Chuma Chopezedwa pa Miulu Yazinyalala ya Igupto

KODI mungayembekezere kupeza malembo apamanja a Baibulo pamulu wa zinyalala? Zimenezo ndizo zinachitika pamchenga wa ku Igupto, kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lapita. Motani?

Kuyambira mu 1778 mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, malemba apagumbwa angapo anapezedwa mwamwaŵi ku Igupto. Komabe, panalibe kufunafuna kwakhama kufikira zaka zana limodzi zapitazo. Pofika nthaŵiyo zolembedwa zamakedzana zinali kupezedwa kaŵirikaŵiri ndi nzika zogwira ntchito m’minda, ndipo bungwe la Egypt Exploration Fund lolipiriridwa ndi Briteni linawona kufunika kwa kutumiza gulu lokafufuza lisanachedwe. Linasankha Bernard P. Grenfell ndi Arthur S. Hunt, akatswiri aŵiri a ku Oxford, omwe analoledwa kukafunafuna kudera lakum’mwera kwa chigawo chaulimi m’boma la Faiyūm (losonyezedwa pamwamba).

Malo otchedwa Behnesa anawonekera kukhala abwino kwa Grenfell chifukwa chadzina lake Lachigiriki lamakedzana, Oxyrhynchus. Pokhala malo apakati a Chikristu a ku Igupto, Oxyrhynchus anali malo otchuka m’zaka za zana lachinayi ndi lachisanu C.E. Nyumba za agulupa zambiri zoyambirira zinali chapafupi, ndipo mabwinja a tauni lalikulu limenelo la chigawocho anali ambiri. Grenfell anali ndi chidaliro chakupeza zidutswa za zolembedwa Zachikristu kumeneko, koma kufunafuna kochitidwa m’manda ndi nyumba zabwinja sikunaphule kanthu. Miulu yazinyalala ya tauni imeneyo yokha ndiyo inatsala, ina inali yamsinkhu wamamita asanu ndi anayi. Kufukula zolembedwa zagumbwa pamalopo kunawoneka ngati kulephera kosoŵa chochita; koma oyenderawo anasankha kuyesa.

Chuma Chopezedwa Mosayembekezera

Mu January 1897 mchera wongoyesa unakumbidwa, ndipo pambuyo pa maola angapo zinthu zagumbwa zamakedzana zinapezeka. Panali makalata, mapangano, ndi zikalata za boma. Mchenga woulutsidwa ndi mphepo unazikwirira, ndipo pokhala nkumalo ouma zinasungika kwa zaka pafupifupi 2,000.

M’miyezi yoposa itatu yokha, pafupifupi zolembedwa zagumbwa zolemera matani aŵiri zinapezedwa ku Oxyrhynchus. Mabokosi aakulu makumi aŵiri mpambu asanu anadzazidwa natumizidwa ku Mangalande. Ndipo m’nyengo yachisanu iliyonse kwa zaka khumi zotsatira, akatswiri olimba mtima ameneŵa ankabwerera ku Igupto kukafunanso zowonjezereka.

Panthaŵi ina, pamene anali kukumba kumanda a ku Tebtunis, anafukula matupi oumikidwa a ng’ona. Wantchito wina mopsa mtima anaswa limodzi. Anadabwa kupeza kuti linali lokulungidwa m’nsalu zagumbwa. Iwo anapezanso kuti ng’ona zina zinachitidwa mofananamo, ndipo zinanso zinali ndi mipukutu yagumbwa yolongedwa kummero kwawo. Zidutswa zamakedzana za zolembedwa zotchuka zinatumbidwa, pamodzi ndi zikalata zachifumu zamalamulo ndi mapangano zosakanizana ndi zikalata zamalonda ndi makalata a anthu wamba.

Kodi zolembedwa zonsezi zinali ndi phindu lotani? Zinakhala zofunika koposa, pakuti zambiri zinalembedwa ndi anthu wamba m’Chikoine, Chigiriki chofala panthaŵiyo. Popeza kuti mawu ambiri amene iwo anagwiritsira ntchito amapezekanso m’Malemba Achigiriki a Baibulo, “Chipangano Chatsopano,” zinavumbuluka mwadzidzidzi kuti chinenero cha m’Malemba sichinali Chigiriki chapadera cha Baibulo, monga momwe akatswiri ena ananenera, koma chinali chinenero cha anthu wamba. Choncho mwakuyerekezera mmene mawuwo anagwiritsiridwira ntchito m’kulankhula kwatsiku ndi tsiku, kumvetsetsa kwabwino kwa matanthauzo awo m’Malemba Achikristu Achigiriki kunafikiridwa.

Malembo Apamanja a Baibulo

Zidutswa za malembo apamanja a Baibulo nazonso zinapezedwa, ndipo zimenezi, zolembedwa m’zilembo zosalembedwa bwino pazolembapo zokakala, zinali za Baibulo la munthu wamba. Tiyeni tipende zina za zopezedwazo.

Hunt anapeza kope la mutu woyamba wa Uthenga Wabwino wa, mavesi 1 mpaka 9, 12, ndi 14 mpaka 20, lolembedwa m’zilembo zazikulu za m’zaka za zana lachitatu C.E. Linatchedwa P⁠¹, kutanthauza mbali yoyamba ya mpambo wa zolemba zagumbwa zotengedwa kumalo osiyanasiyana, umene tsopano uli ndi pafupifupi malembo apamanja zana limodzi kapena zigawo za malembo apamanja a Malemba Achikristu Achigiriki. Kodi mavesi angapo amene Hunt anapeza anali ndi ntchito yotani? Mtundu wakalembedwe kake unawasonyeza kukhala a m’zaka za zana lachitatu C.E., ndipo kupendedwa kwa matanthauzo ake kunasonyeza kuti anagwirizana ndi zolemba zaposachedwa za Westcott ndi Hort. Tsopano P¹ ili ku University Museum mu Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.

Tsamba lagumbwa la m’bukhu lamakedzana lapamanja liri ndi zigawo za Yohane mutu 1 kulamanzere kwake ndi Yohane mutu 20 kulamanja. Kulumikizidwanso kwa zigawo zotaika kumasonyeza kuti poyambirira panali masamba 25 a Uthenga Wabwino wonsewo, ndipo kale kwambiri, ayenera kuti anaphatikizapo mutu 21. Linatchedwa nambala P⁠⁵, pokhala la m’zaka za zana lachitatu C.E., ndipo tsopano liri mu British Library ku London, Mangalande.

Chidutswa chokhala ndi Aroma 1:1-7 ncholembedwa m’zilembo zazikulu zosalembedwa bwino moti akatswiri ena alingalira kuti mwina chinali bukhu lophunziriramo kulemba la mwana wasukulu. Tsopano chimatchedwa nambala P⁠¹⁰ ndipo ncha m’zaka za zana lachinayi C.E.

Chotumbidwa chachikulu kwambiri chili ndi pafupifupi chigawo chimodzi mwa zitatu cha kalata ya kwa Ahebri. Chinajambulidwa kumbuyo kwa mpukutu wokhala ndi zolembedwa zotchuka kutsogolo kwake za wolemba mbiri Wachiroma Livy. Kodi nchifukwa ninji pali zolembedwa zosiyana kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo? M’masikuwo kusapezekapezeka ndi mtengo wa zolembapo kunachititsa kuti magumbwa akale asamataidwe. Tsopano, popeza ncha m’zaka za zana lachitatu kapena lachinayi C.E., chimatchedwa P⁠¹³.

Tsamba lagumbwa lokhala ndi zigawo za Aroma mutu 8 ndi 9, lolembedwa m’zilembo zazing’ono, linachokera m’bukhu lomwe linali lamsinkhu pafupifupi masentimita 11.5 ndi masentimita 5 m’bwambi. Pamenepa, zikuwonekera kuti makope okhoza kuloŵa m’thumba a Malemba analiko m’zaka za zana lachitatu C.E. Limeneli linatchedwa P⁠²⁷ ndipo limagwirizana kaŵirikaŵiri ndi Codex ya Vaticanus.

Zigawo za masamba anayi za m’bukhu lamakedzana lapamanja la Septuagint Lachigiriki zili ndi mbali zisanu ndi imodzi za Genesis. Bukhu lamakedzana lapamanja limeneli nlofunika chifukwa chadeti lake la m’zaka za zana lachiŵiri kapena lachitatu C.E. ndipo chifukwa chakuti mitu imeneyi simapezeka mu Codex ya Vaticanus ndipo njolakwika mu Codex ya Sinaiticus. Otchedwa Papyrus 656, masamba ameneŵa tsopano ali mu Bodleian Library, Oxford, Mangalande.

Zidutswa zonsezi sizimasonyeza kusiyana kwakukulu ndi malembo apamanja oyambirira omwe alipobe, choncho zimatsimikizira kuti anthu wamba kalelo anali nalo Baibulo kumadera akutali a Igupto. Zimalimbitsanso chikhulupiriro chathu m’kudalirika ndi kulondola kwa Mawu a Mulungu.

[Chithunzi patsamba 27]

Zolembedwa zagumbwa zopezedwa ku Faiyūm zosonyeza zigawo za Yohane, mutu 1

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Mwachilolezo cha British Library

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 26]

Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.