Kodi Ndani Ayenera Kutchedwa Kuti Rabi?

WODZAONA malo amene sanayembekezere zimenezo analibe chiyembekezo cha kufika ku bwalo landege panthaŵi yake. Mazana a apolisi anali kuyesa kulamulira magalimoto pamene anali kuyesa kutetezera olira oposa 300,000 amene anadzaza makwalala a Yerusalemu. The Jerusalem Post inawatcha “maliro a ukulu wonga wa a pulezidenti, mfumu kapena wolamulira wopondereza.” Kodi ndani akanachititsa kusonyeza poyera kudzipereka kotero, koimitsa zinthu m’likulu la Israel kwa maola ambiri? Rabi wolemekezeka. Kodi nchifukwa ninji malo a rabi ali olemekezedwa chotero ndipo ochititsa ambiri pakati pa Ayuda kudzipereka kwa iwo? Kodi ndi liti pamene liwu lakuti “rabi” linayamba kugwiritsiridwa ntchito? Kodi limagwira ntchito kwa yani moyenerera?

Kodi Mose Anali Rabi?

Dzina lolemekezedwa koposa m’Chiyuda ndilo Mose, nkhoswe ya pangano la Israyeli la Chilamulo. Ayuda opembedza amamutcha “Mose ‘Rabi wathu.’” Komabe, palibe m’Baibulo pamene Mose akutchedwa ndi dzina laulemu lakuti “Rabi.” Kwenikweni, m’Malemba Achihebri mulibe nkomwe liwulo “rabi.” Nangano, ndi motani mmene Ayuda anayambira kutchula Mose m’njira imeneyi?

Malinga ndi Malemba Achihebri, thayo ndi ulamuliro wa kuphunzitsa ndi kumasulira Chilamulo zinaperekedwa kwa mbadwa za Aroni, ansembe a fuko la Levi. (Levitiko 10:8-11; Deuteronomo 24:8; Malaki 2:7) Komabe, m’zaka za zana lachiŵiri B.C.E., kusintha kwakachetechete kunayambika m’Chiyuda, kukumasinthiratu malingaliro Achiyuda kuyambira panthaŵi imeneyo kumka mtsogolo.

Ponena za kusandulika kwauzimu kumeneku, Daniel Jeremy Silver akulemba mu A History of Judaism kuti: “Panthaŵi [imeneyo] gulu la alembi osakhala ansembe ndi akatswiri anayamba kukayikira kuyenera kwa ansembe kuti ndiwo okha ayenera kumasulira Torah [Chilamulo cha Mose]. Aliyense anavomereza kuti ansembe anali ofunika monga ogwira ntchito a m’Kachisi, koma kodi nchifukwa ninji anayenera kukhala ndi ulamuliro wonse pankhani za Torah?” Kodi ndani ankasonkhezera kukayikira kumeneku kwa ulamuliro wa gulu la ansembe? Kagulu katsopano m’Chiyuda kotchedwa kuti Afarisi. Silver akupitiriza kuti: “Afarisi anazika nkhaniyo pa ziyeneretso za masukulu awo, osati pa kubadwa [mzere wa ansembe], ndipo anabweretsa gulu latsopano la Ayuda pautsogoleri wachipembedzo.”

Podzafika m’zaka za zana loyamba C.E., omaliza maphunziro awo pasukulu za Afarisi zimenezi anadzadziŵika monga aphunzitsi, kapena akatswiri m’zamalamulo Achiyuda. Monga chizindikiro chaulemu, Ayuda ena anayamba kuwatcha “mphunzitsi wanga,” kapena “mbuyanga,” m’Chihebri, rabi.

Palibe china chikanapatsa mphamvu yoposa pa dzina laulemu latsopano limeneli kuposa kuligwiritsira ntchito kwa amene amaonedwa monga mphunzitsi wamkulu koposa m’mbiri ya Chiyuda, Mose. Kuchita zimenezo kunadzachepetseratu kuchitira ulemu ansembe kukumachirikiza malingaliro a anthu a utsogoleri wachifarisi chachikulu chomakula. Motero, zaka zoposa 1,500 pambuyo pa imfa yake, Mose anaikidwa kukhala “Rabi.”

Kutsanzira Mbuye

Pamene kuli kwakuti nthaŵi zina makamu a anthu ankagwiritsira ntchito liwulo “rabi” (“mbuyanga”) kunena aphunzitsi ena amene ankawalemekeza, nthaŵi zambiri ankagwiritsira ntchito liwulo kulinga kwa aphunzitsi otchuka pakati pa Afarisi, “amuna anzeru.” Ndi kuwonongedwa kwa kachisi mu 70 C.E. kumene kunathetseratu ulamuliro wa ansembe, arabi achifarisi anakhala atsogoleri osatsutsidwa achiyuda. Malo awo opanda owatsutsa anachititsa kukula kwa mtundu wina wa kutsatira munthu wochitidwa pa amuna anzeru aurabi.

Polankhula za nthaŵi ya kusintha imeneyi ya m’zaka za zana loyamba C.E., Profesa Dov Zlotnick akuti: “‘Kumvetsera Amuna Anzeru’ kunadzakhala kofunika kwambiri kuposa kuphunzira Torah.” Wophunzira wachiyuda Jacob Neusner akufotokoza mowonjezereka kuti: “‘Wophunzira wa amuna anzeru’ ali wophunzira amene wadzigwirizanitsa kwa rabi. Amachita zimenezo chifukwa akumafuna kuphunzira ‘Torah.’ . . . Torah siimaphunziridwa kudzera mwa chilamulo, koma mwa kuona chilamulo m’zisonyezero za amuna anzeru amoyo. Amaphunzitsa chilamulo mwa zimene amachita, osati kokha m’zimene amanena.”

Wophunzira Talmud Adin Steinsaltz akuvomereza zimenezi, akumalemba kuti: “Amuna anzeru eniwo ankanena kuti, ‘Makambitsirano wamba, nthabwala, kapena mawu wamba a amuna anzeru ayenera kuphunziridwa.’” Kodi zimenezi zinayenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kufikira pati? Steinsaltz akuti: “Chitsanzo chakuya cha zimenezi chinali wophunzira amene ananenedwa kuti anabisala kunsi kwa kama wa mphunzitsi wake wamkulu kuti adziŵe mmene ankachitira ndi mkazi wake. Pamene anafunsidwa chifukwa chimene anali wofunitsitsa kudziŵa zinthu choncho, wophunzira wachichepereyo anayankha kuti: ‘Ndi Torah ndipo iyenera kuphunziridwa,’ njira yovomerezeka kwa arabi ndi ophunzira omwe kukhala yabwino.”

Chifukwa cha kuika chigogomezero pa rabi m’malo mwa Torah​—kuphunzira Torah kudzera mwa rabi​—Chiyuda chinadzakhala chipembedzo cholamulidwa ndi arabi kuyambira m’zaka za zana loyamba C.E. kumka mtsogolo. Munthu ankayandikana ndi Mulungu, osati mwa Mawu ouziridwa olembedwa, koma mwa wopereka chitsanzo waumwini, mbuye, rabi. Motero, chigogomezero chinachoka pa Malemba ouziridwa kupita ku malamulo ndi miyambo yapakamwa yophunzitsidwa ndi arabi ameneŵa. Kuchokera panthaŵi imeneyi kumka mtsogolo, mabuku achiyuda, monga Talmud, amalankhula kwambiri za makambitsirano, mbiri za moyo zazifupi, ndi makhalidwe a arabi kuposa pa zilengezo za Mulungu.

Arabi m’Zaka Zonsezi

Ngakhale kuti anali ndi ulamuliro ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu, arabi oyamba sankakhalira moyo pa ntchito yawo yachipembedzo. Encyclopaedia Judaica imati: “Rabi wa Talmud anali . . . wosiyana kotheratu ndi wotchedwa ndi dzina limodzimodzilo wamakono. Rabi wa Talmud anali womasulira ndi wofotokoza Baibulo ndi Chilamulo Chapakamwa, ndipo nthaŵi zonse aliyense ankagwira ntchito imene inawathandiza mu umoyo. Munali m’Nthaŵi Zapakati pamene rabi anakhala . . . mphunzitsi, mlaliki, ndi mutu wauzimu wa mpingo kapena chitaganya chachiyuda.”

Pamene arabi anayamba kusintha malo awo kukhala ntchito yolipiridwa, ena a iwo anatsutsa. Maimonides, rabi wodziŵika kwambiri wa m’zaka za zana la 12 amene ankapeza zofunika zake za umoyo mwa kuchita udokotala, anatsutsa kwambiri arabi oterowo. “[Iwo] anadzitchulira ndalama zimene anafuna kwa anthu ndi zitaganya ndipo anachititsa anthu kulingalira, mopusa kwambiri, kuti ndi thayo ndipo nkoyenera kuthandiza [mwa ndalama] amuna anzeru ndi akatswiri ndi anthu amene akuphunzira Torah, chotero Torah yawo ndiyo ntchito yawo. Koma zonsezi nkulakwitsa. Mu Torah, kapena m’zonenedwa ndi amuna anzeru, mulibe liwu ngakhale limodzi lokha lochirikiza chiphunzitso chimenechi.” (Commentary on the Mishnah, Avot 4:5) Koma mibadwo yamtsogolo ya arabi siinalabadire kutsutsa kwa Maimonides.

Pamene Chiyuda chinaloŵa m’nyengo yamakono, chinagaŵanika kukhala magulu a zikhulupiriro za kukonzanso, kusunga mwambo, ndi a orthodox. Kwa Ayuda ambiri chikhulupiriro ndi zochita za chipembedzo zinakhala zachiŵiri ku zofunika zina. Monga chotulukapo chake, malo a rabi ananyalanyazidwa. Kwakukulukulu, rabi anadzakhala mutu woikidwa wa mpingo, akumagwira ntchito monga mphunzitsi ndi mlangizi weniweni wolipiridwa wa a m’gulu lake. Komabe, pakati pa magulu a orthodox achihasidi opambanitsa, lingaliro la rabi monga mbuye ndi wopereka chitsanzo linasintha mowonjezereka.

Tamverani ndemanga za Edward Hoffman m’buku lake lonena za gulu lachihasidi la Chabad-Lubavitch: “M’Hasidi wakale ankanenanso kuti m’mbadwo uliwonse mumakhala mtsogoleri wa Chiyuda mmodzi, zaddik [wolungama], amene amakhala ‘Mose’ wa m’nthaŵi yake, amene maphunziro ake, ndi kudzipereka kwake kwa ena kumaposa onse. Mwa kupembedza kwake kwakukulu, gulu lililonse lachihasidi linkalingalira kuti Rebbe [“rabi” m’Chiyidi] wawo ankatha kusonkhezera ndi malamulo a Mulungu omwe. Sankalemekezedwa kokha monga wopereka chitsanzo kudzera mwa nkhani zake zopereka mavumbulutso, komanso mmene ankakhalira moyo wake (‘mmene amamangira zingwe za nsapato zake,’ monga mmene ananenera) zinali kuonedwa kuti zinali kutukula umunthu ndi kupereka zizindikiro zoonekera bwino kwambiri za njira yopita kwa Mulungu.”

“Inu Musatchedwa Rabi”

Yesu, Myuda wa m’zaka za zana loyamba amene anayambitsa Chikristu, anakhalanso pamene lingaliro lachifarisi la urabi linayamba kutenga malo a Chiyuda. Iye sanali Mfarisi, ndiponso sanaphunzitsidwe m’masukulu awo, komabe iyenso ankatchedwa Rabi.​—Marko 9:5; Yohane 1:38; 3:2.

Potsutsa mkhalidwe wa urabi womakula m’Chiyuda, Yesu anati: “Alembi ndi Afarisi akhala pa mpando wa Mose; nakonda malo a ulemu pamapwando, ndi mipando yaulemu m’masunagoge, ndi kulankhulidwa m’misika, ndi kutchedwa ndi anthu, Rabi; koma inu musatchedwa Rabi; pakuti mphunzitsi wanu ali mmodzi, ndipo inu nonse muli abale.”​—Mateyu 23:2, 6-8.

Yesu anachenjeza za kusiyanitsa kwa pakati pa atsogoleri achipembedzo ndi anthu awo kumene kunali kukula m’Chiyuda. Anatsutsa kupereka ulemu wotero wosayenerera kwa anthu. “Mphunzitsi wanu ali mmodzi,” iye anatero motsimikiza. Kodi Mmodziyu anali yani?

Mose, “amene Yehova anadziŵana naye popenyana maso” ndi amene amuna anzeru iwo eniwo anamutcha “Rabi wathu,” sanali wangwiro. Ngakhale iyeyo ankaphophonya. (Deuteronomo 32:48-51; 34:10; Mlaliki 7:20) M’malo mosonyeza Mose monga chitsanzo chachikulu, Yehova anamuuza kuti: “Ndidzawaukitsira mneneri wa pakati pa abale awo, wonga iwe; ndipo ndidzampatsa mawu anga mkamwa mwake, ndipo adzanena nawo zonse ndimuuzazi. Ndipo kudzakhala kuti munthu wosamvera mawu anga amene amanena m’dzina langa, ndidzamfunsa.”​—Deuteronomo 18:18, 19.

Maulosi a Baibulo amasonyeza kuti mawu ameneŵa ali ndi kukwaniritsidwa kwake pa Yesu, Mesiyayo.a Yesu sanali kokha “monga” Mose; anali wamkulu koposa Mose. (Ahebri 3:1-3) Lemba limasonyeza kuti Yesu anabadwa ali munthu wangwiro, ndipo mosiyana ndi Mose iye anatumikira Mulungu ali “wopanda uchimo.”​—Ahebri 4:15.

Tsatirani Wopereka Chitsanzo

Kuphunzira mwakuya chochita ndi mawu alionse a rabi sikunayandikizitse Ayuda kwa Mulungu. Pamene kuli kwakuti munthu wopanda ungwiro angakhale chitsanzo cha kukhulupirika, ngati tiphunzira ndi kutsanzira chochita chake chilichonse, tidzatsanzira zolakwa ndi zophophonya zake pamodzinso ndi mikhalidwe yake yabwino. Tingakhale tikupereka ulemerero wosayenerera kwa munthu wolengedwa m’malo mwa kwa Mlengi.​—Aroma 1:25.

Koma Yehova anapatsa anthu Wopereka Chitsanzo. Malinga ndi Malemba, Yesu analiko asanakhale munthu. Kwenikweni, amatchedwa “fanizo la Mulungu wosaonekayo, wobadwa woyamba wa chilengedwe chonse.” (Akolose 1:15) Pokhala atatumikira kumwamba kwa zaka zikwi zosaŵerengeka monga “mmisiri” wa Mulungu, Yesu ndiye woyenerera kwambiri kutithandiza kuti tidziŵe Yehova.​—Miyambo 8:22-30; Yohane 14:9, 10.

Chotero, Petro analemba kuti: “Kristu anamva zoŵaŵa m’malo mwanu, nakusiyirani chitsanzo kuti mukalondole mapazi ake.” (1 Petro 2:21) Mtumwi Paulo analimbikitsa Akristu “kupenyerera Woyambira ndi Womaliza wa chikhulupiriro chathu, Yesu.” Iye anafotokozanso kuti “zolemera zonse za nzeru ndi chidziwitso zibisika mwa iye.” (Ahebri 12:1, 2; Akolose 2:3) Palibenso munthu wina​—osati Mose kapena mwamuna wanzeru waurabi aliyense​—amene ayenera ulemu wotero. Ngati pali aliyense wofunika kutsanziridwa mosamalitsa, ndiye Yesu. Atumiki a Mulungu safunikira dzina laulemu lotero monga rabi, makamaka mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lake lamakono, koma ngati pali aliyense amene anayenera kutchedwa kuti Rabi, anali Yesu.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 28]

© Brian Hendler 1995. All Rights Reserved