Kumene Kuli Mavuto Aakulu
MARY, amene amakhala ku United States, m’mamaŵa amasamba, amatsuka mano ake ndi madzi akutuluka kumpope, amagujumula chimbudzi, ndipo kenaka amasamba m’manja. Asanadye ndi mfisulo womwe, angakhale atagwiritsira ntchito madzi okwanira kudzaza bafa losambiramo lalikulu bwino. Pofika chakumadzulo, Mary, monganso anthu ena ambiri amene amakhala ku United States, amakhala atagwiritsira ntchito madzi oposa malita 350, madzi oti angadzaze bafa losambiramolo kuŵirikiza kaŵiri ndi theka. Iye amangopeza madzi oyera ochuluka pampope wapafupi kwambiri. Amapezeka nthaŵi zonse; iye amaganiza kuti umu ndi mmene zimakhalira kulikonse.
Koma zinthu si mmene zilili kwa Dede amene amakhala ku West Africa. Amadzuka usikusiku, amavala, amadendekera ndoŵa yaikulu pamutu pake, ndipo amayenda mtunda wa makilomita asanu ndi atatu kupita kumtsinje woyandikana ndi kwawoko. Atafika amasamba, amatunga madzi m’ndoŵamo, ndipo amabwerera kumudzi. Ulendo wa tsiku ndi tsiku umenewu umatenga pafupifupi maola anayi. Mu ola lotsatira, iye amasefa madziwo kuchotsa tizirombo kenaka amawathira m’zithini zitatu—china cha madzi akumwa, china cha madzi ogwiritsira ntchito pakhomopo, ndipo china cha madzi osamba madzulo. Zovala amakachapa kumtsinje.
“Tikufa ndi njala ya madzi kuno,” akutero Dede. “Pokhala utatha theka la nthaŵi ya m’maŵa ukutunga madzi, kodi ungakhalenso ndi nthaŵi yokalima kapena kugwira ntchito zina?”
Vuto la Dede si lachilendo. Malinga ndi kunena kwa bungwe la World Health Organization (WHO), nthaŵi yonse imene khamu la amayi ndi ana amathera akutunga madzi kutali pachaka chimodzi, kaŵirikaŵiri oipa, imaposa zaka mamiliyoni khumi!
Ena Ali Nawo, Ena Alibe
Ngakhale kuti pali madzi abwino ochuluka padziko lapansi, iwo sapezeka mofanana m’madera onse. Limeneli ndi vuto lalikulu loyamba. Mwachitsanzo, asayansi amati ngakhale kuti ku Asia kuli 36 peresenti ya madzi onse a m’nyanja ndi m’mitsinje ya padziko lapansi, m’kontinenti imeneyo mumakhala 60 peresenti ya chiŵerengero cha anthu a padziko lonse. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, mtsinje wa Amazon uli ndi 15 peresenti ya madzi a m’mitsinje ya padziko lonse, koma ndi 0.4 peresenti yokha ya chiŵerengero cha anthu a padziko lonse amene amakhala pafupi kuti aziugwiritsira ntchito. Mvula siikugwanso mofanana m’madera onse. M’madera ena a dziko lapansi nkoumiratu; madera enanso, ngakhale kuti sauma nthaŵi zonse, nthaŵi zina amavutika ndi chirala.
Akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti anthu ayenera kuti ndiwo akusintha mphepo imene imabweretsa mvula. Kudula mitengo, kulima malo amodzimodzi nthaŵi yaitali, ndi kudyetsa ziŵeto pamalo amodzimodzi kwa nthaŵi yaitali kumapangitsa kuti panthaka pasakhale zomera. Ena amanena kuti zimenezi zitachitika, dziko lapansi limabweza kuwala kochuluka kwa dzuŵa mumlengalenga. Zotsatira zake: Mpweya umakhala wotentha, mitambo imamwazikana, ndipo kumayamba kugwa mvula yochepa.
Nthaka yopanda zomera ingachepetsenso magwedwe a mvula, popeza kuti mvula yambiri imene imagwa m’nkhalango imapangidwa ndi madzi amene anachokera m’nkhalangozo—kuchokera m’masamba a mitengo ndi zitsamba. Mwanjira ina, tinganenenso kuti zomera zimakhala ngati chinkhupule chachikulu chimene chimamwerera ndi kusunga mvula. Kudula mitengo ndi zitsamba kumachepetsa madzi amene amapanga mitambo ya mvula.
Anthu akukambitsiranabe kuti azindikire mmene zochita za anthu zimakhudzira magwedwe a mvula; kufufuza kowonjezereka kukufunika. Koma zodziŵika bwino nzakuti: Madzi akusoŵa kulikonse. Pakali pano, kusoŵa kwa madzi kwasokoneza kale chuma ndi ntchito zaumoyo m’maiko 80, likuchenjeza motero bungwe la World Bank. Ndiponso, 40 peresenti ya anthu onse padziko lapansi—anthu opitirira mamiliyoni zikwi ziŵiri—amasoŵa madzi abwino kapena dongosolo laukhondo.
Pamene akhala ndi mavuto a kusoŵa madzi, maiko olemera kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi ndalama zothetsera mavutowo. Amamanga madamu, amagwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zamtengo wapatali kuti ayeretse madzi awo omwe anagwiritsira ntchito kale, kapena kuti achotse mchere m’madzi a m’nyanja. Maiko osauka alibe mwaŵi umenewo. Kaŵirikaŵiri ayenera kusankhapo kugwiritsira ntchito madzi abwino mosamala, zimene zingabwezere chitukuko m’mbuyo ndi kuchepetsa chakudya chokolola, kapena kugwiritsiranso ntchito madzi osasamalika, zimene zimafalitsa matenda. Pamene madzi akufunikabe mowonjezereka kulikonse, zikuoneka kuti mtsogolomu adzasoŵa kotheratu.
Zaka Khumi Zachiyembekezo
Pa November 10, 1980, United Nations General Assembly inafotokoza mwachidaliro za “Zaka Khumi Zodzetsa Madzi Akumwa ndi Dongosolo Laukhondo kwa Onse” zomwe anali kuyembekeza. Inafotokoza kuti cholinga cha msonkhanowo chinali kudzetsa madzi abwino ndi dongosolo laukhondo pomafika m’chaka cha 1990 kwa anthu okhala m’maiko omatukuka. Chakumapeto kwa zaka khumizo, pafupifupi $134,000,000,000 zinawonongedwa pantchito yodzetsa madzi abwino kwa anthu oposa mamiliyoni chikwi ndi zimbudzi kwa anthu oposa 750 miliyoni—chipambano chosangalatsa.
Komabe, zipambano zimenezi zinasokonezeka pamene chiŵerengero cha anthu chinawonjezeka ndi 800 miliyoni m’maiko omatukuka. Choncho, pofika m’chaka cha 1990, panali anthu oposa mamiliyoni chikwi osoŵa madzi abwino ndi dongosolo laukhondo. Chochitikachi chinafanana ndi zimene mfumukazi inauza Alice m’nkhani ya ana mu Through the Looking-Glass kuti: “Waona, pamafunika kuthamanga kwambiri kuti ukhalebe pamalo amodzi. Ngati ukufuna kupita kwina, ufunikira kuthamanga kuŵirikiza kaŵiri liŵirolo!”
Kuyambira m’chaka cha 1990, malinga ndi kunena kwa bungwe la WHO, kuyesayesa kuthandiza osoŵa madzi ndi dongosolo laukhondo kwakhala “kosaphula kanthu.” Sandra Postel, pamene anali wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa zofufuzafufuza pa Worldwatch Institute, analemba kuti: “Padakali vuto lalikulu popeza kuti anthu okwana 1,200,000,000 amamwa madzi amene angawapatse matenda kapena kuwapha. Izi sizichitika chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa madzi enieniwo kapena kuchepa kwa tekinoloji koma chifukwa cha kusadzipereka kwa anthu onse ndi anthu a ndale kuti athandize anthu osauka. Pangafunike pafupifupi ndalama zina $36,000,000,000 pachaka, zolingana pafupifupi ndi 4 peresenti ya ndalama zimene zimawonongedwa pazankhondo, kuti anthu onse apeze zimene ambiri a ife lerolino timaziona ngati zosafunikira kwenikweni—madzi abwino akumwa ndi zimbudzi zabwino.”
Kukwera kwa Chiŵerengero cha Anthu, Kusoŵa Kokulira
Kusapezeka kwa madzi m’madera onse kumafikanso poipa chifukwa cha vuto lachiŵiri lalikulu: Pamene chiŵerengero cha anthu chikwera, kusoŵanso kwa madzi kumakhala kwakukulu. Padziko lonse lapansi, mvula imagwa pafupifupi pamlingo wosasinthasintha, koma chiŵerengero cha anthu chimakwera. Madzi agwiritsiridwa ntchito pafupifupi kuŵirikiza kaŵiri m’zaka za zana lino, ndipo anthu ena amati angadzaŵirikizenso kaŵiri m’zaka 20 zikudzazi.
Zoonadi, chiŵerengero chomakwera cha anthu sichimafuna madzi akumwa ochuluka okha komanso chakudya chochuluka. Ulimi wa chakudya umafunanso madzi ochuluka. Komabe, ulimi umalimbirana madzi ndi maindasitale ndi anthu ena. Pamene matauni ndi malo a maindasitale akula, kaŵirikaŵiri ntchito zaulimi zimalephera. “Nanga chakudya chidzachokera kuti?” akufunsa motero wofufuza wina. “Kwenikweni tingapeze bwanji zosoŵa za anthu [10,000,000,000] pamene tikulephera kupeza zosoŵa za anthu [5,000,000,000] komanso pamene tikutha madzi amene angagwiritsiridwe ntchito paulimi?”
Kumene chiŵerengero cha anthu chikukula kwambiri ndi kumaiko omatukuka, kumene madzi ali osoŵa kale. Mwachisoni, maiko amenewo alibe zonse ziŵiri, ndalama ndi luso lothetsera mavuto a kusoŵa kwa madzi.
Kuipitsa
Kuwonjezera pa mavuto a kusoŵa kwa madzi ndi kukula kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu osoŵa madzi pali vuto lina lachitatu: kuipitsa. Baibulo limanena za “mtsinje wa madzi a moyo,” koma mitsinje yambiri lerolino ndi mitsinje ya imfa. (Chivumbulutso 22:1) Malinga ndi kufufuza kwina, kuchuluka kwa madzi oipa—ochokera m’nyumba za anthu ndi m’maindasitale—amene amathira m’mitsinje ya padziko lapansi chaka chilichonse amakwana makyubiki kilomita 450. Mitsinje yambiri njoipitsidwa kuyambira kumagwero ake mpaka kumathiriro ake.
M’maiko omatukuka, zonyansa za anthu zimaipitsa pafupifupi mtsinje uliwonse waukulu. Pamene mitsinje ikuluikulu yokwanira 200 ya ku Russia inafufuzidwa, kunapezeka kuti mitsinje 8 mwa mitsinje 10 iliyonse inali ndi chiŵerengero chachikulu cha tizirombo tonyamula mabakiteriya ndi mavairasi. Ngakhale kuti mitsinje ndi zitsime za madzi za m’maiko omatukuka zilibe zonyansa zambiri za anthu, nthaŵi zambiri zimakhala zapoizoni chifukwa cha mankhwala akupha, kuphatikizapo ochokera ku fataleza wolimira. Pafupifupi m’madera onse a dziko lapansi, maiko okhala m’mphepete mwa nyanja amapopera zonyansa za anthu m’madzi osaya pafupi ndi magombe a nyanjazo, akumaipitsa kotheratu madoko.
Choncho, kuipitsa madzi ndi vuto la padziko lonse. Ponenapo mwachidule za mkhalidwewu, kabuku ka bungwe la Audubon Society kotchedwa Water: The Essential Resource kakuti: “Chigawo chimodzi mwa zigawo zitatu za chiŵerengero cha anthu amavutika kosatha ndi matenda kapena kufooka chifukwa cha madzi oipa; chigawo china chimodzi mwa zitatu chili pangozi chifukwa cha mankhwala otayidwa m’madzi amene zotsatira zake zamtsogolo nzosadziŵika.”
Madzi Oipa, Mavuto Aumoyo
Pamene Dede, wotchulidwa poyamba, anati “tikufa ndi njala ya madzi,” ananena mophiphiritsira. Komabe, kusoŵa kwa madzi abwino, madzi osaipitsidwa kungaphedi kwenikweni. Kwa iye ndi anthu ena mamiliyoni ambiri amene ali m’mkhalidwe umodzimodziwo, sangachitirenso mwina koma kugwiritsira ntchito madzi a m’mitsinje, amene ngosasiyana kwenikweni ndi zimbudzi zophulikira. Malingadi nkunena kwa bungwe la WHO, nzosadabwitsa kuti mwana amafa ndi matenda ofalitsidwa ndi madzi m’masekondi asanu ndi atatu alionse!
M’maiko omatukuka, malinga nkunena kwa magazini ya World Watch, 80 peresenti ya matenda onse amafalitsidwa chifukwa cha kumwa madzi oipa. Tizirombo tonyamula matenda tokhala m’madzi pamodzi ndi kuipitsa madzi kumapha anthu okwana 25 miliyoni chaka chilichonse.
Matenda akupha ofalitsidwa ndi madzi—kuphatikizapo kutseguka m’mimba, kolera, ndi thaifodi—amapha anthu ambiri m’madera otentha. Komabe, matenda ofalitsidwa ndi madzi sapezeka chabe m’maiko omatukuka. M’chaka cha 1993, ku United States, anthu okwana 400,000 anadwala ku Milwaukee, Wisconsin, atamwa madzi a pampope okhala ndi kachirombo kamene sikakufa ndi chlorine. M’chaka chomwecho, tizirombo toopsa kwambiri tinaloŵa m’mipope ya madzi m’mizinda inanso ya ku United States—Washington, D.C.; New York City; ndi Cabool, Missouri—zimene zinakakamiza anthu okhala m’mizindayi kuti aziphitsa madzi ochokera m’mipope yawo.
Kugaŵana Madzi a m’Mitsinje
Mavuto opezeka kulikonse a kusoŵa kwa madzi, kukula kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu osoŵa madzi, ndiponso kuipitsa madzi kumene kumapangitsa mavuto aumoyo, ndi zinthu zimene zingapangitse kulimbana ndi kukangana. Ndi iko komwe, madzi sali ngati chinthu chosangulutsa chimene sichimafunika kwenikweni. Munthu wina wa ndale ku Spain amene anali kulimbana ndi mavuto a kusoŵa kwa madzi anati: “Sitikulimbana ndi zachuma, koma tikumenyera kuti tikhale ndi moyo.”
Kulimbana kwakukulu kumachitika pogaŵana madzi a m’mitsinje. Malinga nkunena kwa Peter Gleick, wofufuza wa ku United States, 40 peresenti ya anthu onse a padziko lapansi amakhala m’mphepete mwa mitsinje 250 imene madzi ake amawagwiritsira ntchito anthu a m’maiko ambiri. Mitsinje ya Brahmaputra, Indus, Mekong, Niger, Nile, ndi Tigris imadutsa m’maiko ambiri—maiko amene amafuna kugwiritsira ntchito madzi akewo mokwanira. Mikangano yachitikapo kale.
Pamene kusoŵa kwa madzi kukukula, kulimbana kumeneku kudzakulabe. Wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa World Bank woona za Chitukuko Chosawononga Zachilengedwe akulingalira kuti: “Nkhondo zambiri za m’zaka za zana lino zinali zolimbirana mafuta, koma nkhondo za m’zaka za zana likudzali zidzakhala zolimbirana madzi.”
[Bokosi patsamba 27]
Mayendedwe a Molekyu
Tiyeni titsatire mayendedwe a molekyu imodzi ya madzi paulendo wake wosalekeza. Zithunzizo zikusonyeza njira imodzi yokha mwa miyandamiyanda ya njira zimene molekyu imodzi ya madzi ingatsate pobwerera kumene inachokera, manambalawo akugwirizana ndi manambala amene alembedwa m’nkhani ino.—Yobu 36:27; Mlaliki 1:7.
Tiyamba ndi molekyu imene ili pamwamba panyanja ya mchere.(1) Pamene madzi auluzika ndi mphamvu ya dzuŵa, molekyu imeneyi imakwera mumlengalenga pamtunda wa mamita zikwi zingapo kuchokera padziko lapansi.(2) Itatero, imamamatirana ndi mamolekyu ena a madzi ndi kupanga kadontho ka madzi. Kadonthoka kamauluzika ndi mphepo pa mtunda wa makilomita mazana ambiri. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, kadonthoka kamauluzika, ndipo molekyu imeneyi imakweranso pamwamba, ndipo potsirizira pake imamamatirana ndi dontho la mvula lalikulu bwino lotha kugwa pansi.(3) Dontho la mvulalo limagwa pamwamba pa phiri pamodzi ndi madontho ena mamiliyoni zikwi zambiri; madziwo amayenda ndi kukaloŵa mumtsinje.(4)
Kenaka nyama yamtundu wa nswala yotchedwa deer ikumwa madzi a mumtsinjemo, kumeza molekyu yathuyi.(5) Maola angapo pambuyo pake deer imeneyi ikukodza, ndipo molekyu ija ikuloŵa pansi kumene ikutengedwanso ndi mizu ya mtengo.(6) Kuchoka apo, molekyu imeneyi ikuyenda mkati mwa mtengo ndipo pomalizira ikuuluzika kuchoka m’tsamba kupita mumlengalenga.(7) Monga momwe inachitira poyamba paja, ikupitanso pamwamba kukathandizira kupanga kadontho kena. Kadonthoka kakuuluzika ndi mphepo nkukamamatirana ndi mtambo wa mvula wakuda ndi wochindikala.(8) Molekyu yathuyi ikugwanso pamodzi ndi mvula, koma tsopano ikufika mumtsinje umene ukuitenga ndi kuithira m’nyanja ya mchere.(9) Kumeneko, ingathe zaka zikwi zambiri isanafike panthaka, kuuluzika, ndi kutengekanso ndi mphepo.(10)
Ulendo umenewu ngwosatha: Madzi amauluzika kuchokera m’nyanja, amayenda panthaka, amagwa pansi monga mvula, ndipo amabwereranso kunyanja. Choncho, amachirikiza zamoyo zambiri padziko lapansi.
[Bokosi patsamba 29]
Zimene Zalinganizidwa
Kumanga mafakitale ochotsa mchere kumadzi. Amachotsa mchere kumadzi a m’nyanja. Kaŵirikaŵiri izi zimachitika mwa kupopa madziwo ndi kuwaloŵetsa m’zipinda zokhala ndi mpweya wochepa kumene amaphitsidwa mpaka ataŵira. Madziwo amauluzika ndipo amapita kwinakwake, akumasiya makrustalo a mchere. Imeneyi ndi njira yolira ndalama zambiri, zimene maiko ambiri omatukuka sangakwanitse.
Kusungunula miyala ya ayezi. Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti miyala ikuluikulu ya ayezi, imene ili ndi madzi abwino, ingakokedwe kuchokera ku Antarctic ndi mabwato amphamvu kwambiri ndi kusungunulidwa kuti madzi ake athandize anthu a m’maiko osoŵa madzi ku Southern Hemisphere. Vuto limodzi nlakuti: Pafupifupi theka la mwala uliwonse wa ayezi ungasungunukire m’nyanja usanafike nkomwe kumene ukupita.
Kuboola zitsime za ma aquifer. Ma aquifer ndi miyala yokhala ndi madzi imene ili pansi pa nthaka. Madzi angawapope kuchokera m’miyala imeneyi, ngakhale m’zipululu zouma kotheratu. Koma kupopa madzi ameneŵa kumafuna ndalama zambiri ndipo kumatsitsanso madzi a pansi pa nthaka kuwapititsa patali kwambiri. Vuto lina nlakuti: Ma aquifer ambiri amatenga nthaŵi yaitali kuti adzalenso—ndipo ena sadzala nkomwe.
[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 28]
Photo: Mora, Godo-Foto
[Chithunzi patsamba 25]
Kutunga madzi kungatenge maola anayi tsiku lililonse
[Chithunzi patsamba 28]
Madzi oipa okwana makyubiki kilomita 450 amathiridwa m’mitsinje chaka chilichonse