Dzina la Mulungu ndi “Chipangano Chatsopano”

MALO a dzina la Mulungu ngosasunthika m’Malemba Achihebri, mu “Chipangano Chakale.” Ngakhale kuti potsirizira pake Ayuda analeka kulitchula, zikhulupiriro zawo zachipembedzo zinawalepheretsa kuchotsa dzinalo pamene anapanga makope kuchokera m’malemba akale Abaibulo. Chotero, Malemba Achihebri ali ndi dzina la Mulungu nthawi zochulukirapo koposa dzina lina lirilonse.

Mkhalidwewo ngwosiyana m’Malemba Achikristu Achigiriki, “Chipangano Chatsopano,” Malembo a bukhu la Chivumbulutso (bukhu lotsirizira Labaibulo) ali ndi dzina la Mulungu mumpangidwe wake wachidule, wa “Ya,” (mawu akuti “Aleluya”). Koma kusiyapo zimenezo, palibe malembo akale Achigiriki amene tiri nawo lerolino a mabukhu ochokera pa Mateyu kufikira ku Chivumbulutso amene ali ndi dzina lathunthu la Mulungu. Kodi ichi chikutanthauza kuti dzinalo siliyenera kukhalamo? Zimenezo zikanakhala zodabwitsa chifukwa cha chenicheni chakuti otsatira a Yesu anazindikira kufunika kwa dzina la Mulungu, ndipo Yesu anatiphunzitsa kupempherera kupatulidwa kwa dzina la Mulungu. Chotero kodi nchiyani chimene chinachitika?

Kuti mumvetsetse mfundoyi, kumbukirani kuti zolembedwa Zamalemba Achikristu Achigiriki amene tiri nawo lerolino sindizo zoyambirirazo. Mabukhu enieni olembedwa ndi Mateyu, Luka ndi olemba Baibulo ena anagwiritsiridwa ntchito kwambiri ndipo anang’ambika msanga. Chifukwa chake, makope anali kupangidwa, ndipo pamene amenewa anang’ambika, makope enabe anapangidwa kuchokera pa amenewo.Chimenecho ndicho chimene tikanayembekezera, popeza kuti makopewo kawirikawiri anapangidwira kugwiritsiridwa ntchito, osati kusungidwa.

Pali makope zikwi zambiri a Malemba Achikristu Achigiriki opezeka lerolino, koma unyinji wa iwo unalembedwa mkati ndi pambuyo pa zaka zazana lachinai za Nyengo Yathu ya Onse. Ichi chikupereka lingaliro lothekera lakuti: Kodi kanthu kena kanachitikira malembo a Malemba Achikristu Achigiriki zaka zazana lachinai zisanafike kamene kanachititsa kusiidwa kwa dzina la Mulungu? Zenizeni zikutsimikizira kuti kanthu kena kanatero.

Dzinalo Linalimo

Tingathe kukhala otsimikizira kuti mtumwi Mateyu anaphatikiza dzina la Mulungu m’Uthenga wake. Chifukwa ninji? Chifukwa chakuti anaulemba choyambirira m’Chihebri. M’zaka zazana lachinai, Jerome, amene anatembenuza Vulgate Lachilatini, anasimba kuti: “Mateyu, amene amatchedwanso kuti Levi, ndi amene kuchokera pa kukhala wokhometsa msonkho anadzakhala mtumwi, choyamba analemba Uthenga wa Kristu m’Yudeya m’chinenero Chachihebri . . . Kuti ndani amene pambuyo pake anautembenuzira m’Chigiriki sikukutsimikiziridwa mokwanira. Komabe, Chihebri chenichenicho chasungidwa kufikira lerolino m’laibulare ku Kaisareya.”

Popeza Mateyu analemba m’Chihebri, nkosalingalirika kuti iye sanagwiritsire ntchito dzina la Mulungu, makamaka pogwira mawu kuchokera ku mbali “Chipangano Chakale” chimene chinali ndi dzinalo. Komabe, olemba ena a mbali yachiwiri Yabaibulo analembera anthu okhala padziko lonse m’chinenero cha mitundu yonse chapanthawiyo, Chigiriki. Chifukwa chake, iwo sanagwire mawu kuchokera kuzolembedwa zoyambirira Zachihebri koma kuchokera kumatembenuzidwe Achigiriki a Septuagint. Ndipo ngakhale Uthenga wa Mateyu potsirizira pake unatembenuziridwira m’Chigiriki. Kodi dzina la Mulungu lingakhale linalimo m’malemba Achigiriki amenewa.

Eya, zidutswa zakale kwambiri za Septuagint Version zimene kwenikweni zinaliko m’tsiku la Yesu zasungidwa kufikira m’tsiku lathu, ndipo kuli kukondweretsa kuti dzina laumwini la Mulungu linapezekamo. The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology (Voliyamu 2, tsamba 512) imati: “Zopezedwa zaposachedwapa za malemba zikukaikiritsa palingaliro lakuti osonkhanitsa LXX [Septuagint] anatembenuza Tetragrammaton YHWH ndi kyrios. (Zidutswa) zakale koposa za LXX MSS zimene zikupezeka tsopano kwa ife ziri ndi tetragrammaton yolembedwa ndi zilemba Zachi[hebri] m’malembo Achi[giriki]. Mwambo uwu unasungidwa ndi otembenuza apambuyo pake Achiyuda a Chi[pangano] cha [tsopano] m’zaka zazana loyamba A.D.” Chifukwa chake, kaya Yesu ndi ophunzira ake anawerenga Malemba m’Chihebri kapena m’Chigiriki kalelo, iwo akanakumana ndi dzina la Mulungu.

Chotero, Profesala George Howard wa pa Yunivesite ya Georgia, U.S.A., anapereka ndemanga iyi: “Pamene Septuagint imene tchalitchi cha Chipangano Chatsopano chinagwiritsira ntchito ndi kugwirako mawu inali ndi mpangidwe Wachihebri wa dzina la Mulungu, olemba Chipangano Chatsopano mosakaikira anaphatikiza Tetragrammaton m’kugwira kwawo mawu.” (Biblical Archaeology Review, March 1978, tsamba 14) Kodi ndiulamuliro wanji umene iwo akanakhala nawo wochita mosiyana?

Dzina la Mulungu linali kupezekabe m’matembenuzidwe Achigiriki a “Chipangano Chatsopano” kwakanthawi kochepa. M’theka loyamba la zaka zazana lachiwiri C.E., wotembenuka Wachiyuda Akula anapanga matembenuzidwe atsopano a Malemba Achihebri kulowetsa m’Chigiriki, ndipo m’menemo analembamo dzina la Mulungu loimiridwa ndi Tetragrammaton m’zilembo Zachihebri chakale. M’zaka zazana lachitatu, Origen analemba kuti: “Ndipo m’malembo olondola koposa DZINALO limawonekera m’zilemba Zachihebri, komabe osati mu [zilemba] Zachihebri chamakono, koma m’zakale koposa.”

Ngakhale m’zaka zazana lachinai, Jerome analemba mawu ake oyambirira a mabukhu a Samueli ndi Mafumu kuti: “Ndipo timapeza dzina la Mulungu Tetragrammaton [יהוה], m’mavoliyamu ena Achigirikingakhale kufikira lerolino litalembedwa m’zilembo zakale.”

Kuchotsedwa kwa Dzinalo

Komabe, podzafika panthawiyi, kupatuka konenedweratu ndi Yesu kunali kutawonekera, ndipo dzinalo, ngakhale kuti linawonekera m’malemba, linagwiritsiridwa ntchito mochepekerachepekera. (Mateyu 13:24-30; Machitidwe 20:29, 30) Potsirizira pake, owerenga ambiri sanazindikire konse chimene iro linali ndipo Jerome akusimba kuti m’nthawi yake “anthu ena opulukira, chifukwa cha kufanana kwazilembozo, pamene anali kupeza [Tetragrammaton] m’mabukhu Achigiriki, anali kuzolowera kuwerenga ΠΙΠΙ.”

M’makope apambuyo pake a Septuagint, dzina la Mulungu linachotsedwa ndipo mawu onga akuti “Mulungu” (The·osʹ) ndi “Ambuye” (Kyʹri·os) analowa m’malo. Tikudziwa kuti zimenezi zinachitika chifukwa chakuti tiri ndi zidutswa zoyambirira za Septuagint m’zimene dzina la Mulungu linalembedwamo ndi makope apambuyo pake a mbali zimodzimodzizo za Septuagint m’zimene dzina la Mulungu lachotsedwamo.

Zofananazo zinachitika mu “Chipangano Chatsopano,” kapena Malemba Achikristu Achigiriki. Profesala George Howard akupitiriza kunena kuti: “Pamene mpangidwe Wachihebri wa dzina la Mulungu unachotsedwa moyanja zolowa m’malo Zachigiriki m’Septuagint, iro linachotsedwanso m’mawu ogwidwa a Chipangano Chatsopano a Septuagint.  . . . Pasanapite nthawi yaitali dzina la Mulungu linataika kutchalitchi Chachikunja kusiyapo kokha monga momwe linasonyezedwera ndi amlowa m’malo kapena kukumbukiridwa ndi akatswiri.”

Chifukwa chake, pamene kuli kwakuti Ayuda anakana kutchula dzina la Mulungu, tchalitchi champatuko Chachikristu chinakhoza kulitchotsa kotheratu m’malembo achinenero Chachigiriki ambali zonse ziwiri Zabaibulo, kuphatikizapo matembenuzidwe a zinenero zina.

Kufunika kwa Dzinalo

Potsirizira pake, monga momwe tawonera poyambirira, dzinalo linabwezeretsedwa m’matembenuzidwe ambiri a MalembaAchihebri. Koma bwanji ponena za Malemba Achigiriki? Eya, otembenuza Baibulo ndi ophunzira anazindikira kuti popanda dzina la Mulungu mbali zina za Malemba Achikristu Achigiriki ziri zovuta kwambiri kuzizindikira bwino. Kubwezeretsa dzinalo ndiko thandizo lalikulu m’kuwonjezera kumvekera bwino ndi kuzindikiridwa kwa mbaliyi youziridwa Yabaibulo louziridwa.

Mwachitsanzo, talingalirani mawu a Paulo kwa Aroma, monga momwe akuwonekerera mu Authorized Version: “Pakuti, amene aliyense adzitana padzina la Ambuye adzapulumuka.” (Aroma 10:13) Kodi ndipadzina la yani limene tifunikira kuitana kuti tipulumuke? Popeza kuti kawirikawiri Yesu amalankhulidwa monga “Ambuye,” ndipo lemba lina limanenanso kuti: “Ukhulupirire Ambuye Yesu, ndipo udzapulumuka,” kodi tiyenera kugamula kuti panopa Paulo anali kulankhula za Yesu?—Machitidwe 16:31, Authorized Version.

Ayi, sitiyenera. Mawu a m’mphepete a pa Aroma 10:13 mu Authorized Version amasonya ku Yoweli 2:32 m’Malemba Achihebri. Ngati mupenda mawu amenewo, mudzapeza kuti Paulo anali kwenikweni kugwira mawu Yoweli m’kalata yake kwa Aroma; ndipo chimene Yoweli ananena m’Chihebri choyambirira chinali chakuti: ”Aliyense amene adzaitana padzina la Yehova adzapulumutsidwa.” Inde, panopa Paulo anatanthauza kuti tiyenera kuitana padzina la Yehova. Chifukwa chake, pamene kuli kwakuti ife tifunikira kukhulupirira mwa Yesu, chipulumutso chathu chiri chogwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi kuzindikira kwathu koyenerera dzina la Mulungu.

Chitsanzo chimenechi chimasonyeza mmene kuchotsedwa kwa dzina la Mulungu m’Malemba Achigiriki kunathandizirira kusokoneza Yesu ndi Yehova m’maganizo a anthu ambiri. Mosakaikira, chinathandizira kwambiri ku kuyambitsidwa kwachiphunzitso cha Utatu!

Kodi Dzinalo Liyenera Kubwezeretsedwa?

Kaamba ka chenicheni chakuti malembo amene alipo alibe dzinalo, kodi otembenuza akakhala ndi kuyenera kulikonse kwa kubwezeretsa dzinalo? Inde, akakhala ndi kuyenera. Kawirikawiri unyinji wa madikishonale Achigiriki amazindikira kuti liwu lakuti “Ambuye” m’Baibulo limasonya kwa Yehova. Mwachitsanzo, m’chigawo chake paliwu lakuti Kyʹri·os (“Ambuye”) Lachigiriki, A Greek and English Lexicon of the New Testament la Robinson (losindikizidwa 1859) limati kumatanthaza “Mulungu monga Ambuye Wamkulukulu ndi wolamulira wa chilengedwe chonse, kawirikawiri mu Sept[uagint] Yachi[hebri] יְהוָֹה Yehova.” Chifukwa chake, m’malo mmene olemba a Malemba Achikristu Achigiriki akugwira mawu Malemba Achihebri oyambirira,wotembenuza ali ndi kuyenera kwa kutembenuza mawu akuti Kyʹri·os monga “Yehova” paliponse pamene dzina la Mulungu liwonekera m’Chihebri choyambirira.

Otembenuza ambiri achita zimenezi. Kuyambira kalelo m’zaka zazana la-14 matembenuzidwe ambiri Achihebri anapangidwa kuchokera m’Malemba Achikristu Achigiriki. Kodi otembenuzawo anatani pamene anafika pamawu ogwidwa ochokera mu “Chipangano Chakale” kumene dzina la Mulungu linawonekera? kawirikawiri, iwo anadziwona kukhala okakamizika kubwezeretsa dzina la Mulungu m’malembamo. Matembenuzidwe ambiri a mbali kapena a Malemba Achikristu onse Achigiriki kulowa m’Chihebri ali ndi dzina la Mulungu.

Matembenuzidwe a m’zinenero zamakono, makamaka ogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi amishonale, atsatira chitsanzo chimenechi. Chotero matembenuzidwe ambiri mu Africa, Asia, America ndi Pacific a Malemba Achigiriki amagwiritsira ntchito dzina la Yehova momasuka, kotero kuti owerenga anagawone momvekera bwino kusiyana pakati pa Mulungu wowona ndi milungu yonyenga. Dzina lawonekeranso m’matembenuzidwe a m’zinenero za ku Yuropu.

Matembenuzidwe amodzi amene molimba mtima akubwezeretsa dzina la Mulungu mwa ulamuliro woyenerera ndiwo New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures. Matembenuzidwe amenewa, amene tsopano akupezeka m’zinenero zamakono 11, abwezeretsa dzina la Mulungu nthawi iriyonse pamene mbali ya Malemba Achihebri yokhala nalo itagwidwa mawu m’Malemba Achigiriki. Dzinalo limawonekera nthawi zonse pamodzi 237 m’matembenuzidwe amenewo a Malemba Achigiriki.

Chitsutso ku Dzinalo

Mosasamala kanthu ndi zoyesayesa za otembenuza ambiri za kubwezeretsa dzina la Mulungu m’Baibulo, nthawi zonse pakhala chitsenderezo chachipembedzo cha kulichotsa. Pamene kuli kwakuti Ayuda analisiya m’Mabaibulo awo, iwo akukana kulitchula. Akristu opatuka a m’zaka zazana lachiwiri ndi lachitatu analichotsa pamene anali kujambula malembo Abaibulo Lachigiriki nalisiya pamene anapanga matembenuzidwe Abaibulo. Otembenuza m’nthawi zamakono alichotsa, ngakhale pamene matembenuzidwe awo ali ozikidwa pa Chihebri choyambirira, kumene limawonekera nthawi pafupifupi 7,000. (Limawonekera nthawi 6,973 m’malembo Achihebri a New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, losindikizidwa mu 1984.)

Kodi Yehova amawona bwanji awo amene amachotsa dzina lake m’Baibulo? Ngati inu munali wolemba, kodi mukanamva bwanji ndi munthu wina amene anachita zambiri kufikira pa kuchotsa dzina lanu m’bukhu limene munalemba? Otembenuza otsutsa dzinalo, amatero chifukwa cha mavuto amatchulidwe kapena chifukwa cha mwambo Wachiyuda, angayerekezeredwe ndi awo kwa amene Yesu anati: “Akukuntha udzudzu, koma ngamila mumeza!” (Mateyu 23:24) Iwo amakhumudwa ndi mavuto ocheperapo amenewa koma mwakutero amapanga vuto lokulirapo—mwakuchotsa dzina la munthu wamkulu koposa m’chilengedwe chonse m’bukhu limene anauzira.

Wamasalmo analemba kuti: “Wotsutsanayo adzatonza kufikira liti, Mulungu? Kodi mdani adzanyoza dzina lanu nthawi zonse?”—Salmo 74:10.

[Bokosi patsamba 25]

“AMBUYE”—Kodi Nlolingana ndi Lakuti “Yehova”?

Kuchotsa dzina laumwini lomvekera bwino la Mulungu m’Baibulo ndi kulowetsa m’malo mwake dzina laulemu dzina longa lakuti “Ambuye” kapena “Mulungu” kumapangitsa lembalo kululuzika m’njira zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kungatsogolere kukugwirizanitsidwa kwamawu kopanda tanthauzo. M’mawu ake oyambirira, The Jerusalem Bible limati: “Kunena kuti, ‘Ambuye ndiye Mulungu’ kuli kwenikweni kunjereweta [kubwerezabwereza kosafunika, kapena kopanda tanthauzo], pamene kunena kuti ‘Yahweh ndiye Mulungu’ sikuli.”

Amlowa m’malo otere angakhozenso kutsogolera kuchiganizo chamawu chosamvekera bwino. Chotero mu Authorized Version, Salmo 8:9 limati: “O Ambuye Ambuye wathu, mmene dzina lanu liriri labwino koposa nanga padziko lonse lapansi!” Ha mmene mawuwo amawongokerera nanga pamene dzina la Yehova libwezeretsedwa m’lemba lotere! Chotero, Young’s Literal Translation of the Holy Bible panopa limati: “Yehova, Ambuye wathu, mmene dzina Lanu liliri laulemero nanga padziko lonse lapansi!”

Kuchotsa dzina nakonso kungachititse chisokonezo. Salmo 110:1 limati: “AMBUYE anati kwa Ambuye wanga, Khalani padzanja langa lamanja, Kufikira nditaika adani anu chopondapo mapazi anu.” (Authorized Version) Kodi wolankhulayo ndani ndipo kwayani? Mmene matembenuzidwe otsatirawa aliri abwinopo nanga akuti: “Yehova ananena kwa Ambuye wanga, Khalani padzanja lamanja langa, Kufikira nditaika adani anu chopondapo mapazi anu.”—Union Nyanja Version.

Kuwonjezera apa, kulemba kuti “Ambuye” m’malo mwa kuti, “Yehova” kumachotsa kanthu kena kofunika kwambiri m’Baibulo: dzina laumwini la Mulungu. The Illustrated Bible Dictionary (Voliyamu 1, tsamba 572) limati: “Kulankhula mosabisa mawu, Yahweh ndilo ‘dzina’ lokha la Mulungu.”

The Imperial Bible-Dictionary (Voliyamu 1, tsamba 856) limalongosola kusiyana pakati pa “Mulungu” (Elohim) ndi “Yehova,” likumati: “Ndithudi [Yehova] ndilo dzina lenileni kulikonse, losonya kwa Mulungu mwini ndi kwa iye yekha; pamene kuli kwakuti Elohim uli mpangidwe wa dzina wamba, limene kawirikawiri limasonyadi, koma osati kwenikweni losonya kwa Wamkulukuluyo.”

J. A. Motyer, mkulu wa pa Trinity College, England, akuwonjezera kuti: “Zochuluka zimataika powerenga Baibulo ngati tiiwala kuyang’ana zoposa mawu olowa m’malo [akuti Ambuye kapena Mulungu] kudzina laumwini ndi lodziwikitsa Mulungu iyemwiniyo. Mwa kuuza anthu ake dzina lake, Mulungu anali ndi cholinga cha kuwaululira mkhalidwe wake waukulu koposa.”—Eerdmans’ Handbook to the Bible, Tsamba 157.

Ayi, munthu sangakhoze kutembenuza dzina lenileni lodziwika mwadzina lokha laulemu. Dzina laulemu silingapereke konse tanthauzo lodzala, loyenerera la dzina laumwini la Mulungu.

[Bokosi/Zithunzi patsamba 26]

Chidutswa ichi cha Septuagint (kulamanja) cha m’zaka zazana loyamba C.E. cha Zekariya 8:19-21 ndi 8:23–9:4 chikupezeka m’Myuziyamu ya m’Yerusalemu m’Israyeli. Icho chiri ndi dzina la Mulungu nthawi zinai, zimene zitatu zake zasonyezedwa pano. M’Malembo a Alexandria (kulamazere), kope la Septuagint lolembedwa zaka 400 pambuyo pake, dzina la Mulungu lalowedwa m’malo m’mavesi amodzimodziwo ndi KY ndi KC, matchulidwe achidule a mawu Achigiriki Kyʹri·os (“Ambuye”)

[Bokosi patsamba 27]

John W. Davis, mmishonale m’Tchaina mkati mwazaka zazana la-19, analongosola chifukwa chake iye anakhulupirira kuti dzina la Mulungu liyenera kukhala m’Baibulo kuti: “Ngati Mzukwa Woyera unena kuti Yehova pamalo alionse m’Chihebri, kodi nchifukwa ninji wotembenuza samanena kuti Yehova m’Chingelezi kapena m’Chitchaina? Kodi ndikuyenera kotani kumene ali nako kwakunena kuti, Ndidzagwiritsira ntchito Yehova m’malo ano ndi kulowetsa maina ena m’malo awo?. . . Ngati aliyense anganene kuti pali zochitika m’zimene kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa Yehova kukakhala kolakwa, mloleni asonyeze chifukwa chake; onus probandi [mtolo wa kutsimikizira] uli pa iye. Iye adzapeza ntchitoyo kukhala yovuta, pakuti ayenera kuyankha funso lokweka iri,—Ngati pachochitika chirichonse kuli kolakwa kugwiritsira ntchito Yehova m’matembenuzidwewo pamenepa kodi nchifukwa ninji wolemba wouziridwa analigwiritsira ntchito poyambapo?”—The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal, Voliyamu VII, Shanghai, 1876.

[Chithunzi patsamba 23]

The New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures moyenerera limagwiritsira ntchito dzina la Mulungu nthawi 237 monga momwe kwasonyezedwera m’kope Lachingelezi pamwambapa

[Zithunzi patsamba 24]

Dzina la Mulungu patchalitchi mu Minorca, Spanya;

pa chifano pafupi ndi Paris, Faransa;

ndi pa Chiesa di San Lorenzo, Parma, Italiya