Yuro—Ndalama Yatsopano ya Kontinenti Yakale

MOSANGALALA nduna ya zachuma ya ku France inaluma khobidi latsopanolo ndi kunena kuti: “Ndi yeniyenidi, si yoyerekezera. Ndi yoyamba kupangidwa m’France komanso mu Ulaya.” Khobidilo linali ndalama ya yuro yoyamba kusulidwa kufakitale imene amapangirako ndalama ku France. Apa panali pa Lolemba, May 11, 1998.

Kodi yuro n’chiyani? Kodi amayi osagwira ntchito, anthu ogwira ntchito, alendo okaona malo, ndi malonda a ku Ulaya akukhudzidwa nayo bwanji? Kodi ingachititse kuti kayendedwe ka chuma cha padziko lonse kasinthe? Musanataye ndalama zanu za ma deutsche mark (za ku Germany), lire (za ku Italy), kapena za ma franc (za ku France), mungachite bwino kuyamba mwadziŵa kaye mayankho a mafunso ameneŵa.

Lingaliro Limeneli Linabwera Bwanji?

Pamene pangano lotchedwa Maastricht Treaty linasintha bungwe la European Community kukhala European Union, (EU) pa November 1, 1993, chimodzi cha zolinga zake zazikulu chinali chokhazikitsa ndalama imodzi yoti izigwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mayiko onse amene ali mamembala a bungwelo.a Kuchokera m’nthaŵi ya Aroma, mayiko a ku Ulaya sanakhalepo ndi ndalama imodzi chonchi. Dzina limene anaganiza kuti aipatse ndalama yatsopanoyi ndi loti yuro. Si mayiko onse a m’bungwe la EU amene ali mumgwirizano wa ndalama umenewu. Mayiko 11 okha mwa mayiko 15 a m’bungwe la EU ndi amene angathe kuigwiritsa ntchito. Mayiko ameneŵa ndi Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, ndi Spain. Dziko la Greece silinakwaniritse ziyeneretso za chuma zofunika kuti lithe kutenga nawo mbali. Atatuwo—Britain, Denmark, ndi Sweden—pakali pano asankha kusakhala nawo mumgwirizano wa ndalamawo.

Yuro idzayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwapang’onopang’ono. Kuyambira pa January 4 chaka chino, yuro inayamba kugulitsidwa moisinthanitsa ndi ndalama za mayiko ena akunja pamalonda osafuna kupereka ndalama. Ndalama za makobidi ndi zamapepala za yuro zidzayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakatha miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kuchokera pa January 1, 2002—kenaka ndalama za mayiko a mumgwirizanowu mwina zidzakhala zitasanduka ndalama zopezeka kumalo osungirako zinthu zakale kapenanso zokhala m’mabokosi a zinthu zakale zofunika kukumbukira. Akukhulupirira kuti yuro idzaloŵa m’malo mwa ndalama zamapepala zokwanira mabiliyoni 12 ndi za makobidi zokwanira mabiliyoni 70, pamodzi matani 300,000 kulemera kwake. Panopo, akulingalira kuti mayiko ena otsala a bungwe la EU adzatha kuloŵa m’bungwe limenelo logwiritsa ntchito ndalama imodzi.

Nduna ya zachuma ya ku Austria inanenapo izi pa zakusintha kwa ndalama ndi kuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito yuro: “Tili pachiyambi penipeni pa nyengo yatsopano yoti Ulaya akhale wogwirizana.” Komabe, ku Ulaya anthu sakuona yuro mofanana. Okwanira 47 peresenti akuganiza kuti ndalama imodzi ichititsa kuti Ulaya akhale wamphamvu pa zachuma koma 40 peresenti akuganiza kuti yuro iwononga chuma cha Ulaya. Mpaka ena atchulapo kuti ndalama imodzi chonchi ingachititse nkhondo! Ndiye pali ena amene ali “pakatikati,” ameneŵa amaona ubwino wa kukhala ndi ndalama imodzi yokha ku Ulaya koma akukayika ngati ingathe kukhalabe yamphamvu.

Ena Akuiona Monga Dalitso . . .

Bungwe lalikulu kwambiri la mu EU, lotchedwa European Commission, lanena kuti: “Pokhazikitsa ndalama imodziyi, Ulaya apereka kwa nzika zake, ana ake ndi anzake . . . chizindikiro chotsimikizirika bwino cha cholinga chimene onse ali nacho chimenenso iye wasankha: chomanga mudzi wamtendere ndi wotukuka.”

Amene ali kumbali ya yuro akutchula mapindu ochuluka a kukhala ndi ndalama imodzi. Kuchotsedwa kwa ndalama zimene munthu amawononga posintha ndalama zakunja n’kumene kudzakhale ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu kwambiri. Chitsanzo chimene chikuperekedwa nthaŵi zina ndi cha munthu wa ku Ulaya amene mosatopa akuyendera mayiko onse 14 a mu EU kupatulako dziko lake. Mwachitsanzo, ngati wanyamuka ulendo ali ndi 1,000 deutsche marks ndiyeno n’kumasintha ndalama zake m’dziko lililonse, angatsale ndi 500 deutsche marks zokha basi chifukwa cha ndalama zimene wagwiritsa ntchito posinthitsa ndalama zakunja!

Momwemonso, katundu wogulitsidwa ndi kugulidwa kunja sadzafunikanso kuwonjezera mtengo pofuna kubweza ndalama zimene munthu anagwiritsa ntchito pogula ndalama zakunja. Mofananamo, kukhala ndi ndalama imodzi kudzachepetsa chuma chosaoneka chimene chimawonongeka pamene ndalama ina yatsika mphamvu. Pamene ndalama ya dziko linalake yatsika mphamvu, katundu wogulidwa kunja amakhala wokwera mtengo m’dzikomo. Nthaŵi zambiri zimenezi zimachititsa kuti zinthu zonse ziyambe kukwera mtengo m’dzikomo. Motero, patakhala ndalama imodzi yokha, popanda kuopa kuti mitengo yosinthanitsira ndalama ingakwere, Ulaya wayenera kukopa anthu amalonda ambiri akunja.

Ofuna yurowa akuonanso kuti zinthu zidzatsika mtengo mu Ulaya. Ogula ndi ogulitsa omwe tsopano akutha kuyerekezera mitengo mosavuta, ndipo ndalama za makobidi ndi za mapepala za yuro zikadzatulutsidwa mu 2002, zidzakhala zosavuta ngakhale pang’ono. Akuyembekeza kuti kusiyana kwa mtengo wa chinthu chimodzi m’malo osiyanasiyana a Ulaya kudzachepa, ndiye wogula adzapindula.

. . . Ena Akuiona Monga Tsoka

Tsopano ayankhulepo amene sakuifuna. Iwo akuona kuti yuro idzakhwimitsa kayendetsedwe ka chuma cha Ulaya kuchilepheretsa kupita patsogolo. Iwo akuona kuti kukhala ndi ndalama imodzi kudzachulukitsa ulova, kudzadzetsa utambwali pa mabizinesi a ndalama, ndipo kudzachititsa kusagwirizana pa ndale. Kusagwirizana kumeneku pa ndale kwayamba kale kuoneka. Mwachitsanzo, pali mkangano pakati pa Germany ndi France wonena za dziko limene lili loyenera kutsogolera European Central Bank, banki loyang’anira yuro. Mikangano yotereyi ingapitirire kubuka dzilo lililonse la m’bungwe la EU litayamba kupanga zolinga zakezake.

M’mayiko ena a EU, ulova wafika povuta zedi. Ambiri akuti zimenezi zachitika chifukwa cha zinthu zimene zinali zoyenera kuchita kuti pakhale ndalama imodzi; monga kuchepetsa katundu yemwe mayikowa akuloledwa kugula komanso kukwezedwa kwa misonkho. Kuzungulira Ulaya yense, anthu akutsutsa mfundo zachuma zokhwima zimene zikuphatikizapo kuchepetsa chisamaliro chaulere, penshoni, ndi chithandizo cha za umoyo. Kodi chitetezo chokhwima cha zachuma chimenechi chingadzakhaleko mpaka liti? Kodi mayiko ena angadzafeŵetseko malamulo awo akagwiritsidwe ntchito ka ndalama yuro ikakhazikika? Ndipo kodi kufeŵetsa malamulo kumeneku sikudzabweretsa mavuto pa ndalama ya ku Ulaya imodziyo?

Ena akutchulapo za chikondi chimene anthu amakhala nacho pa ndalama ya dziko lawo. Ndalama ndi yofunika m’njira zambiri kuposa kungokhala nayo. Ambiri amaiona monga mbali ya mbiri ya dziko lawo, monga chizindikiro chofunika ngati mmene mbendera ilili. Pogwiritsa ntchito ndalama anthu amalipidwa, kuŵerengera, kuyerekezera, kugulitsa, komanso kusunga. Mwachitsanzo, pamene ndalama za ku banki za Ajeremani ambiri zikutsika ndi theka chifukwa chozisinthanitsa ndi yuro, ndalama za Ataliyana zidzatsika moŵirikiza ndi 2000, ndalama yawo ya lire ikadzachotsedwa. Malingana ndi kafukufuku wina, kusintha ndalama kuti ikhale yuro kudzakhala “kosautsa” kwambiri kwa anthu ambiri a ku Ulaya.

Ndalama Imodzi Ingayenere Mayiko Onse?

Akatswiri a zachuma ena a mu EU ndi a ku United States akugogomeza kuti ngakhale pali mlingo winawake wa mgwirizano wa ndale pa zokhala ndi ndalama imodzi, chuma cha Ulaya ndi chogaŵanika, anthu ake ndi okhazikika m’mayiko akwawo, ndipo chikhalidwe chawo ndi chosiyana zedi. Choncho, mosiyana ndi anthu a ku United States, anthu a ku Ulaya amene ntchito zawo zawathera si kaŵirikaŵiri kuti angachoke n’kupita kutali kukapeza ntchito. Akatswiri ena akukhulupirira kuti kugaŵanika koteroko kudzalanda mayiko a yuro njira zopeŵera mavuto komanso zofunika kuti athe kuyendetsa chuma chawo pamodzi komanso kuti akhale ndi ndalama imodzi.

Oikana akuti, pakakhala ndalama imodzi chonchi, maboma zinthu zidzawavuta pofuna kuthana ndi mavuto a zachuma. Iwo akuti yuro idzalanda mphamvu mayiko ndi kuipititsa ku banki yatsopano ya European Central Bank, ku Frankfurt, Germany. Kenako zimenezi zidzachititsa kuti mayiko akakamizike kugwirizanitsa malamulo a msonkho komanso mfundo zina za zachuma mu kontinenti yonseyo. Oikanawa akutinso mabungwe oyang’anira ndi kupanga malamulo amene ali ku Brussels ndi Strasbourg adzakhala ndi mphamvu. Indedi, pangano la Maastricht Treaty likufuna kuti pakhale mgwirizano wa ndale umene udzachititsa kuti amange mfundo zokhudza mayiko akunja ndi zokhuza zachitetezo komanso zokhudza zachuma ndi mfundo za kakhalidwe ka anthu. Kodi kusintha kumeneku kudzakhala kwa myaa ndi kopanda zovuta? Zonse ndi nthaŵi.

“Ndi Yangozi Kwambiri”

Pakali pano mabanki ndi sitolo zikuluzikulu zayamba kale kusintha pokonzekera yuro, zakhazikitsa maakaunti a yuro ndi kulemba mitengo ya zinthu m’ndalama zawo zakale komanso m’mayuro. Cholinga chawo ndi chakuti kusintha kumene kuchitike m’chaka cha 2002 kudzakhale kwa myaa. Magazini ina yotchuka ya ku France yagaŵira kale tizipangizo toposa 200,000 toŵerengera ndalama ndi kuzisintha kuchokera m’ma franc kuziika m’mayuro.

Kodi tsiku lina yuro idzaposa mphamvu dola ya United States? Ambiri akuona kuti yuro ikadzangoyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito, dziko la United States mwina silidzakhalanso ndi mphamvu pa chuma cha dziko lonse. Iwo akuona kuti yuronso idzasanduka ndalama yosungira chuma cha dziko lonse monga momwe ilili dola. Jill Considine, wogwira ntchito ku kabungwe kena kotchedwa New York Clearing House Association, akuti: “Padzakhala mpikisano watsopano wa zachuma.”

Kodi tsogolo la yuro ndi lotani? Mkonzi wina wa ku Germany Josef Joffe akuitcha ndalama yatsopanoyo “chibwana chachikulu kwambiri chimene Ulaya wachita” komanso akuti “ndi yangozi kwambiri.” Akuwonjezaponso kuti: “Ikalephera kugwira bwino ntchito, ingathe kuwononga zinthu zambiri zimene Ulaya anapeza m’zaka 50 zam’mbuyomu.” Nduna ya zachuma ya ku France inanena zimene anthu ambiri a ku Ulaya akuganiza kuti: “Anthu ambiri ali ndi chiyembekezo komanso ambiri ali ndi mantha aakulu.”

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 30]

ZINTHU ZOFUNIKA KUZIDZIŴA ZOKHUDZA YURO

● Yuro imodzi ikupitirira pang’ono mtengo wa dola imodzi ya United States

● Ndalama zamapepala za yuro zidzakhala zisanu ndi ziŵiri: mayuro 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 ndi 500

● Ndalama za yuro kumaso kwake kudzakhala mapu a Ulaya, kudzajambulidwanso milatho, ndipo kumbuyo kwake kudzajambulidwa mazenera kapena mageti

● Mawu aŵiri oti “EURO” ndi “ΕΥΡΩ” adzakhala pa ndalama za mapepala, kuimira zilembo zachiroma ndi zachigiriki

● Ndalama zamakobidi za yuro zidzakhala zisanu ndi zitatu: masenti 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, ndi 50, komanso mayuro 1 ndi 2

● Makobidiwo adzakhala ndi chizindikiro cha Ulaya yense kuseri limodzi ndipo chizindikiro cha dziko limene akuchokera kuseri linalo

[Mapu patsamba 29]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

EUROPEAN UNION

BRITAIN

DENMARK

SWEDEN

GREECE

Mayiko amene panopo ali mu mgwirizano wa ndalamawu

IRELAND

PORTUGAL

SPAIN

BELGIUM

FRANCE

NETHERLANDS

GERMANY

LUXEMBOURG

FINLAND

AUSTRIA

ITALY

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 28]

Ndalama zonse zimene zili pa masamba 28-30: © European Monetary Institute