Amishonale—Kodi Ndani Ayenera Kupereka Chitsanzo?

YESU KRISTU asanalamulire otsatira ake kupanga ophunzira, zipembedzo zina zinali zitayamba kale ntchito yaumishonale yosiyanasiyana. Zina zinachita zimenezo koposa zinzake, popeza kuti si zipembedzo zonse zimene zili ndi njira yofikira anthu onse, kutanthauza kuti, si onse amene amaphunzitsa uthenga woyenera kugwira ntchito mofanana kwa anthu onse.

Mwachitsanzo, malinga ndi kunena kwa The Encyclopedia of Religion, lingaliro lotero lofikira anthu onse silimagogomezeredwa kwambiri “m’zikhulupiriro za zipembedzo za mafuko ndi Chishintō, ndipo silimaonekera kwambiri m’mitundu yambiri ya Chikonfyushasi, Chiyuda, ndi Chizoroaster.” Zipembedzo zimenezi zimafalitsidwa “kwambiri ndi kusamukira kwina kwa anthu kapena ndi kugwirizana pang’onopang’ono ndi achinansi apafupi mmalo mwa ntchito zaumishonale zolinganizidwa bwino.”

“Nkhani ya Chihindu ili chitsanzo chapadera ndi chovuta kwambiri,” insaikulopediyayo ikuwonjezera motero. “Pamene kuli kwakuti chili chofanana ndi miyambo imene sili ya umishonale m’mbali zambiri,” pokhala chitafalitsidwa mwa kulandiridwa pang’onopang’ono ndi anthu osakhala Ahindu, kumbali ina, chakhala ndi “nyengo za ntchito ya umishonale wamphamvu.”

“Zipembedzo zimene zilipo zimene zili ndi malingaliro amphamvu ofikira anthu onse ndi zosonyeza changu cha umishonale chachikuludi kumalo akutali ndi kumene zinachokera,” Max L. Stackhouse wa pa Andover Newton Theological School akutero, zimaphatikizapo Chisilamu ndi Chibuda. Komabe, amishonale Achisilamu sakanatumikira monga zitsanzo za amishonale Achikristu chifukwa chakuti nyengo ya Chisilamu inayamba pafupifupi zaka 590 pambuyo pa lamulo la Kristu la kupanga ophunzira. Ndiponso, Chibuda chinayamba kukhalako Chikristu chisanakhazikitsidwe ndi nthaŵi yofanana ndi imene Chisilamu chinakhazikitsidwa pambuyo pake.

Chitsanzo cha Kulolera

Malinga ndi mwambo Buddha anayambitsa ntchito ya umishonale mwa kuuza ophunzira ake kuti: “Pitani, agulupa inu, lengezani Chiphunzitso chabwino, . . . aŵiri a inu asapite njira imodzi!” Chikhalirechobe, magulu aumishonale ochita ntchito pamlingo wokulira akhala oŵerengeka, ngakhale kuti amishonale Achibuda anali mu Ulaya kuyambira kale kwambiri m’zaka za zana lachinayi B.C.E. M’zochitika zambiri chipembedzocho chinafalitsidwa ndi munthu aliyense payekha kupyolera mwa amalonda oyendayenda, alendo, kapena ophunzira. Mwachitsanzo, chinafika ku China ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana za Southeast Asia kudzera njira za amalonda zapanyanja ndi zapamtunda.

Erik Zürcher wa pa University of Leiden ku Netherlands akunena kuti kufalitsidwa kwa Chibuda kunachititsidwa makamaka ndi zinthu zitatu. Choyamba ndicho “mkhalidwe wa kulolera zipembedzo zonse” umene Chibuda chinali nawo. Umenewu unalola kulandiridwa kwa “ziphunzitso zosakhala Zachibuda kukhala mavumbulutso oyambirira ndi osakwanira a choonadi” ndipo ngakhale kugwirizanitsidwa kwa “milungu yosakhala Yachibuda ndi milungu yake.”

Chinthu chachiŵiri nchakuti amishonale Achibuda analoŵa mu wotchedwa “mkhalidwe wopanda kwawo,” kutanthauza kuti anakana kusiyana kwa mafuko kwaudziko konse. Pokhala omasuka ku ziletso za mwambo wa fuko, umene zikhulupiriro zake zachipembedzo zinakanidwa ndi Buddha, iwo anali kuyanjana ndi anthu akumaiko achilendo popanda kuwopa kuipitsidwa mwamwambo.

Chinthu chachitatu nchakuti malemba opatulika a Chibuda sanali a chinenero chopatulika chimodzi chokha. Anali kutembenuzidwira mosavuta m’chinenero china chilichonse. “Makamaka ku China,” Zürcher akutero, “amishonale onse akunja otchuka kwambiri anali okangalika monga otembenuza.” Kwenikweni, anatembenuza kufika pamlingo wakuti Chitchaina chinakhala chinenero chachikulu chachitatu m’mabuku a Chibuda, motsatira Chipali ndi Chisanskrit.

Chapakati pa zaka za zana lachitatu B.C.E., wolamulira ufumu wa India, Mfumu Aśoka, anathandizira kwambiri kuwanditsa Chibuda, ndiponso kulimbitsa umishonale wake. Komabe, m’nyengo ya Chikristu chisanakhale imeneyi, Chibuda kwakukulu chinakhalabe ku India ndi dziko limene tsopano limatchedwa Sri Lanka. Makamaka, panali pambuyo pokha pa kuyambika kwa nyengo Yachikristu pamene Chibuda chinafalikira m’China, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar, Vietnam, ndi kwina.

Mwachionekere amishonale Achibuda ku China sanaone cholakwa chilichonse ndi kusintha pang’ono chipembedzo chawo kuti achipangitse kukhala cholandirika kwambiri. The Encyclopedia of Religion ikunena kuti “malemba ofunika kwambiri Achibuda anamasuliridwa m’njira yatsopano; mabuku ochitetezera, ndakatulo zatsopano, ndi malamulo ndi malangizo atsopano zinakonzedwa zimene zinasintha pang’ono, ndipotu, kusintha mbali za uthenga Wachibuda kotero kuti ugwirizane ndi, ndipo mwanjira zina kulimbitsa, mbali za zipembedzo za anthu eni dzikolo ndi za Chikomfyushasi ndi Chitao cha dzikolo.”

Panthaŵi zina amishonale a Dziko Lachikristu atsatira chitsanzo cha amishonale Achibuda omwe anatsogola. Pamene kuli kwakuti iwo atembenuza malemba awo opatulika m’zinenero zina, kaŵirikaŵiri iwo alola, kapena ngakhale kuchirikiza, malinga ndi kunena kwa wolemba mbiri Will Durant, “kulandira zikhulupiriro zachikunja ndi miyambo” m’zochita zawo zachipembedzo.

Kutsatira “Mmishonale Wamkulu”

Judaism and Christian Beginnings imalongosola kuti Chiyuda sichinachikirize ntchito ya umishonale m’njira yofanana ndi imene Chikristu chinachitira koma chinali “kutembenuza anthu pang’ono.” Komabe, mlembi wa bukulo, Samuel Sandmel, akunena kuti “panabuka changu, chamwadzidzidzi ndithu, cha kuchita zimenezo.”

Sandmel akufotokoza kuti “m’mabuku a Arabi Atate Abrahamu amasonyezedwa kaŵirikaŵiri monga mmishonale wamkulu.” Iye akunena kuti “lingaliro [limeneli] la kuona Abrahamu monga mmishonale silikadakhalapo pakadapanda kukhala chikhoterero chakutichakuti mwa Ayuda ena amene anayanja kaya kufunafuna mwachangu anthu oti awatembenuze kapena, kulandira m’chikhulupiriro awo amene mwa iwo okha anafuna kutembenuka.”a

Malinga ndi umboni, m’zaka mazana aŵiri Nyengo Yathu itangotsala pang’ono kuyamba, ntchito ya umishonale Wachiyuda inawonjezereka, makamaka m’maiko olankhula Chigiriki, pamene zipembedzo zachikunja zinayamba kutaya chikoka chawo. Ntchito imeneyi inapitirizabe kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuloŵa m’Nyengo Yathu, koma inaletsedwa m’zaka za zana lachinayi C.E., pamene Ufumu wa Roma unalandira mtundu wa Chikristu woluluzika monga chipembedzo cha boma.

Kupereka Chitsanzo

Komabe, chitsanzo chimene chinaperekedwa ndi amishonale Achiyuda sindicho chimene amishonale Achikristu anauzidwa kutsatira. Kwenikweni, ponena za Afarisi Achiyuda a m’tsiku lake, Yesu anati: “Mumayenda ndawala panyanja ndi pamtunda kuti mutembenuze munthu, ndiyeno mumpanga kukhala wakucha kaŵiri kaamba ka chiwonongeko monga momwe inuyo mulili.” (Mateyu 23:​15, Phillips) Chotero ngakhale kuti anaona Abrahamu monga “mmishonale wamkulu,” amishonale Achiyuda mwachionekere sanatembenuzire anthu ku chikhulupiriro chimene Abrahamu anali nacho mwa Yehova Mulungu.

Kwa amishonale Achikristu chitsanzo choyenera kutsatiridwa ndicho chitsanzo changwiro choperekedwa ndi mmishonale wamkulu koposa, Yesu Kristu. Kuchiyambiyambi asanapereke lamulo lake la kupanga ophunzira, iye anayamba kuphunzitsa ophunzira ake oyambirira kuchita ntchito ya umishonale wa padziko lonse imene ntchito yopanga ophunzira ikafuna. Popeza kuti inali kudzakhala ntchito yoyenera kuchitidwa m’zaka mazana ambiri, funsoli linali loyenera, Kodi otsatira a Kristu akamamatira kwambiri ku chitsanzo chimene iye anapereka?

Pamene zaka za zana loyamba za Nyengo Yathu zinali kufika kumapeto, yankho linali lisanaperekedwebe. Simmene zilili lerolino, pamene zaka za zana la 20 zikufika kumapeto. Ntchito ya umishonale yochitidwa ndi odzitcha kukhala otsatira a Kristu kwa zaka pafupifupi 1,900 zapitazo ikuonekera bwino lomwe.

Monga chitsanzo cha zimene amishonale a Dziko Lachikristu achita, onani zimene zinachitika ku Mexico kwa zaka mazana angapo. Poŵerenga nkhani yotsatira, dzifunseni kuti, ‘Kodi iwo akhala onyamula kuunika kapena onyamula mdima?’

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Chithunzi patsamba 23]

Yesu anayambitsa ntchito yaumishonale Wachikristu, akumaphunzitsa otsatira ake ndi kupereka chitsanzo chimene anafunikira kutsatira