Mutu 5

M’mene Mbiri Yabwino Inasungidwira

1. Kodi n’chifukwa ninji Baibulo lapitirizabe kukhalapo?

ZOLEMBEDWA zambiri zakale zazimiririka. Mofanana ndi anthu amene anazipanga, iwo abwerera ku nthaka ndipo aiwalika. Zatsala ndi zidutswa zokha za zolembedwa zochuluka za m’zaka zikwi zambiri zapita’zo. Koma Baibulo likalipobe! Kuli monga momwe 1 Petro 1:24, 25 amalongsolera kuti:

“Popeza anthu onse akunga udzu, ndi ulemerero wao wonse ngati duwa la udzu. Udzu’wo ungofota, ndi duwa lake lingogwa; Koma Mau a Mulungu akhala chikhalire. Ndipo mau olalikidwa kwa inu ndi awo.”

Cholembedwa cha Baibulo m’kupulumuka ziyambukiro zoononga za nthawi ndi ziukiro za adani ake zomwe n’chapadera. Palibe kukaikira kuti Mulungu analinganiza kuti “mbiri yabwino” isungidwe kuti ititsogoze kupyola masiku obvuta alipo’wa.

KUSUNGA BAIBULO

2. Kodi ndi motani m’mene zolembedwa zoyambirira za Baibulo za Mose zinasungidwira, ndipo kwa utali wotani?

² Olemba ouziridwa analemba “mabukhu ang’ono” oyambirira pa zinthu zopangidwa ndi zikopa za nyama. Anthu okhulupirika anatsimikizira kuti zolembedwa zakale zotero’zo zasungidwa bwino lomwe “pambali pa likasa,” bokosi lopatulika limene Mulungu analamula Aisrayeli kulipanga. (Deuteronomo 31:26; 1 Samueli 10:25) Pamene Israyeli anagwera m’kulambira mafano, Chilamulo monga momwe chinalembedwera ndi Mose chinatayika kwa kanthawi, koma Mfumu yabwino Yosiya anachipeza pamene anali kukonza kachisi mu Yerusalemu. Zolembedwa zoyambirira zimene’zi zinazimiririka pa nthawi imene Ababulo anaononga kachisi amene’yu mu 607 B.C.E.

3. (a) Kodi n’chiani chimene chimasonyeza kuti makope a Malemba anali atapangidwa pofika pa nthawi ya Danieli? (b) Kodi ndi motani m’mene ulosi unakwaniritsidwira mu 537 B.C.E.? (Yeremiya 29:10)

³ Komabe, pofika pa nthawi imene’yi, makope ena olembedwa pamanja a Malemba ouziridwa amene’wa anali atapangidwa, kotero kuti mtumiki wa Mulungu Danieli, kapolo m’Baibulo, ‘anazindikira mwa mabukhu, ulosi wa Yeremiya, kuti ukaidi wa Ayuda uyenera kutha pambuyo pa zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri, mu 537 B.C.E. (Danieli 9:2) Ndipo mbiri imalongosola kuti unatha’di, mwa chozizwitsa cha Mulungu, m’chaka chimene’chocho, otsalira a Ayuda akumabwerera ku Yerusalemu kukamanga’nso kachisi wa Mulungu.

4. (a) Kodi n’chiani chimene Ezara analimbikitsa chimene chinapindula Ayuda? (Ezara 7:6) (b) Kodi ndi chochitika chatsopano chotani chimene chinachitika pafupi-fupi mu 280 B.C.E.,?

⁴ Pambuyo pa kubwezeretsa kumene’ku, “Ezara mlembi wokopa” ndiye amene analimbikitsa “kuwerengedwa mopfuula kwa bukhu la chilamulo cha Mulungu woona tsiku ndi tsiku” ndi Ayuda osonkhana. (Nehemiya 8:13, 18, NW) Olemba mokopa ambiri akuonekera kukhala anali otanganitsidwa m’masiku amene’wo, kulemba Malemba ndi manja kuti Ayuda awagwiritsire ntchito, amene tsopano anamwazikira m’zitaganya m’dziko lonse lakale’lo. Pafupi-fupi mu 280 B.C.E. mu Alesandriya, Igupto, kutembenuzira Malemba Achihebri m’Chigriki kunayambidwa, kaambaka ka phindu la Ayuda olankhula Chigriki kumene’ko. Bukhu limene’li limachedwa Greek Septuagint (kutanthauza, “Makumi Asanu ndi Awiri”), popeza kuti limanenedwa kukhala litatembenuzidwa ndi Ayuda makumi asanu ndi awiri.

5. (a)Kodi ndi motani m’mene olemba anakhalira maso kuti asapange cholakwa m’kupanga makope a Malemba? (b) Kodi kuyerekezeredwa kwa mpukutu wa Yesaya wochedwa “Dead Sea scroll” ndi zolembedwa pamanja za m’zaka za zana lakhumi kumasonyezanji? (Deuteronomo 4:2)

⁵ Mabukhu ambiri okopedwa a Malemba Achihebri analembedwa mosamalitsa kwambiri ndipo alembi anapanga kusamalitsa kwapadera kuti atsimikizire kuti zimene’zi zinali zopanda cholakwa. Iwo anapenda mwa kuwerenga chiwerengero cha mau, ngakhale chiwerengero cha mau, ngakhale chiwerengero cha zilembo, ndipo ngati ngakhale chilembo chimodzi chinali cholakwika, iwo ankataya chigawo chimene’cho cha zolembedwa pamaja’zo ndi kuchilemba’nso. Monga umboni wa kulondola kumene’ku, zolembedwa pamanja zonenedwa kukhala ndi deti la m’zaka za zana lakhumi C.E. ziri kweni-kweni ndi cholembedwa chimodzi-modzi mofanana ndi mpukutu wa Yesaya wochedwa “Dead Sea scroll” wotumbidwa posachedwapa, umene unakopedwa m’zaka za zana loyamba ndi zaka za zana lachiwiri B.C.E. Zoposa zaka chikwi chimodzi za kukopa ndi kukopa mobwereza sikunachititse kupotozedwa kwa cholembedwa cha Baibulo!

6. Kodi n’chifukwa ninji tingatsimikizire kuti malemba a Baibulo lero lino ali osalakwika?

⁶ Mofananamo, chisamaliro chosamaltisa ku nsonga chinasonyezedwa pokopa’nso zolembedwa pamaja za Malemba Achikristu Achigriki. Motero tikutsimikizridwa kuti malemba. Achihebri ndi Achigriki, kumene Mabaibulo athu amakono atembenuzidwako, ali kweni-kweni chimodzi-modzi mofanana ndi mabukhu okopedwa oyambirira olembedwa pamanja amene “anauziridwa ndi Mulungu.” Kupendedwa koyerekezera kwa zikwi makumi ochuluka a zolembedwa pamanja m’zinenero zambiri zimatsimikizira zimene’zi kukhala choncho. Inde, Baibulo losindikizidwa, monga momwe tiri nalo tsopano, m’zinenero zoposa 1,600, liri “mau” amodzi-modzi’wo amene analembedwa ndi manja mouziridwa ndi Mulungu, kuyambira m’zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi B.C.E. kudzafika m’zaka za zana loyamba C.E.

ZOYESA-YESA KUPONDEREZA “MBIRI YABWINO”

7. (a) Kodi ndani amene akhala adani a Baibulo, kodi Yesu ananenanji kwa iwo, ndipo kodi iwo anachita motani? (Mateyu 23:27, 28) (b) Kodi Satana wagwiritsira ntchito yani m’kupitiriza kutsutsa “mbiri yabwino”? (2 Petro 2:1, 2)

⁷ Nthawi zonse pakhala adani a Baibulo. Modabwitsa, adani ake akulu akhala atsogoleri achimpembedzo amene amadzinenera kukhala akuphunzitsa Baibulo. Mwa chitsanzo, atsgoleri achimpembedzo pakati pa Ayuda a m’nthawi ya Yesu “anapangitsa Mau a Mulungu kukhala opanda pake” chifukwa cha kuphunzitsa “mwambo” ndi “malamulo a anthu monga ziphunzitso.” (Mateyu 15:6-9, NW) Yesu anawatsutsa chifukwa cha zimene’zi, akumawauza kuti:

“Inu muli ochokera mwa atate wanu Mdierekezi, ndipo zolakalaka zake za atate wanu mufuna kuchita. . . Sanaima m’choonadi, pakuti mwa iye mulibe choonadi. Pamene alankhula bodza, alankhula za mwini wake; pakuti ali wabodza, ndi atate wa bodza.” (Yohane 8:44)

Chifukwa chakuti Yesu analankhula choonadi, akumalengeza “mbiri yabwino” yonena za chifuno cha Mulungu cha kulanditsa anthu, atsogoleri achimpembedzo amene’wo anachititsa Yesu kuphedwa. Ndipo ngakhale kuli kwakuti Yesu anakhazikitsa mpingo Wachikristu monga “mzati ndi mchirikizo wa choonadi,” Satana, Mdierekezi’yo, anapitirizabe kutsutsa “mbiri yabwino,” akumagwiritsira ntchito oimira ake achipembedzo pa dziko lapansi kaamba ka cholinga chimene’chi​—1 Timoteo 3:15.

8. (a) Kodi ndi motani m’mene Baibulo limaneneratu mpatuko waululu? (Mateyu 7:15, 20) (b) Kodi ndi liti pamene Chikristu cha Dziko chinakhazikitsidwa, ndipo ndi yani? (c) Kodi chipembedzo cha Chikristu cha Dziko chinakhala mbali ya chiani? (d) Kodi n’chiani chimene chimapangitsa magulu a Chikristu cha Dziko kukhala adani a Mulungu?

⁸ Mtumwi Paulo ananeneratu chimene chikachitika, pamene, mu 56 C.E., ananena kwa akulu a mpingo Wachikristu wa ku Efeso kuti:

“Nditachoka ine, adzalowa mimbulu yosautsa, yosalekerera gulu’lo; ndipo mwa inu nokha adzauka anthu, olankhula zokhota-khota, kupatutsa ophunzira awatsate.” (Machitidwe 20:29, 30)

Mogwirizana ndi ulosi umene’wu, m’kati mwa zaka mazana atatu mpatuko waukulu unachitika. Munali mu 325 C.E. m’mene mfumu yosabatizidwa Yachiroma Konstantini inakhazikitsa “Chikristu cha Dziko.” Dongosolo lake lachipembedzo linakhotetsa chiphunzitso Chachikristu ndi kuchiphatikiza ndi zambiri za zinsinsi zouziridwa ndi Satana za ku Babulo wakale, amene Baibulo limam’sonyeza kukhala mzinda waukulu wa zipembedzo zonse zonyenga. Motero chipembedzo cha Chikristu cha Dziko chinakhala mbali ya ufumu wa pa dziko lonse wa chipembedzo chonyenga, “Babulo Wamkulu, amai wa achigololo ndi wa zonyansitsa za dziko.” (Chibvumbulutso 17:3-5) Chigololo chimene’chi chikusonyeza machitidwe a magulu achipembedzo amene amadzinenera kukhala a Mulungu koma amene ali aubwenzi mopambanitsa ndi atsogoleri a ndale za dziko oipa a dziko loipa’li; umene’wu umawapangitsa kukhala ‘adani a Mulungu.’ (Yakobo 4:4) Kawirikawiri timagulu tachipembedzo ta Chikristu cha Dziko tasonkhezera olamulira andale za dziko kuzunza Akristu oona.

9. Kodi ndi zochitika zotani za mu mbiri zimene zikutsimikizira Chikristu cha Dziko kukhala ndi liwongo la mwazi? (Yeremiya 2:34)

⁹ Kunja kokha, chipembedzo cha Chikristu cha Dziko chingaonekere kukhala chokongola kwambiri, limodzi ndi machalichi ake akulu okongola, malo osonkhanira ndi machalichi, mipingo yoyenda modzionetsera ndi nyimbo zokondweretsa. Koma kodi n’chiani chimene chiri mbiri ya Chikristu cha Dziko? M’kati mwa zaka mazana ambiri zapita’zo Chikristu cha Dziko chalanda, kugonjetsa maiko ndi kutsendereza anthu opanda chitetezo. Mbiri imasonya chala chotsutsa pa Nkhondo za Mtanda zokhetsa mwazi mu Near East, zilango zankhanza zachipembedzo m’maiko ambiri olamulidwa ndi Chikatolika, nkhondo yochedwa Opium War yolimbana ndi China, kudza’nso nkhondo zankhanza ndi kumenyana kwachipembedzo kwa m’zaka zino za zana la makumi awiri. Nkhondo Yoyamba ya Dziko ndi Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya Dziko zonse’zo zinayambidwa m’Chikristu cha Dziko, limodzi ndi kuphana kwa Akatolika ndi Akatolika ndi Aprotestanti ndi Aprotestanti mosasankha.

10. Kodi n’chiani chimene chimasonyeza zipembedzo za Chikristu cha Dziko kukhala zonyenga? (Mateyu 26:52)

¹⁰ Baibulo limatsutsa mwamphamvu kumenyana kwadyera koter’ko:

“Zichokera kuti nkhondo, zichokera kuti zolimbana mwa inu? Kodi sizichokera ku zikhumbitso zanu zochita nkhondo m’ziwalo zanu? Mulakalaka, ndipo zikusowani; mukupha, nimuchita kaduka, ndipo simukhoza kupeza; mulimbana, nimuchita nkhondo; mulibe kanthu, chifukwa simupempha. Mupempha, ndipo simulandira, popeza mupempha koipa, kuti mukachimwaze pochita zikhumbitso zanu.”​—Yakobo 4:1-3.

CHITSUTSO KU KUTEMBENUZIDWA KWA BAIBULO

11. Kodi ndi motani m’mene Chalichi Chachikatolika chinatsutsira kufalitsidwa kwa Baibulo? (Yohane 3:19, 20)

¹¹ Mbiri ya zipembedzo za Chikristu cha Dziko ikuphatikizamo chitsutso chachiwawa ku kufalitsidwa kwa Baibulo ndi ‘mbiri yake yabwino.’ Ndipo n’zosadabwitsa! – pakuti limabvumbula liwongo lake la mwazi. M’kati mwa Nyengo ya Mdima yoipa, pamene kwa zaka zoposa chikwi chimodzi Chikristu cha Dziko chinalamulidwa ndi apapa a Roma, palibe kuyesa-yesa kuli konse kumene kunapangidwa kufalitsa Baibulo pakati pa anthu wamba. Makope owerengeka amene anali opezeka anali m’Chilantini, chinenero chimene pambuyo pake chinafikira pa kudziwika kwa ansembe okha. Pamene potsirizira pake anthu olimba mtima anayesa kutembenuzira Baibulo m’chinenero cha anthu wamba, kotero kuti amene’wa akanatha kuwerenga ndi kulimvetsetsa, iwo anazunzidwa, kawiri-kawiri kufikira imfa. M’zaka za zana la khumi ndi chinai C.E., John Wycliffe choyamba anatembenuza Baibulo kuchokera m’Chilatini kumka m’Chingelezi. Koma Arichibishopu wa Canterbury, England, anam’longosola kukhala “wachabe-chabe wobvuta uja . . . mwana wa Chinjoka chakale,” ndipo zaka zina pambuyo pa imfa yake, adani a Baibulo anafukula mafupa ake, nawaocha ndi kuponya phulusa lake mu mtsinje wa Swift.

12. (a) Kodi n’chiani chimene chinali cholinga cha Tyndale? (Luka 2:10) (b) Kodi ndi motani m’mene iye anapitirizira kukwaniritsa cholinga chimene’chi, koma kodi n’chiani chimene cha m’chitikira? (c) Kodi n’chiani chimene chinatulukapo m’ntchito ya Tyndale?

¹² M’zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi, William Tyndale anayamba kutembenuza Baibulo kuchokera m’Chihebri ndi Chigriki choyambirira kumka m’Chingelezi, akumalengeza kuti, “Ngati Mulungu asunga moyo wanga, posapita zaka zambiri, ndidzachititsa mnyamata amene amayendetsa chikhasu kudziwa zochuluka ponena za Malemba koposa m’mene akuchitira ansembe.” Koma iye anaumirizika kuthawa ku England kumka ku dziko lina la mu Yuropu m’malo mwakuti akatembenuze ndi kusindikiza Baibulo lake. Kenako makope anazembetseredwa mu England ndi kuyamba kufalikira ochuluka kwambiri, mosasamala kanthu za kuocha poyera kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo Mabaibulo onse amene iwo adwapeza. Munthu wina wachinyengo anapereka Tyndale, ndipo anaphedwa mwa kunyongedwa pa mtengo, pambuyo pake mtembo wake unaochedwa. Koma Baibulo lake lotembenuzidwa’lo linapitirizabe, kotero kuti anthu mofanana ndi mnyamata wolima akatha kuwerenga ‘mbiri yake yabwino.’ Pambuyo pake linagwiritsiridwa ntchito kwambiri polinganiza bukhu la Baibulo lachingelezi lochuka la King James.

13. Kodi ndi mbiri ina yotani ya kutembenuzidwa kwa Baibulo kulowa m’zinenero Zakum’mawa?

¹³ Matembenuzidwe ena a Baibulo anakumana kawiri-kawiri ndi zobvuta. Mu Canton, China, Robert Morrison ndi om’thandiza ake anatembenuza mobisa usiku, akumadziwa kuti akatha kuphedwa mwa kuzunzidwa ngati atatulukiridwa. Pa nthawi ina iwo anabisa zirembo za matabwa za bukhu la Machitidwe, kokha kuti adzapeze atadyedwa ndi chiswe. Iwo anatulutsa bukhu la Baibulo Lachichaina lathunthu mu 1818. Kutembenuzidwa kwa Baibulo kulowa m’Chiburma kunatsirizedwa mu 1835, pambuyo pa kumangidwa kwa wotembenuza, A. Judson, kwa pafupi-fupi chaka chimodzi m’ndende yokhala ndi utitiri, limodzi ndi zotembenuza zake zolembedwa pamanja zitabisidwa mu mtsamiro wake. M’ma-1880, pamene ntchito yaumishonale inaletsedwa m’Korea, kutembenuzidwa ndi kusindikizidwa kwa mbali zina za Baibulo m’Chikorea zinachitidwira m’Manchuria, ndipo makope ambiri analowa m’Korea. Baibulo lathunthu loyambirira m’Chijapana linatulutsidwa mu 1887, ndipo mabukhu ena oyambirira molondola anagwiritsira ntchito dzina laumulungu, Yehova, m’Malemba monse Achihebri ndi Achigriki omwe.

“MBIRI YABWINO” IKUPITIRIZA

14. (a) Kodi n’chiani chimene chimasonyeza kuti zoyesa-yesa za Satana kupondereza Baibulo zinalephera? (b) Kodi ndi mkhalidwe wotani umene magulu achipembedzo a Chikristu cha Dziko atenga kulinga ku kuphunzitsa Baibulo?

¹⁴ Zoyesa-yesa za Satana kupondereza Baibulo zinalephera. M’zaka zaposachedwapa kwambiri, matembenuzidwe abwino kwambiri a Baibulo apangidwa m’zinenero zambiri, ndipo “mbiri yabwino” yakhala yopezeka kwa anthu onse. Mabaibulo ayenera kupezeka m’nyumba zambiri. Koma kodi magulu achipembedzo a Chikristu cha Dziko athandiza anthu kumvetsetsa Baibulo? Ai, pakuti iwo lero lino ali mu mkhalidwe wofanana ndi umene atsogoleri achipembedzo a m’nthawi ya Yesu anali. Iwo amakankhira pambali mau a Mulungu ‘m’malo mwakuti asunge mwambo [wao]’, ziphunzitso zonyenga za ku Babulo zimene zinalandiridwa pamene Konstantini anakhazikitsa “Chikristu cha Dziko.”—Marko 7:9, 13.

15. Kodi ndi motani m’mene mbiri yabwino yafikira pa “kulalikidwa mwa zolenedwa zonse”? (Machitidwe 1:8)

¹⁵ Komabe, mokondweretsa, pali Akristu aja m’maiko onse a dziko lapansi lero lino amene abwerera ku chiphunzitso cheni-cheni cha mbiri yabwino imene Yesu ndi atumwi ake analengeza. Mofanana ndi m’nthawi ya mpingo Wachikristu wa m’zaka za zana loyamba, iwo kachiwiri’nso akulalikira mbiri yabwino “mwa zolengedwa zonse zimene ziri pansi pa thambo.” (Akolose 1:23, NW) Ndiyo “mbiri yabwino yaulemerero ya Mulungu wachimwemwe.” (1 Timoteo 1:11, NW) Koma kodi ndani amene ali “Mulungu wachimwemwe” amene’yu, ndipo kodi ndi motani m’mene tingasangalalire ndi dalitso lake?

[Chithunzi patsamba 40]

“Mpukutu wa Yesaya wochedwa “Dead Sea scroll” umasonyeza kuti Baibulo lasungidwa mopanda cholakwa

[Chithunzi patsamba 43]

Nkhondo za Chikristu cha Dziko zimasonyeza Chikristu chake kukhala chonyenga

[Chithunzi patsamba 46]

Mosasamala kanthu za chitsutso cha chipembedzo chonyenga, “mbiri yabwino” irinkulalikidwa mwa zolengedwa zonse’