Kodi Tchalitchi Choyambirira Chinaphunzitsa Kuti Mulungu Ali Utatu?

Gawo 1​—Kodi Yesu ndi Ophunzira Ake Anaphunzitsa Chiphunzitso cha Utatu?

Kodi Yesu ndi ophunzira ake anaphunzitsa chiphunzitso cha Utatu? Kodi atsogoleri atchalitchi a zaka mazana otsatirapo anachiphunzitsa? Kodi chinayambika motani? Ndipo kodi nchifukwa ninji kuli kofunika kudziŵa chowonadi ponena za chikhulupiriro chimenechi? Kuyambira ndi Gawo 1 m’kope lino, Nsanja ya Olonda idzafotokoza mafunso ameneŵa m’mpambo wa nkhani. Nkhani zina m’mpambowu zidzawonekera mwakamodzikamodzi m’makope akutsogolo.

AWO amene amavomereza Baibulo kukhala Mawu a Mulungu amazindikira kuti ali ndi thayo la kuphunzitsa ena ponena za Mlengi. Iwo amazindikiranso kuti zinthu zimene amaphunzitsa ponena za Mulungu ziyenera kukhala zowona.

Mulungu anadzudzula “otonthoza” a Yobu chifukwa chosachita zimenezo. ‘Yehova anati kwa Elifazi wa ku Temani, Mkwiyo wanga wakuyakira iwe ndi mabwenzi ako aŵiri, pakuti simunandinenera choyenera monga ananena mtumiki wanga Yobu.’​—Yobu 42:7.

Mtumwi Paulo, pofotokoza za chiukiriro, ananena kuti tidzapezedwa kukhala “mboni zonama za Mulungu” ngati tikaphunzitsa chinachake chonena za zochita za Mulungu zimene siziri zowona. (1 Akorinto 15:15) Izi pokhala tero ndi chiphunzitso cha chiukiriro, tiyenera kukhala osamala motani nanga pamene tifotokoza chiphunzitso chathu chonena za amene Mulungu ali!

Chiphunzitso cha Utatu

Pafupifupi matchalitchi onse a Chikristu Chadziko amaphunzitsa kuti Mulungu ali Utatu. The Catholic Encyclopedia imatcha chiphunzitso cha Utatu kukhala “chiphunzitso chachikulu cha chipembedzo Chachikristu,” ikumachilongosola motere:

“Mu umodzi wa mpangidwe wa Mulungu muli Anthu Atatu, Atate, Mwana, ndi Mzimu Woyera, Anthu Atatu ameneŵa akumakhala osiyana kwenikweni wina ndi mnzake. Chotero, m’mawu a Chikhulupiriro cha Athanasius: ‘Atate ali Mulungu, Mwana ali Mulungu, ndipo Mzimu Woyera uli Mulungu, komabe siiri Milungu itatu koma Mulungu mmodzi.’ . . . Anthuwo ali amuyaya wofanana ndi olingana: onse mofananamo ngosalengedwa ndipo ngamphamvuyonse.”⁠¹

The Baptist Encyclopædia imapereka kumasulira kofananako. Imati:

“[Yesu] ali . . . Yehova wamuyaya . . . Mzimu Woyera uli Yehova . . . Mwanayo ndi Mzimu aikidwa pamlingo wofanana ndendende ndi Atate. Ngati iye ali Yehova motero nawonso.”⁠²

Otsutsa Ananeneredwa Zoipa

Mu 325 C.E., msonkhano wa abishopo mu Nicea mu Asia Minor unapanga chikhulupiriro chomwe chinalengeza Mwana wa Mulungu kukhala “Mulungu wowona” monga momwe Atate analiri “Mulungu wowona.” Mbali ina ya chikhulupirirocho inati:

“Koma awo amene amanena kuti, Panali [nthaŵi ina] pamene [Mwana] kunalibe, ndipo, Asanabadwe Iye kunalibe, ndikuti Iye anakhalako kuchokera ku kusakhalako, kapena amene amanena kuti Mwana wa Mulungu ali wa mpangidwe kapena chikhalidwe chosiyana, kapena kuti analengedwa, kapena kuti akhoza kusunthidwa kapena kusintha​—anthu oterewa Tchalitchi cha Katolika chikuwanenera zoipa.”⁠³

Chotero, aliyense amene anakhulupirira kuti Mwana wa Mulungu sanali wamuyaya molingana ndi Atate kapena kuti Mwanayo analengedwa anaweruzidwa kosatha. Mungathe kuyerekezera chitsenderezo cha kugwirizana nawo chimene izi zinaika pa okhulupirira wamba ambirimbiri.

M’chaka cha 381 C.E., msonkhano wina unasonkhana mu Constantinople ndipo unalengeza kuti mzimu woyera uyenera kulambiridwa ndi kulemekezedwa monga momwe amachitidwira Atate ndi Mwana. Chaka chimodzi pambuyo pake, mu 382 C.E., bungwe lina la abishopo linasonkhana ku Constantinople ndikutsimikizira kotheratu umulungu wa mzimu woyera.⁠⁴ Chaka chimodzimodzicho, pamaso pa msonkhano m’Roma, Papa Damasus anapereka unyinji wa ziphunzitso zoyenera kutsutsidwa ndi tchalitchi. Chikalatacho, chotchedwa Tome of Damasus (Bukhu la Damasus), chinaphatikizapo ndemanga zotsatirazi:

“Ngati munthu aliyense akana kuti Atate ali wamuyaya, kuti Mwana ali wamuyaya, ndikuti Mzimu Woyera uli wamuyaya: iye ali wotsutsa chikhulupiriro.”

“Ngati munthu aliyense akana kuti Mwana wa Mulungu ali Mulungu wowona, monga momwe Atate aliri Mulungu wowona, wokhala ndi mphamvu zonse, wodziŵa zinthu zonse, ndipo wolingana ndi Atate: iye ali wotsutsa chikhulupiriro.”

“Ngati munthu aliyense akana kuti Mzimu Woyera . . . uli Mulungu wowona . . . uli ndi mphamvu zonse ndipo umadziŵa zinthu zonse, . . . iye ali wotsutsa chikhulupiriro.”

“Ngati munthu aliyense akana kuti anthu atatuwo, Atate, Mwana, ndi Mzimu Woyera, ali anthu enieni, olingana, amuyaya, okhala ndi zinthu zonse zowoneka ndi zosawoneka, kuti ali amphamvu zonse, . . . iye ali wotsutsa chikhulupiriro.”

“Ngati munthu aliyense anena kuti [Mwana amene] anapangidwa kukhala munthu sanali kumwamba ndi Atate pamene anali padziko lapansi: iye ali wotsutsa chikhulupiriro.”

“Ngati munthu aliyense, pamene akunena kuti Atate ali Mulungu ndipo Mwana ali Mulungu ndikuti Mzimu Woyera uli Mulungu, . . . sanena kuti iwo ali Mulungu mmodzi, . . . iye ali wotsutsa chikhulupiriro.”⁠⁵

Akatswiri a Jesuit amene anatembenuza zomwe ziri pamwambapa kuchokera m’Chilatini anawonjezera ndemanga iyi: “Mwachiwonekere Papa St. Celestine I (422-32) anazilingalira kukhala lamulo lachitsanzo; izo zingalingaliridwe kukhala kumasulira kwa chikhulupiriro.”⁠⁶ Ndipo katswiri Edmund J. Fortman akunena kuti bukhulo limaimira “chiphunzitso chautatu cholama ndiponso cholimba.”⁠⁷

Ngati ndinu membala wa tchalitchi chimene chimavomereza chiphunzitso cha Utatu, kodi ndemanga zimenezi zikulongosola chikhulupiriro chanu? Ndipo kodi munkadziŵa kuti kukhulupirira chiphunzitso cha Utatu monga momwe chimaphunzitsidwira ndi matchalitchi kumafunikira kuti mukhulupirire kuti Yesu anali kumwamba pamene anali padziko lapansi? Chiphunzitso chimenechi nchofanana ndi zimene Athanasius wopembedza wa m’zaka za zana lachinayi ananena m’bukhu lake lakuti On the Incarnation:

“Mawuyo [Yesu] sanali woikiridwa malire ndi thupi Lake, ndiponso kukhalapo Kwake m’thupi sikunaletse kukhalapo Kwake kumalo ena aliwonse. Pamene Iye anasamutsa thupi Lake Iye sanalekenso kutsogoza chilengedwe chonse ndi Maganizo Ake ndi mphamvu. . . . Iye adakali Magwero a moyo ku chilengedwe chonse, amapezeka m’mbali iriyonse ya icho, ngakhale kuti sali pa icho.”⁠⁸

Zimene Chiphunzitso cha Utatu Chimatanthauza

Ena agamula kuti kungomutcha Yesu kukhala mulungu ndizo zokha zimene chiphunzitso cha Utatu chimatanthauza. Kwa ena, kukhulupirira Utatu kumangotanthauza chikhulupiriro mwa Atate, Mwana, ndi mzimu woyera.

Komabe, kusanthula kosamalitsa kwa zikhulupiriro za Chikristu Chadziko kumavumbula mmene malingaliro ameneŵa aliri opereŵera kotheratu poyerekezera ndi chiphunzitso chachikulu. Kulongosola kwalamulo kumachimveketsa kuti chiphunzitso cha Utatu sichiri lingaliro lopepuka. M’malomwake, chiri mpambo wa malingaliro ocholoŵana osiyanasiyana amene anasonkhanitsidwa pamodzi pa nyengo yaitali ya nthaŵi ndipo analukanalukana.

Kuchokera pa chithunzi cha chiphunzitso cha Utatu chomwe chinawonekera pambuyo pa Msonkhano wa ku Constantinople mu 381 C.E., kuchokera ku Bukhu la Damasus mu 382 C.E., kuchokera ku Chikhulupiriro cha Athanasius chomwe chinafika nthaŵi ina pambuyo pake, ndikuchokera ku zolembedwa zina, tingatsimikizire bwino lomwe zimene Chikristu Chadziko chimatanthauza mwa chiphunzitso cha Utatu. Chimaphatikizapo malingaliro otsimikizirika otsatirawa:

1. Kukunenedwa kuti pali anthu atatu aumulungu​—Atate, Mwana, ndi mzimu woyera​—m’mpangidwe wa Mulungu.

2. Aliyense wa anthu osiyana ameneŵa akunenedwa kukhala wamuyaya, palibe amene anafika pambuyo kapena patsogolo pa mnzake.

3. Aliyense akunenedwa kukhala wamphamvuyonse, palibe amene ali wamkulu kapena wamng’ono kuposa mnzake.

4. Aliyense akunenedwa kukhala m’dziŵazonse, wodziŵa zinthu zonse.

5. Aliyense akunenedwa kukhala Mulungu wowona.

6. Komabe, kukunenedwa kuti palibe Milungu itatu koma Mulungu mmodzi yekha.

Momvekera bwino chiphunzitso cha Utatu chiri mpambo wa malingaliro ocholoŵana kuphatikizapo mbali zofunika zomwe ziri pamwambazi ndikuphatikizapo zina zambiri, monga momwe kwavumbulidwira pamene tsatanetsatane asanthulidwa. Koma ngati tilingalira kokha malingaliro aakulu omwe ali pamwambapawa, kuli kowonekeratu kuti ngati lingaliro lirilonse lichotsedwapo, omwe amatsalawo salinso Utatu wa Chikristu Chadziko. Kuti tikhale ndi chithunzi chokwanira, zidutswa zonsezi ziyenera kukhalapo.

Pokhala ndi kumvetsetsa kwabwinopo kumeneku kwa liwu lakuti “Utatu,” tsopano tingafunse kuti: Kodi unali chiphunzitso cha Yesu ndi ophunzira ake? Ngati nditero, unayenera kupangidwa kotheratu m’zaka za zana loyamba la Nyengo Yathu ino. Ndipo popeza kuti zimene anaphunzitsa zimapezeka m’Baibulo, pamenepo chiphunzitso cha Utatu chiri kaya chiphunzitso Chabaibulo kapena ayi. Ngati chiri chiphunzitso Chabaibulo, chiyenera kuphunzitsidwa momvekera bwino m’Baibulo.

Sikuli kwanzeru kulingalira kuti Yesu ndi ophunzira ake angaphunzitse anthu ponena za Mulungu komano osawauza iwo amene Mulungu ali, makamaka pamene okhulupirira ena akafunikira kupereka ngakhale miyoyo yawo kaamba ka Mulungu. Chifukwa chake, Yesu ndi ophunzira ake akanapereka malo oyambirira enieni kuphunzitsa ena ponena za chiphunzitso chofunika chimenechi.

Santhulani Malemba

Pa Machitidwe mutu 17, vesi 11, (NW) anthu akutchedwa “mfulu” chifukwa chakuti iwo “anasanthula Malemba tsiku ndi tsiku ngati zinthu zinali zotero,” zinthu zimene mtumwi Paulo anaphunzitsa. Iwo analimbikitsidwa kugwiritsira ntchito Malemba kutsimikizira ngakhale ziphunzitso za mtumwi. Nanunso muyenera kuchita zofananazo.

Kumbukirani kuti Malemba ali ‘ouziridwa ndi Mulungu’ ndipo ayenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito pa ‘chikonzero, chilangizo cha m’chilungamo: kuti munthu wa Mulungu akhale woyenera, wokonzeka kuchita ntchito iriyonse yabwino.’ (2 Timoteo 3:16, 17) Chotero Baibulo liri lokwanira pa nkhani za chiphunzitso. Ngati chiphunzitso cha Utatu chiri chowona, chiyenera kukhalamo.

Tikukupemphani kufufuza Baibulo, makamaka mabuku 27 a Malemba Achikristu Achigiriki, kuti mudziwonere nokha ngati Yesu ndi ophunzira ake anaphunzitsa Utatu. Pamene mukufufuza, dzifunseni kuti:

1. Kodi ndingapeze lemba lirilonse limene limatchula “Utatu”?

2. Kodi ndingapeze lemba lirilonse limene limanena kuti Mulungu ali wopangidwa ndi anthu atatu osiyana, Atate, Mwana, ndi mzimu woyera, koma kuti atatuwa ali Mulungu mmodzi yekha?

3. Kodi ndingapeze lemba lirilonse limene limanena kuti Atate, Mwana, ndi mzimu woyera ali olingana m’njira zonse, monga ngati umuyaya, mphamvu, udindo, ndi nzeru?

Ngakhale mutafufuza mosamalitsa, simudzapeza lemba nlimodzi lomwe limene limagwiritsira ntchito liwu lakuti Utatu, simudzapezanso lirilonse limene limanena kuti Atate, Mwana, ndi mzimu woyera ali olingana m’njira zonse, monga ngati umuyaya, mphamvu, udindo, ndi nzeru. Palibe lemba nlimodzi lomwe limene limanena kuti Mwana ali wolingana ndi Atate m’njira zimenezo​—ndipo ngati kukanakhala lemba loterolo, ilo silikanakhazikitsa Utatu koma kwenikweni “uŵiri.” Palibe pena paliponse pamene Baibulo limalinganiza mzimu woyera ndi Atate.

Zimene Akatswiri Ambiri Amanena

Akatswiri ambiri, kuphatikizapo okhulupirira Utatu, amavomereza kuti Baibulo liribe chiphunzitso chenicheni cha Utatu. Mwachitsanzo, The Encyclopedia of Religion imafotokoza kuti:

“Otanthauzira ndi akatswiri a maphunziro azaumulungu lerolino amavomereza kuti Baibulo Lachihebri liribe chiphunzitso cha Utatu . . . Ngakhale kuti Baibulo Lachihebri limasonyeza Mulungu kukhala atate wa Israyeli ndipo limagwiritsira ntchito mawu aumunthu a Mulungu monga ngati Mawu (davar), Mzimu (ruah), Nzeru (hokhmah), ndi Kukhalapo (shekhinah), kukakhala kupyola cholinga ndi tanthauzo la Chipangano Chakale kugwirizanitsa matanthauzo ameneŵa ndi chiphunzitso chapambuyo pake cha utatu.

“Ndiponso, otanthauzira ndi akatswiri a maphunziro azaumulungu amavomereza kuti Chipangano Chatsopano chiribenso chiphunzitso chomvekera cha Utatu. Mulungu Atate ndiye magwero a zonse zimene ziripo (Pantokrator) ndiponso atate wa Yesu Kristu; liwu lakuti ‘Atate’ siliri dzina laulemu la munthu woyamba wa Utatu koma liri lofanana ndi Mulungu. . . .

“M’Chipangano Chatsopano mulibe umboni wowonekera wa mpangidwe wakuthupi wa Mulungu (‘utatu wa m’maganizo’), ndiponso Chipangano Chatsopano chiribe chinenero chaukatswiri cha chiphunzitso chapambuyo pake (hupostasis, ousia, substantia, subsistentia, prosōpon, persona). . . . Kuli kosatsutsika kuti chiphunzitsocho sichingakhazikitsidwe mwa umboni wamalemba wokha.”⁠⁹

Ponena za zenizeni za mbiri yakale pankhaniyi, The New Encyclopædia Britannica imafotokoza kuti:

“Osati ngakhale liwu lakuti Utatu kapena chiphunzitso chomvekera chimawonekera m’Chipangano Chatsopano . . .

“Chiphunzitsocho chinapangika mwapang’onopang’ono mkati mwa zaka mazana ambiri ndipo kupyola mikangano yambiri. . . .

“Munali m’zaka za zana lachinayi pamene kusiyana kwa atatuwo ndi kugwirizana kwawo kunagwirizanitsidwa m’chiphunzitso chimodzi chamwambo cha mpangidwe umodzi ndi anthu atatu.”⁠¹⁰

New Catholic Encyclopedia imapereka ndemanga yofananayo ponena za chiyambi cha Utatu:

“Otanthauzira ndi akatswiri a maphunziro azaumulungu a Baibulo, limodzi ndi chiŵerengero chomakwerakwera cha Aroma Katolika, amazindikira kuti munthu sayenera kulankhula za Utatu m’Chipangano Chatsopano popanda kuyeneretsedwa kosamalitsa. Palinso kuzindikira kofanana nako kwa akatswiri a mbiri yakale a akatswiri a maphunziro azaumulungu okhala ndi lingaliro lokhazikitsidwa ndi lofotokozedwa kwakuti pamene munthu alankhula za Utatu wosayeneretsedwa, iye wachoka ku nyengo ya ziyambi Zachikristu, kumka ku mbali yachinayi yomalizira ya zaka za zana lachinayi. Inali nthaŵi imeneyo pamene chomwe chingatchedwe chiphunzitso chotsimikizirika chokhazikitsidwa cha Utatu cha ‘Mulungu mmodzi mwa Anthu atatu’ chinavomerezedwa kotheratu m’moyo ndi kuganiza Kwachikristu. . . .

“Lingaliro lenilenilo silimasonyeza kuzindikira kwamwamsanga kwa nyengo ya zoyambirira; linali chotulukapo cha mazana 3 a kukula kwa chiphunzitso.”⁠¹¹

Kodi “Umatanthauzidwa”?

Okhulupirira Utatu anganene kuti Baibulo “limatanthuza” Utatu. Koma kunena kumeneku kunapangidwa patapita nyengo yaitali kwambiri pambuyo pa kulembedwa kwa Baibulo. Kuli kuyesayesa kuika m’Baibulo tanthauzo la zimene atsogoleri achipembedzo a nthaŵi zakale anasankha mwadala kuti ziyenera kukhala chiphunzitso.

Dzifunseni kuti: Kodi nchifukwa ninji Baibulo “limangotanthauza” chiphunzitso chake chofunika koposa​—amene Mulungu ali? Baibulo liri lomvekera bwino pa ziphunzitso zina zazikulu; kodi nchifukwa ninji silimatero pachiphunzitsochi, chomwe chiri chofunika koposa? Kodi Mlengi wa chilengedwe chonse sakanakonza bukhu lomwe linamveketsa kukhala kwake Utatu ngati zimenezo zinali tero?

Chifukwa chimene Baibulo silimaphunzitsira momvekera za chiphunzitso cha Utatu nchosavuta: Sichiri chiphunzitso cha Baibulo. Mulungu akadakhala Utatu, iye ndithudi akanamveketsa zimenezo kotero kuti Yesu ndi ophunzira ake akadauphunzitsa kwa ena. Ndipo mawu ofunika amenewo akanaphatikizidwamo m’Mawu ouziridwa a Mulungu. Sichikanasiidwa kwa anthu opanda ungwiro kuti alimbane nacho zaka mazana pambuyo pake.

Pamene tisanthula malemba operekedwa ndi okhulupirira Utatu monga umboni wakuti Baibulo “limatanthauza” Utatu, kodi timapezanji? Kusanthula kowona mtima kumavumbula kuti malemba operekedwawo samalankhula za Utatu wa Chikristu Chadziko. M’malomwake, akatswiri a maphunziro azaumulungu amayesayesa kukakamiza malemba m’malingaliro awo a Utatu. Koma malingaliro amenewo sindiwo amene ali m’malemba. Kwenikweni, malingaliro a chikhulupiriro cha Utatu amenewo amawombana ndi umboni womvekera bwino wa Baibulo lonse.

Chitsanzo cha malemba amenewo chikupezeka pa Mateyu 28:19, 20. Pamenepo Atate, Mwana, ndi mzimu woyera atchulidwa pamodzi. Ena amanena kuti zimenezi zimatanthauza Utatu. Koma dziŵerengereni nokha mavesiwo. Kodi pali chirichonse m’malemba amenewo chimene chimanena kuti atatuwo ali Mulungu mmodzi olingana umuyaya, mphamvu, udindo, ndi nzeru? Ayi, palibepo. Ziri zofanana ndi malemba ena amene amatchula atatuwo pamodzi.

Awo amene amawona matanthauzo a chikhulupiriro cha Utatu pa Mateyu 28:19, 20 mwakugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa liwu lachinthu chimodzi la “dzina” kaamba ka Atate, Mwana, ndi mzimu woyera, chonde tayerekezerani ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa “dzina,” lachinthu chimodzi, kwa Abrahamu ndi Isake pa Genesis 48:16.​—King James Version; New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures.

Okhulupirira Utatu amasonyanso ku Yohane 1:1 m’matembenuzidwe ena, kumene ‘Mawu’ akulankhulidwa kukhala ali “kwa Mulungu” ndi kukhala “Mulungu.” Koma matembenuzidwe ena a Baibulo amanena kuti Mawuyo anali “mulungu” kapena “aumulungu,” kutanthauza osati kwenikweni Mulungu koma wamphamvu. Ndiponso, vesi la Baibulo limenelo limanena kuti ‘Mawuyo’ anali “kwa” Mulungu. Chimenecho chikamchotsapo iyeyo kusakhala Mulungu mmodzimodziyo. Ndipo mosasamala kanthu za chimene chigamulidwa ponena za ‘Mawuyo,’ chenicheni nchakuti anthu aŵiri okha ndiwo akutchulidwa pa Yohane 1:1, osati atatu. Mobwerezabwereza, malemba onse ogwiritsiridwa ntchito kuyesayesa kuchilikiza chiphunzitso cha Utatu amalephera kotheratu kuchita tero pamene asanthulidwa mowona mtima.a

Mfundo ina yofunikira kulingaliridwa ndi iyi: Ngati chiphunzitso cha Utatu chinaphunzitsidwa ndi Yesu ndi ophunzira ake, pamenepo amuna atchalitchi otsogolera omwe anabwera mwamsanga pambuyo pawo ayenera kuti anachiphunzitsanso. Koma kodi amuna amenewo, odziŵika lerolino monga Abambo Autumwi, anaphunzitsa chiphunzitso cha Utatu? Funso limeneli lidzafotokozedwa m’Gawo 2 la mpambo uno m’kope lakutsogolo la Nsanja ya Olonda.

Zilozero

1.The Catholic Encyclopedia, 1912, Volyumu XV, tsamba 47.

2.The Baptist Encyclopædia, lolembedwa ndi William Cathcart, 1883, masamba 1168-9.

3.A Short History of Christian Doctrine, lolembedwa ndi Bernhard Lohse, Kope la 1980, tsamba 53.

4.Bukhu lapamwambali, masamba 64-5.

5.The Church Teaches, lotembenuzidwa ndi kulembedwa ndi John F. Clarkson, S.J., John H. Ed-wards, S.J., William J. Kelly, S.J., ndi John J. Welch, S.J., 1955, masamba 125-7.

6.Bukhu lapamwambali, tsamba 125.

7.The Triune God, lolembedwa ndi Edmund J. Fortman, Kope la 1982, tsamba 126.

8.On the Incarnation, lotembenuzidwa ndi Penelope Lawson, Kope la 1981, masamba 27-8.

9.The Encyclopedia of Religion, Mircea Eliade, mkonzi wamkulu, 1987, Volyumu 15, tsamba 54.

10. The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Kope la 15, 1985, Volyumu 11, Micropædia, tsamba 928.

11. New Catholic Encyclopedia, 1967, Volyumu XIV, tsamba 295.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Chithunzi patsamba 19]

Church at Tagnon, France