Kukana Mulungu kwa M’zaka za Zana la 20

“Anthu anayanja kusakhalako kwa Mulungu ndipo akulinganiza miyoyo yawo paokha, ngakhale ziwakomere kapena ziwaipire, ndipo akutero mosalingalira za Mulungu.” ​—One Hundred Years of Debate Over God​—The Sources of Modern Atheism.

NGAKHALE kuti mtengo wautali poyamba umachititsa chidwi, m’kupita kwa nthaŵi umangokhala mtengo wamba. Kukhalapo kwake kumazoloŵereka; utali wake sumakhalanso wozizwitsa.

Ndimmenenso zakhalira ndi kukana Mulungu. Ngakhale kuti kukana Mulungu kunabutsa mkangano waukulu m’zaka za zana la 19, lerolino sikuli kodabwitsa kapena kosokoneza maganizo. Nyengo ya kulekerera zinthu yalola kukana Mulungu kukhazikika pamodzi ndi kukhulupirira Mulungu.

Sikuti anthu ochuluka amakaniratu Mulungu; mosiyana ndi zimenezo, kuŵerengera kochitidwa m’maiko 11 kuzungulira m’maiko a America, Ulaya, ndi Asia kwasonyeza kuti, pa avareji, opitirira pang’ono 2 peresenti amadzitcha okana Mulungu. Komabe, kukana Mulungu kuli kofala​—ngakhale pakati pa ambiri okhulupirira kukhalako kwa Mulungu. Kodi zimenezi zingachitike motani?

Kukana Ulamuliro wa Mulungu

“Nthaŵi zina kukana Mulungu kumangotanthauza kumukana mwa machitidwe kapena kumunyalanyaza,” ikutero The Encyclopedia Americana. Pachifukwa chimenechi, The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary imapereka mamasuliridwe achiŵiri a “kukana Mulungu” awa: “Munthu wokana Mulungu mwa makhalidwe; munthu wosapembedza.”​—Kanyenye ngwathu.

Inde, kukana Mulungu kungatanthauze kukana kukhalapo kwa Mulungu kapena ulamuliro wake kapena zonse ziŵiri. Baibulo limanena za mzimu wa kukana Mulungu umenewu pa Tito 1:16 kuti: “Iwo amati amavomereza Mulungu, koma amamukana mwa zochita zawo.”​—The New English Bible; yerekezerani ndi Salmo 14:1.

Kukana ulamuliro wa Mulungu koteroko kungatsatiridwe kufikira kwa anthu aŵiri oyamba. Hava anakhulupirira kukhalako kwa Mulungu; komabe, iye anafuna kukhala “ngati Mulungu, wakudziŵa zabwino ndi zoipa.” Ichi chinatanthauza kuti iye akakhala ‘wodzichitira zofuna mwini’ ndi kudzipangira malamulo akeake a makhalidwe. Pambuyo pake Adamu anagwirizana ndi Hava pa kukana ulamuliro wa Mulungu kumeneku.​—Genesis 3:5, 6.

Kodi mkhalidwe umenewu ngofala lerolino? Inde. Kukana Mulungu kobisika kumaonekera m’kufuna kudziimira pa wekha. “Anthu lerolino atopa ndi kukhala m’chiyang’aniro cha Mulungu,” likutero buku lakuti One Hundred Years of Debate Over God​—The Sources of Modern Atheism. “Iwo . . . akufuna kukhala paufulu.” Malamulo a makhalidwe a Baibulo amawakana namati ali osathandiza ndi osagwira ntchito. Kalingaliridwe ka anthu ambiri kali kofanana ndi ka Farao wa Igupto amene analengeza mwamwano kuti: “Yehova ndani, kuti ndimvere mawu ake . . . ? Sindimdziŵa Yehova.” Iye anakana ulamuliro wa Yehova.​—Eksodo 5:2.

Kukana Mulungu kwa Dziko Lachikristu

Kukana ulamuliro wa Mulungu kodabwitsa koposa ndi kuja kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo a Dziko Lachikristu, omwe atenga miyambo ya munthu nasiya ziphunzitso zoyera za Baibulo. (Yerekezerani ndi Mateyu 15:9.) Ndiponso, iwo achirikiza nkhondo zokhetsa mwazi kwambiri za m’zaka za zana la 20, mwakutero akumakana lamulo la Baibulo la kusonyeza chikondi chenicheni.​—Yohane 13:35.

Atsogoleri achipembedzo akananso Mulungu mwa kufulatira miyezo yake ya makhalidwe​—mwachitsanzo, monga momwe zaonekera m’milandu yosalekeza ya ansembe ogona ana. Mkhalidwe wa Dziko Lachikristu ukufanana ndi wa Israyeli ndi Yuda wakale. “Dziko ladzala ndi mwazi, ndi mudziwo wadzala ndi kukhotetsa milandu,” anauzidwa motero mneneri Ezekieli, “pakuti ati, Yehova wataya dziko, Yehova sapenya.” (Ezekieli 9:9; yerekezerani ndi Yesaya 29:15.) Sikodabwitsa kuti ambiri asiyiratu matchalitchi a Dziko Lachikristu! Koma kodi iwo ayenera kuleka kukhulupirira Mulungu?

Kodi Pali Zifukwa Zomveka Zokanira Mulungu?

Kaya ngati aona chinyengo cha chipembedzo kapena sanachione, okana Mulungu ambiri satha kuona chifukwa chokhulupirira Mulungu pamene pali kuvutika padziko. Simone de Beauvoir panthaŵi ina anati: “Kunali kopepukirapo kwa ine kulingalira dziko kukhala lopanda mlengi kuposa kulingalira za mlengi wolemetsedwa ndi mtolo wa zinthu zowombana zonsezo za padziko.”

Kodi chisalungamo cha dziko​—kuphatikizapo zosonkhezeredwa ndi achipembedzo onyenga​—chimatsimikiziritsa kuti kulibe Mulungu? Talingalirani izi: Ngati mpeni ugwiritsiridwa ntchito kuwopseza, kuvulaza, kapena ngakhale kupha munthu wosalakwa, kodi zimenezi zimatsimikiziritsa kuti mpeniwo unalibe woupanga? Kodi m’malo mwake sizimasonyeza kuti chinthucho chinagwiritsiridwa ntchito molakwa? Mofananamo, chisoni chochuluka cha anthu chimapereka umboni wakuti anthu akugwiritsira ntchito molakwa maluso awo opatsidwa ndi Mulungu limodzi ndi dziko lapansi lenilenilo.

Komabe, ena amalingalira kuti kuli kopanda nzeru kukhulupirira Mulungu, chifukwa chakuti sititha kumuona. Koma bwanji ponena za mpweya, mawu, ndi fungo? Sititha kuona chilichonse cha zinthu zimenezi, komabe timadziŵa kuti izo zilipo. Mapapu athu, makutu, ndi mphuno zathu zimatidziŵitsa zimenezo. Ndithudi, timakhulupirira zimene sitingaone ngati tili ndi umboni.

Atasinkhasinkha pa maumboni ooneka​—kuphatikizapo maelekitroni, maprotoni, ndi maatomu, maamino asidi, ndi ubongo wocholoŵanawo​—wasayansi ya zachilengedwe Irving William Knobloch anakakamizika kunena kuti: “Ndimakhulupirira Mulungu chifukwa chakuti kwa ine kukhalako Kwake Kwaumulungu ndiko chifukwa chokha chanzeru chimene zinthu zakhalira mmene ziliri.” (Yerekezerani ndi Salmo 104:24.) Mofananamo, katswiri wina wa physiology Marlin Books Kreider akunena kuti: “Monga munthu wamba, ndiponso monga munthu wodzipereka pa maphunziro a sayansi ndi kufufuza, sindikukayikira mpang’ono pomwe kukhalako kwa Mulungu.”

Amuna ameneŵa sali okha. Malinga ndi kunena kwa profesa wa physics Henry Margenau, “ngati mutenga asayansi opambana, mudzapeza okana Mulungu ochepa kwambiri pakati pawo.” Kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi kapena kulephera kwa chipembedzo sikuyenera konse kutikakamiza kuleka kukhulupirira Mlengi. Tiyeni tipende chifukwa chake.

Kusiyana kwa Chipembedzo Choona

Mu 1803, pulezidenti wa United States Thomas Jefferson analemba kuti: “Ndimatsutsadi zinyengo za Chikristu; koma osati malingaliro olungama a Yesu mwiniyo.” Inde, pali kusiyana pakati pa Dziko Lachikristu ndi Chikristu. Ziphunzitso zambiri za Dziko Lachikristu nzozikidwa pa miyambo ya anthu. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, Chikristu choona chimazika zikhulupiriro zake pa Baibulo. Chifukwa chake, Paulo analemba kwa Akolose a m’zaka za zana loyamba kuti iwo anayenera kupeza “chidziŵitso cholongosoka,” “nzeru,” ndi “kuzindikira kwauzimu.”​—Akolose 1:9, 10, NW.

Izi nzimene tiyenera kuyembekezera kwa Akristu enieni, pakuti Yesu analamula otsatira ake kuti: “Phunzitsani anthu a mitundu yonse, ndi kuwabatiza . . . , ndi kuwaphunzitsa, asunge zinthu zonse zimene ndinakulamulirani inu.”​—Mateyu 28:19, 20.

Lerolino, Mboni za Yehova zikutsatira lamulo limeneli m’maiko 231 padziko lonse. Izo zatembenuza Baibulo m’zinenero 12 ndi kusindikiza makope okwanira 74,000,000. Ndiponso, mwa makonzedwe a phunziro la Baibulo la panyumba, pakali pano zikuthandiza anthu oposa 4,500,000 ‘kusunga zinthu zonse Yesu analamula.’

Makonzedwe a kuphunzitsa ameneŵa akukhala ndi zotulukapo zopindulitsa kwambiri. Amatsegula maso kwenikweni, pakuti azikidwa pa nzeru ya Mulungu, osati pa malingaliro a munthu. (Miyambo 4:18) Ndiponso, akuthandiza anthu a mitundu yonse ndi mafuko kuchita kanthu kena kamene “Nyengo ya Kutseguka Maso” ya munthu inalephera kuchita​—kuvala “umunthu watsopano” umene umawakhozetsa kukulitsa chikondi chenicheni kwa wina ndi mnzake.​—Akolose 3:9, 10, NW.

Chipembedzo choona chikupambana m’zaka za zana lathu la 20. Icho sichimakana Mulungu​—kukhalako kwake kapena ulamuliro wake. Tikukupemphani kudzionera nokha zimenezi mwa kuchezera Mboni za Yehova pa imodzi ya Nyumba zawo Zaufumu.

[Bokosi patsamba 6]

KUKHWIMITSA MIZU YA KUKANA MULUNGU

Chapakati pa zaka za zana la 18, wafilosofi Denis Diderot anapatsidwa ntchito yotembenuza insaikulopediya ya voliyumu imodzi kuchotsa m’Chingelezi kuika m’Chifrenchi. Komabe, iye anachita zoposa zimene womlemba ntchito anayembekezera. Diderot anathera pafupifupi zaka makumi atatu akusanja Encyclopédie yake, buku la mavoliyumu 28 limene linakopa maganizo a panthaŵiyo.

Ngakhale kuti Encyclopédie imeneyo inali ndi chidziŵitso chochuluka chothandiza, chigogomezero chake chinali pa nzeru zaumunthu. Malinga ndi kunena kwa mpambo wa mabuku wotchedwa Great Ages of Man, iyo “inalalikiradi chiphunzitso chachikulu cha [afilosofi] chakuti munthu akhoza kuwongolera moyo wake mwa kuchotsapo chikhulupiriro ndi kuikapo luntha kukhala chitsogozo chake.” Kusatchula kwake Mulungu kunali koonekeratu. “Mwa mitu yankhani imene anasankha,” likutero buku lakuti The Modern Heritage, “akonziwo anasonyeza poyera kuti chipembedzo sichinali pakati pa zinthu zimene munthu anafunikira kudziŵa.” Choncho nzosadabwitsa kuti tchalitchi chinayesayesa kupondereza Encyclopédie imeneyo. Loya wamkulu wa boma anaitsutsa nati inali yowononga ndale, makhalidwe, ndi chipembedzo.

Ngakhale kuti inali ndi adani ake, Encyclopédie ya Diderot inafunsiridwa ndi anthu pafupifupi 4,000​—chiŵerengero chachikulu, polingalira za mtengo wake wokwera kwambiri. Kunali kotsimikizirika kuti posapita nthaŵi kukana Mulungu kumeneku kukakula msinkhu.