi oona padziko lonse: “M’chipululu madzi adzatuluka, ndi mitsinje m’dziko loti se. Ndipo mchenga wong’azimira udzasanduka thamanda, ndi nthaka yopanda madzi idzasanduka zitsime zamadzi; m’malo a ankhandwe mmene iwo anagona, mudzakhala udzu ndi mabango ndi milulu.”—Yesaya 35:6, 7.

[Bokosi patsamba 29]

Anthu akumidzi ndi zifuyo analimbirana madzi ochepa amene anatsala m’zithaphwi

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

The Star, Johannesburg. S.A.