Gwiritsirani Ntchito Mankhwala Mwanzeru

YOLEMBEDWA NDI MTOLANKHANI WA GALAMUKANI! KU NIGERIA

MKAZIYO anadandaula kuti anali kumva mutu ndi kupweteka m’mimba. Dokotala analankhula naye kwakanthaŵi. Ndiyeno anamlembera majekeseni a masiku atatu a malungo, paracetamol (acetaminophen) kuti aletse kupweteka kwa mutuko, mankhwala ena amitundu iŵiri kuti aletse ululu wa chimene mwina chinali chilonda cha m’mimba, mankhwala ochepetsa nkhaŵa, ndipo potsirizira pake, mowonjezera pa zonsezo, mibulu ya mavitameni. Mtengo wake unali waukulu, koma mkaziyo sanadodome kulipira. Anachoka ali wachimwemwe, wachidaliro chakuti mankhwalawo adzamchiritsa.

Kuonana ndi dokotala kotero si kwachilendo ku West Africa. Kufufuza kochitidwa m’dziko lina lalikulu kumeneko kunasonyeza kuti antchito zachipatala m’zipatala za onse amalembera wodwala aliyense avareji ya 3.8 ya mankhwala osiyanasiyana ulendo uliwonse. Kwenikweni, kwa anthu ambiri dokotala wabwino ndiye amene amalembera munthu mankhwala ambiri.

Mwinamwake kudalira mankhwala kwa anthu a ku West Africa nkomveka pamene mulingalira za mmene mkhalidwe wa matenda unalili. Zoposa zaka 40 zapitazo, wolemba mabuku John Gunther analemba ponena za nthaŵi zakale zimenezo kuti: “Slave Coast imeneyi . . . sinaphe anthu akuda okha; inaphanso achiyera, ndipo ndiyo mbali ya Afirika yodziŵika mu nthano kukhala ‘White Man’s Grave’ [Manda a Anthu Achiyera]. Mfumu yosagonjetseka ya ku Guinea Coast kwa zaka zambiri, inali udzudzu. Yellow fever, blackwater fever, malungo, zinali zida zosankhidwa ndipo zoipa za mfumuyi. Mkhalidwe wakupha wa kunja wa West Coast suli nkhani yakale chabe, koma chinthu chenicheni chokumbukirika. Nkhani ina imene anthu amakonda imafotokoza za ofesala wina woimira dziko, amene osati kale kwambiri, anatumizidwa ku Nigeria ndipo anapempha kupuma pantchito. ‘Kupuma pantchito?’ anafunsa motero wamkulu wake mu Colonial Office. ‘Mnzangawe, palibe munthu amene amapita ku Nigeria nakhala wamoyo mokwanira kwakuti nkudzapuma pantchito.’”

Nthaŵi zasintha. Lerolino, si mankhwala olimbana ndi kuthetsa nthenda zofalitsidwa ndi udzudzu okha amene alipo komanso a nthenda zina zambiri. Akatemera okha achepetsa kwambiri imfa za chikuku, whooping cough, tetanus, ndi diphtheria. Chifukwa cha akatemera, nthomba yatheratu. Nayonso poliyo mwina posachedwa idzakhala nthenda yakale.

Mposadabwitsa kuti anthu ambiri a mu Afirika lerolino ali ndi chikhulupiriro chachikulu m’phindu la mankhwala. Zoonadi, chikhulupiriro chimenecho sichili ku West Africa kokha. Ku United States, madokotala amalembera anthu mankhwala nthaŵi 55 biliyoni chaka chilichonse. Ku France anthu amagula mabokosi 50 a mibulu pa avareji chaka chilichonse. Ndipo ku Japan munthu wamba amathera $400 (U.S.) chaka chilichonse pa mankhwala a matenda.

Mapindu Poyerekezera ndi Ngozi

Mankhwala amakono achita zambiri pa kuthandiza anthu. Pamene agwiritsiridwa ntchito molondola, amachirikiza thanzi labwino, koma pamene agwiritsiridwa ntchito molakwika, angathe kuvulaza kapena ngakhale kupha. Mwachitsanzo, ku United States, anthu pafupifupi 300,000 amagonekedwa m’chipatala chaka chilichonse chifukwa cha kusamvana kwakukulu ndi mankhwala, ndipo 18,000 amafa.

Kuti mugwiritsire ntchito mwanzeru mankhwala, nkofunika kuzindikira kuti nthaŵi zonse pali kuthekera kwa ngozi. Mankhwala alionse, ngakhale asipulini, angathe kuvulaza munthu. Kuthekera kwa kuvulazidwa ndi mankhwala kumakhala kwakukulu ngati mugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ambiri panthaŵi imodzi. Zakudya ndi zakumwa nazonso zimayambukira pa kagwiridwe ka ntchito ka mankhwala m’thupi lanu ndipo zingakulitse kapena kuchepetsa chiyambukiro chake.

Palinso ngozi zina. Mungakhale wosamvana ndi mankhwala ena ake. Ngati simugwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawo monga mmene anakulemberani—mlingo woyenera kwa utali woyenera wa nthaŵi—mwina sangakuthandizeni ndipo mwinamwake angakuvulazeni. Zimenezozo zingachitikenso ngati dokotala wanu akulemberani mankhwala olakwika kapena osafunikira. Mungakhalenso pangozi ngati mugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala akutha ntchito, osafika pamlingo wake, kapena achinyengo.

Kuti muchepetse ngozi, muyenera kudziŵa zambiri monga momwe mungathere ponena za mankhwala amene mukugwiritsira ntchito. Mungapindule kwambiri mwa kudziŵa zoona zake.

Mankhwala Akupha Tizilombo m’Thupi—Mphamvu ndi Kufooka

Chiyambire pa kupangidwa kwawo pafupifupi zaka 50 zapitazo, mankhwala akupha tizilombo m’thupi apulumutsa miyoyo ya mamiliyoni ambiri a anthu. Agonjetsa nthenda zowopsa, zonga khate, TB, chibayo, scarlet fever, ndi chindoko. Achitanso mbali yofunika pa kuchiritsa nthenda zina zopatsirana.

Dr. Stuart Levy, profesa wazamankhwala pa Tufts University Medical School ku United States, anati: “[Mankhwala akupha tizilombo m’thupi] asintha zamankhwala. Ndiwo mankhwala amodzi okha amene asintha mbiri ya zamankhwala.” Umboni wina wazamankhwala ukuti: “Ndiwo pamaziko pamene pazikidwa zamankhwala zamakono.”

Komabe, musanathamangire kwa dokotala wanu ndi kukampempha mankhwalawa, lingalirani za mbali yake yoipa. Mankhwala akupha tizilombo m’thupiwo, pamene agwiritsiridwa ntchito molakwika, angakuvulazeni kwambiri m’malo mwa kukuchiritsani. Zimenezi zimachitika chifukwa chakuti mankhwala akupha tizilombo m’thupi amagwira ntchito mwa kulimbana ndi kuwononga mabakiteriya m’thupi. Komano samawononga mabakiteriya onse oipawo nthaŵi zonse; mabakiteriya ena amapulumuka pa nkhondoyo. Mabakiteriya osamva mankhwala ameneŵa samangokhalako komanso amabalana ndi kupatsiridwa kwa anthu osiyanasiyana.

Mwachitsanzo, panthaŵi ina penisilini anali wamphamvu pa kuchiritsa matenda opatsirana. Tsopano, mwapang’ono chifukwa cha kuwonjezereka kwa mabakiteriya osamva mankhwala, makampani opanga mankhwala amagulitsa mitundu mazana angapo ya penisilini.

Kodi mungachitenji kuti mupeŵe mavuto? Ngati mufunikiradi mankhwala akupha tizilombo m’thupi, tsimikizirani kuti mwalemberedwa ndi dokotala wokhoza ndipo mwakagula kumalo oyenera. Musaumirize dokotala wanu kuti akulembereni mwamsanga mankhwala akupha tizilombo m’thupi—mwina iyeyo angafune kuti atenge zina kwa inu kuti akapime kopimira kuti atsimikizire kuti mankhwala amene akukulemberani ngwoyenerera pa nthenda yanu.

Nkofunikanso kwa inu kutenga mlingo woyenera wa mankhwalawo kwa nthaŵi ya utali woyenera. Muyenera kumwa mankhwala onse akupha tizilombo m’thupi amene mwapatsidwa, ngakhale ngati mukumva bwino iwo asanathe.

Kodi Majekeseni Ngabwinopo Kuposa Mibulu?

“Ndikufuna jekeseni!” Mawu ameneŵa amamvedwa ndi antchito zamchipatala ambiri m’maiko omatukuka kumene. Maziko a pempho limenelo ndiwo chikhulupiriro chakuti mankhwala obaya ndi jekeseni amaloŵa mwachindunji m’magazi ndipo amachiritsa mwamphamvu kuposa mibulu. M’maiko ena nkofala kuona ‘madokotala amajekeseni’ opanda chilolezo m’misika.

Majekeseni ali ndi ngozi zimene mibulu ilibe. Ngati singano wake ali wosayera, wodwala angapatsidwe nthenda yachiŵindi, tetanus, ndipo ngakhale AIDS. Singano wosayera angachititsenso chithupsa chopweteka. Ngozizo zimawonjezereka ngati munthu wosadziŵa ndiye akubaya ena jekeseni.

Ngati mufunikiradi jekeseni, tsimikizirani kuti winawake wokhoza zaudokotala ndiye akukubayani. Kaamba ka chitetezero chanu, tsimikizirani nthaŵi zonse kuti singano ndi chopopera chake chomwe nzaudongo.

Mankhwala Achinyengo

Indasitale yazamankhwala yapadziko lonse ndiyo bizinesi yaikulu, yobweretsera pafupifupi $170 biliyoni (U.S.) chaka chilichonse, malinga ndi kunena kwa World Health Organization (WHO). Pokhala ofuna kupezerapo mwaŵi pa mkhalidwewo, anthu opanda khalidwe apanga mankhwala achinyengo. Mankhwala achinyengo amaoneka ngati mankhwala enieni—chimodzimodzinso malebulo awo ndi mmene amaikidwa—koma iwo ngachabechabe.

Pamene kuli kwakuti mankhwala achinyengo akupezeka konsekonse, iwo makamaka amapezeka m’maiko omatukuka kumene, ndipo amabweretsa tsoka. Ku Nigeria, ana 109 anafa chifukwa cha kulephera kugwira ntchito kwa chiŵindi atameza mankhwala akupha ululu okhala ndi zosungunulidwa za kumaindasitale. Ku Mexico, akupsa ndi moto anavutika ndi mibuko chifukwa cha amene anatchedwa kuti mankhwala amene anali ndi mfumbemfumbe, khofi, ndi fumbi. Ku Burma, anthu ambiri m’midzi anafa mwinamwake ndi malungo chifukwa cha kumwa mankhwala achinyengo amene sanalimbane ndi malungo. “Amene ali pangozi yaikulu koposa,” ikutero WHO, “kachiŵirinso, ndiwo anthu osauka koposa amene nthaŵi zina amaganiza kuti apeza zotsika mtengo pamene agula zimene zikuoneka ngati mankhwala amphamvu opangidwa ndi makampani odziŵika bwino.”

Kodi mungadzitetezere motani pa mankhwala achinyengo? Tsimikizirani kuti zimene mukugula nzochokera kumalo odziŵika bwino, monga ngati malo opatsirako mankhwala a chipatala. Musagule kwa ogulitsa m’njira. Wodziŵa zamankhwala wina ku Benin City, Nigeria, akuchenjeza kuti: “Kwa ogulitsa m’njira, kugulitsa mankhwalako ndi bizinesi chabe. Amapereka mankhwala monga ngati kuti ndi maswiti kapena mabisiketi. Mankhwala amene amagulitsawo kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala akutha ntchito kapena achinyengo. Anthu ameneŵa samadziŵa chilichonse ponena za mankhwala amene akugulitsa.”

Vuto la Umphaŵi

Thandizo la mankhwala limene munthu amalandira kaŵirikaŵiri limadalira pa ndalama zimene iye anali nazo. Kuti achepetse mtengo wa ndalama ndi kusunga nthaŵi, anthu okhala m’maiko omatukuka kumene angadumphe dokotala ndi kumka mwachindunji kukagula mankhwala kogulitsira mankhwala amene mwalamulo amafunikira kulemberedwa. Chifukwa chakuti anawagwiritsirapo ntchito kale kapena chifukwa chakuti mabwenzi anawavomereza, amalingalira kuti akudziŵa zimene akufuna pa kudwala kwawo. Koma zimene angafunezo mwina sizingakhale zimene akufunikira.

Anthu amayesa kuchepetsa mitengoyo m’njira zinanso. Dokotala angakhale atapima zinthu zina za wodwala kumalo opimira namlembera mankhwala ena ake. Wodwalayo amatenga pepala la mankhwala kumka nalo kumalo ogulitsira mankhwala komano napeza kuti mtengo wake ngwokwera. Chotero m’malo mwa kukafunafuna ndalama zina, kaŵirikaŵiri anthu amangogula mankhwala otsika mtengo kapena kungogula ena a mankhwala amene awalembera.

Kodi Mukufunikiradi Mankhwala?

Ngati mukufunikiradi mankhwala, fufuzani kuti mudziŵe zimene mukumwa. Musachite manyazi kufunsa dokotala kapena wogulitsa mankhwala mafunso onena za mankhwala amene akulemberaniwo. Muyenera kudziŵa. Ndi iko komwe, ndinu amene mungavutike.

Ngati simugwiritsira ntchito molondola mankhwala anu, simungachire. Mufunikira kudziŵa mlingo umene muyenera kumwa, nthaŵi yake, ndipo kwautali wotani. Mufunikiranso kudziŵa zakudya, zakumwa, ndi mankhwala ena kapena ntchito zimene muyenera kupeŵa pamene mukuwamwa. Ndipo mufunikira kuzindikira za zivulazo zake zothekera ndi zimene muyenera kuchita ngati zichitika.

Ndiponso, kumbukirani kuti mankhwala samachiritsa nthenda iliyonse. Mwina simungafunikire mankhwala nkomwe. Magazini a World Health, chofalitsa cha WHO, akuti: “Gwiritsirani ntchito kokha mankhwala pamene mufunikira kutero. Pumani, kaŵirikaŵiri chakudya ndi zakumwa zambiri nzokwanira kuthandiza munthu kupeza bwino.”

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 26]

“Matenda chikwi amafuna mankhwala chikwi,” analemba motero wolemba ndakatulo wachiroma wina pafupifupi zaka 2,000 zapitazo. Lerolino, wolemba ndakatuloyo akanalemba kuti, ‘Matenda chikwi amafuna mibulu chikwi!’ Indedi, zichita ngati kuti pafupifupi pamatenda alionse pali mbulu wake, weniweni kapena wongoyerekezera. Malinga ndi kunena kwa World Bank, padziko lonse pali mitundu yamankhwala pafupifupi 100,000, opangidwa kuchokera m’zinthu 5,000 zogwira ntchito.

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 27]

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Mankhwala Kwanzeru

1. Musagwiritsire ntchito mankhwala akutha ntchito.

2. Gulani kumalo odziŵika bwino. Musagule kwa ogulitsa mu msewu.

3. Tsimikizirani kuti mukumvetsa ndi kutsatira malangizo ake.

4. Musagwiritsire ntchito mankhwala amene dokotala analembera munthu wina.

5. Musaumirire jekeseni. Mankhwala omeza kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiranso ntchito bwino lomwe.

6. Sungani mankhwala m’malo ozizirira bwino, osafikidwa ndi ana.