Michael Faraday​—Wasayansi Ndiponso Mwamuna Wachikhulupiriro

“Woyambitsa Magetsi.” “Wasayansi wofufuza wamkulu koposa onse amene anakhalako.” Izi ndi njira ziŵiri zofotokozera Michael Faraday, amene anabadwa mu 1791 ku England, amene kupeza kwake electromagnetic induction kunayambitsa kupangidwa kwa majenareta a magetsi ndi kutulutsa mphamvu yake.

FARADAY anaphunzitsa kwambiri chemistry ndi physics pa Royal Institution ku London. Maphunziro ake amene analinganizidwa kudziŵikitsa sayansi anathandiza achichepere kuzindikira ziphunzitso zovuta kwambiri. Mayunivesite ambiri anampatsa ulemu. Koma sanafune kutchuka. Anali munthu wodzipereka kwambiri pa chipembedzo, wachimwemwe koposa m’nyumba yake ya zipinda zitatu pamodzi ndi banja lake ndi kuyanjana ndi okhulupirira anzake. Faraday anali wa kamene anatcha “kagulu kakang’ono kwambiri ndi konyozeka ka Akristu, kotchedwa . . . Asandemaniya.” Kodi iwo anali ayani? Kodi anakhulupirira chiyani? Ndipo kodi zimenezo zinamkhudza motani Faraday?

Asandemaniya

“Kugwirizana koyambirira pakati pa banja la Faraday ndi tchalitchi cha Sandemaniya kunachitidwa ndi agogo a Michael Faraday,” akutero Geoffrey Cantor, mlembi wa Michael Faraday: Sandemanian and Scientist. Iwo anayanjana ndi otsatira a mtumiki wosamvera tchalitchi amene anzake anatsatira zikhulupiriro za Asandemaniya.

Robert Sandeman (1718-71) anali wophunzira pa yunivesite ku Edinburgh, akumaphunzira masamu, Chigiriki, ndi zinenero zina pamene tsiku lina anamvetsera ulaliki wa John Glass, amene kale anali mtumiki wa Presbyterian. Zimene anamva zinamchititsa kuchoka pa yunivesite, kubwerera kwawo ku Perth, ndi kudziphatika kwa Glass ndi anzake.

M’ma 1720, John Glass anayamba kukayikira ziphunzitso za Church of Scotland. Kuphunzira kwake Mawu a Mulungu kunamchititsa kuona kuti mtundu wa Israyeli wa m’Baibulo unachitira chithunzi mtundu wauzimu umene nzika zake zinachokera m’mitundu yambiri. Kulibe kumene anapeza umboni wochirikiza mtundu uliwonse kukhala ndi tchalitchi chake.

Povutika mtima ndi tchalitchi chake ku Tealing, kunja kwa Dundee, Scotland, Glass anachoka mu Church of Scotland nalinganiza misonkhano yakeyake. Pafupifupi anthu zana limodzi anagwirizana naye, ndipo kuchokera pachiyambi, anaona kufunika kwa kusunga umodzi pakati pawo. Anasankha kutsatira malangizo a Kristu, olembedwa pa Mateyu chaputala 18, vesi 15 mpaka 17, pothetsa mikangano imene ikanabuka. Pambuyo pake anali kukhala ndi misonkhano mlungu ndi mlungu pamene okhala ndi chikhulupiriro chimodzi anasonkhana kaamba ka mapemphero ndi chilimbikitso.

Pamene anthu okwana chiŵerengero chachikulu anayamba kupezekapo nthaŵi zonse pamisonkhano ya timagulu tosiyanasiyana, panafunikira amuna athayo oyang’anira kulambira kwawo. Koma kodi ndani anayenerera? John Glass ndi anzake anasamalira zimene mtumwi Paulo analemba pankhaniyo. (1 Timoteo 3:1-7; Tito 1:5-9) Anapeza kuti sipanatchulidwe za maphunziro apayunivesite kapena kufunika kwa kudziŵa Chihebri ndi Chigiriki. Chotero pambuyo polingalira zitsogozo za Malemba mwapemphero, anaika amuna oyenerera kukhala akulu. Aja okhulupirika ku Church of Scotland anauyesa “ngati mwano” kuti amuna osaphunzira “amene anakulira ku ntanda, singano, kapena chikhasu” angayerekezere kudziŵa Baibulo ndi kulalikira uthenga wake. Pamene Glass ndi okhulupirira anzake anamanga nyumba yawo ya msonkhano m’tauni ya Perth mu 1733, atsogoleri achipembedzo akumaloko anayesa kuumiriza amejasitiriti kuwapitikitsa m’tauniyo. Iwo analephera, ndipo kaguluko kanakula.

Robert Sandeman anakwatira mwana wamkazi wamkulu wa Glass ndipo, atakwanitsa zaka 26, anakhala mkulu mumpingo wa Perth wa Aglasaiti. Ntchito zake monga mkulu zinamchulukira kwambiri kwakuti anasankha kupereka nthaŵi yake yonse pantchito ya ubusa. Pambuyo pake, mkazi wake atamwalira, Robert “mokondwera anavomera kutumikira Ambuye kulikonse kumene anafunikira,” imatero nkhani yolongosola mbiri yake.

Chisandemaniya Chifalikira

Sandeman anafalitsa mwachangu utumiki wake kuchokera ku Scotland kufika ku England, kumene timagulu tatsopano ta okhulupirira tinapangika. Nthaŵi yonseyo, panali mkangano pakati pa Angelezi otsatira Calvin. Ena a iwo anakhulupirira kuti chipulumutso chawo chinali choikidwiratu. Komabe, Sandeman anachirikiza aja amene anakhulupirira kuti chikhulupiriro chinali chofunika choyamba. Pochirikiza lingaliro limeneli, iye anafalitsa buku limene linasindikizidwanso kanayi limenenso makope ake aŵiri anatuluka m’Chimereka. Malinga ndi Geoffrey Cantor, kufalitsidwa kwa voliyumu imeneyi kunali “chochitika chimodzi chofunika koposa chimene chinakweza kagulu ka [Asandemaniya] kuposa chiyambi chake cha Askotishi okha.”

Mu 1764, Sandeman, pamodzi ndi akulu ena a Chiglasaiti, anapita ku America, ulendo umene unabutsa mkangano waukulu ndi chitsutso. Komabe, unachititsa kuti kagulu ka Akristu a malingaliro ofanana kakhazikitsidwe ku Danbury, Connecticut.a Sandeman anafera kumeneko mu 1771.

Zikhulupiriro Zachipembedzo za Faraday

Michael wachichepere anaphunzira ziphunzitso za Asandemaniya za makolo ake. Anaphunzira kuti Asandemaniya anadzipatula kwa aja amene sanali kuchita zimene Baibulo linaphunzitsa. Mwachitsanzo, iwo anakana kutengamo mbali m’mapemphero a ukwati achiangilikani, akumasankha kungochita zimene lamulo linafuna ponena za mwambo wa ukwati.

Kugonjera boma koma panthaŵi imodzimodziyo kusunga uchete m’zandale, kunali chizindikiro cha Asandemaniya. Ngakhale kuti anali nzika zolemekezeka m’chitaganya, nthaŵi zambiri iwo sanalandire maudindo a boma. Koma angapo amene anatero, anapeŵa ndale za zipani. Kusunga kaimidwe kameneka kunawadzetsera chitonzo. (Yerekezerani ndi Yohane 17:14.) Asandemaniya anakhulupirira kuti Ufumu wa Mulungu wakumwamba ndiwo makonzedwe angwiro a boma. Anaona ndale kukhala “njira yadyera, yopanda pake ndi yopanda mwambo,” anatero Cantor.

Ngakhale kuti anadzipatula kwa ena, iwo sanatengere mzimu wa Afarisi. Iwo anati: “Timakuona kukhala kofunika kwambiri kupeŵa Mzimu ndi Chizoloŵezi cha Afarisi akale, poyambitsa Machimo kapena Mathayo ambiri kuposa amene Malemba amatchula; ndi kupeputsa Malamulo aumulungu mwa Miyambo ya anthu kapena Machenjera.”

Iwo anatsatira kachitidwe ka Malemba ka kuchotsa munthu aliyense amene anakhala woledzera, wolanda, wadama, kapena amene anali ndi chizoloŵezi cha kuchita machimo aakulu. Ngati wochimwayo analapadi, iwo anayesa kumbwezeretsa. Akapanda kutero, iwo anatsatira lamulo la m’Malemba la ‘kuchotsa woipayo pakati pa iwo okha.’​—1 Akorinto 5:5, 11, 13.

Asandemaniya anamvera lamulo la Baibulo la kusala mwazi. (Machitidwe 15:29) John Glass anapereka zigomeko zakuti anthu a Mulungu ali ndi thayo la kumvera chiletso cha mwazi monga momwe Mulungu analamulira anthu oyamba kusadya chipatso cha mtengo wakudziŵitsa zabwino ndi zoipa. (Genesis 2:16, 17) Kusamvera lamulo lonena za mwazi kunali chimodzimodzi ndi kukana ntchito yoyenera ya mwazi wa Kristu, ya kuteteza machimo. Chotero Glass anati: “Nthaŵi zonse chiletso chimenechi cha kudya mwazi chinali ndipo chidakali chofunika kopambana.”

Kulingalira kwa Asandemaniya pa Malemba kunawathandiza kupeŵa mbuna zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, pankhani ya zosangulutsa, anaona malangizo a Kristu monga zitsogozo. “Sitimayesa kupanga Malamulo amene Kristu sanapange,” iwo anatero, “ngakhale kuchotsa alionse amene iye anatipatsa. Chifukwa chake, popeza sititha kupeza pamene Maseŵero, apoyera kapena amseri, ali oletsedwa; timaona Kuseŵera kulikonse kukhala kololeka, malinga ngati sikukugwirizana ndi Mikhalidwe imene ili yauchimo.”

Ngakhale kuti Asandemaniya anali ndi zikhulupiriro zambiri zolondola zozikidwa pa Malemba, sanazindikire kufunika kwake kwa ntchito imene imadziŵikitsa Akristu oona, yakuti aliyense ayenera kuphunzitsa ena za uthenga wabwino wa Ufumu. (Mateyu 24:14) Komabe, misonkhano yawo inali yotseguka kwa onse, ndipo kumeneko iwo anayesayesa kupereka chifukwa cha chiyembekezo chawo kwa yense amene anawafunsa.​—1 Petro 3:15.

Kodi zikhulupiriro zimenezi zinamkhudza motani wasayansiyo Michael Faraday?

Faraday Msandemaniya

Ngakhale kuti Michael Faraday anaŵerengeredwa, kulemekezedwa ndi phwando chifukwa cha zopeza zake zodabwitsa, iye anali ndi moyo wosadzionetsera. Pamene anthu otchuka anamwalira ndipo aja ogwira ntchito zaboma anayembekezeredwa kupezekako kumaliro awo, Faraday sanali kupezekako nthaŵi zonse, pakuti chikumbumtima chake sichinamlole kutero ndi kupezekapo pa mapemphero a Church of England.

Monga wasayansi Faraday anamamatira kwambiri pa zimene anakhoza kusonyeza ndi maumboni. Motero anapeŵa kuyanjana kwambiri ndi anthu ophunzira amene anachirikiza nthanthi zawo ndi kukhalirana mbali. Monga momwe nthaŵi ina anauzira omvetsera kuti, ‘choonadi chenicheni sichimatigwiritsa mwala, umboni wake umakhala woona nthaŵi zonse.’ Anasonyeza kuti sayansi imadalira ‘pa maumboni opendedwa mosamalitsa.’ Pomaliza nkhani yake yonena za mphamvu zazikulu za chilengedwe, Faraday analimbikitsa omvetsera ake kusinkhasinkha za “Iye amene anazilenga.” Ndiyeno anagwira mawu a mtumwi wachikristu Paulo: “Zinthu Zake zosaoneka kuchokera pa kulengedwa kwa dziko zaoneka bwino, zikumazindikiridwa mwa zinthu zopangidwa, ngakhale mphamvu Yake yosatha ndi Umulungu.”​—Aroma 1:20, King James Version.

Chimene chinasiyanitsa Faraday ndi asayansi ena ambiri chinali chikhumbo chake cha kuphunzira m’Buku louziridwa la Mulungu ndiponso m’buku la chilengedwe. “M’Chisandemaniya chake anapezamo njira yokhalira moyo mwakumvera lamulo la Mulungu la makhalidwe limodzi ndi lonjezo la moyo wamuyaya,” akutero Cantor. “Mwa sayansi yake anadziŵa kwambiri malamulo a chilengedwe amene Mulungu anaika kuti alamulire chilengedwe chonse.” Faraday anakhulupirira kuti “ulamuliro wosatsutsika wa Baibulo sungaluluzidwe ndi sayansi, koma kuti ngati sayansi ichitidwa mwanjira yachikristu, ingaunikirenso buku linalo la Mulungu.”

Faraday modzichepetsa anakana ulemu wochuluka umene ena anafuna kumpatsa. Iye nthaŵi zonse anasonyeza kusafuna kwake udindo wa ukazembe. Iye anafuna kungotchedwa ‘A Faraday basi.’ Anagwiritsira ntchito nthaŵi yochuluka pa zochita zake monga mkulu, kuphatikizapo maulendo anthaŵi zonse kuchokera m’likululo kumka ku mudzi wa ku Norfolk kukasamalira kagulu ka okhulupirira anzake okhala komweko.

Michael Faraday anamwalira pa August 25, 1867, ndipo anaikidwa m’manda a Highgate kumpoto kwa London. Wolemba mbiri yake John Thomas akutiuza kuti Faraday “anasiyira mibadwo yakutsogolo choloŵa cha zipambano zonse zazikulu za sayansi kuposa wasayansi ya chilengedwe aliyense, ndipo ntchito yotulukamo m’zopeza zake yakhudza kwambiri mkhalidwe wa moyo wotsungula.” Mkazi wamasiye wa Faraday, Sarah, analemba kuti: “Zokha zimene ndinganene nzakuti Chipangano Chatsopano ndicho chinali chitsogozo chake ndi lamulo; pakuti anachiyesa Mawu a Mulungu . . . ogwira ntchito pa Akristu masiku ano mofanana ndi pamene chinalembedwa”​—umboni wamphamvu wochirikiza wasayansi wotchuka amene anatsatira chikhulupiriro chake modzipereka.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 29]

Ataikidwa kukhala mphunzitsi pa Royal Institution ya Britain, Michael Faraday anaphunzitsa sayansi m’njira imene ngakhale achichepere anakhoza kumva. Uphungu wake kwa aphunzitsi anzake uli ndi malingaliro othandiza amene Akristu amakono ophunzitsa poyera angachite bwino kuulingalira.

◻ “Kalankhulidwe sikayenera kukhala kofulumira ndi kothamanga, kakumakhala kosamveka, koma kakhale kapang’onopang’ono ndi kotsimikiza.”

◻ Mlankhuli ayenera kukalimira kudzutsa chidwi cha omvetsera ake “poyamba nkhani ndi mwa njira yatsatanetsatane, popanda gululo kuzindikira, chikhalitseni chamoyo malinga ndi zimene nkhaniyo ikufuna.”

◻ “Mphunzitsi amataya ulemu wake pamene alankhula mochititsa anthu kumuwombera manja ndi pamene apempha chiyamikiro.”

◻ Ponena za ntchito ya autilaini: “Nthaŵi zonse ndimamva wathayo . . . kulemba pulani ya [nkhaniyo] papepala ndi kudzazamo mbali zake mwa kungokumbukira, kaya mwakuzigwirizanitsa ndi zimene ndidziŵa kapena mwanjira ina. . . . Ndimakhala ndi mpambo wa mitu yaikulu ndi yaing’ono yokonzeka, ndipo ndimakamba nkhani yanga mwa kugwiritsira ntchito imeneyi.”

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 26]

Zithunzithunzi zonse ziŵiri: Mwa chilolezo cha Royal Institution