Tertio​—Mlembi Wokhulupirika wa Paulo

TERTIO anayang’anizana ndi ntchito yovuta. Mtumwi Paulo adafuna kumugwiritsira ntchito monga mlembi wake polemba kalata yaitali yopita kwa Akristu anzake ku Roma. Iyi inali ntchito yovuta.

Nchifukwa ninji ntchito ya ulembi inali yovuta m’zaka za zana loyamba C.E.? Kodi ntchito imeneyo amaigwira motani? Nanga amagwiritsira ntchito zipangizo ziti polemba?

Alembi a m’Nthaŵi Zakale

M’chitaganya chakale cha Agiriki ndi Aroma munali alembi a mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Amuna ena anali kugwira ntchito monga alembi a boma​—antchito a boma, omwe amagwirira ntchito m’maofesi a akazembe. Panalinso alembi ena osakhala a boma amene amathandiza nzika za dzikolo m’malo a msika. Anthu olemera amakhala ndi alembi awoawo (kaŵirikaŵiri akapolo). Komanso panali anthu ena amene anali kuthandiza mabwenzi awo kuwalembera makalata. Monga momwe wophunzira E. Randolph Richards ananenera, maluso a alembi osakhala a bomawa “anali osiyanasiyana, kuyambira pa chidziŵitso chochepa cha chinenerocho ndi/​kapena kalembedwe kake, mpaka pa ukatswiri wokhoza kulemba kalata yolongosoka, yabwino ndi yosangalatsa.”

Kodi ndani anagwiritsira ntchito alembi? Choyamba, amene sankadziŵa kuŵerenga ndi kulemba. Makalata ambiri a ganyu ndi a bizinesi akale amakhala ndi mawu amene wolembayo anali kuchitira umboni kuti iye analemba kokha chifukwa chakuti womulemba ganyuyo sankadziŵa kulemba. Chifukwa chachiŵiri chogwiritsira ntchito mlembi chasonyezedwa ndi kalata yakale ya ku Thebes, Egypt. Inali yolembera Asklepiades ndipo inamaliza ndi mawu awa: “Eumelus, mwana wa Herma, wamulembera iye . . . popeza kuti iye amalemba mochedwa.”

Komatu kudziŵa kuŵerenga ndi kulemba kukuonetsa kuti sikunali maziko enieni okhalira ndi mlembi. Monga momwe wothirira ndemanga Baibulo, John L. McKenzie akunenera, “mwinamwake panalibe kudera nkhaŵa kuti kaya kalatayo inali yoŵerengeka kapena ayi, koma kwenikweni amadera nkhaŵa za kukongola kwa zolembazo ndi udongo wake” zimene zimasonkhezera anthu kufuna kukhala ndi alembi. Ngakhale kwa anthu ophunzira, kulemba kunali kotopetsa, makamaka pamene anafunikira kulemba nkhani zambiri ndi zovuta. Wophunzira J. A. Eschlimann akunena kuti aliyense amene anatero, “nchifukwa chofuna kupeŵa ntchito yovutayo, akuipereka kwa akapolo awo, alembi ophunzira bwino.” Ndiponso, nkosavuta kumvetsetsa chifukwa chimene anthu sankakondera kudzilembera makalata tikaganizira za zipangizo zogwiritsira ntchito polemba ndi mmene amagwirira ntchitoyo.

M’zaka za zana loyamba C.E., anthu amagwiritsira ntchito gumbwa polemba. Luzi lopyapyala limatengedwa kuchokera ku chomerachi posenda thima la phesi lake chamlitali mwake. Mpumphu wa luzili umayalidwa. Mpumphu wina umaikidwa mopingasitsa mpumphu woyambawo. Amalunzanitsa mipumphu iŵiriyi mwakuikanikiza pamodzi, ndipo kenaka limasanduka “pepala.”

Kunali kovuta kulemba pa pepala limeneli. Linali lokakala komanso linali ndi luzi lambiri. Monga momwe wophunzira Angelo Penna akunenera, “luzi la gumbwa lofeŵalo limapangitsa kuti inki iziyenderera, makamaka potsatira m’mipata yotsala molumikizira mwake.” Nthaŵi zina mlembi amatha kulemba atakhala pansi mopingasitsa miyendo yake ndipo anali kugwira pepalalo pa bolodi ndi dzanja limodzi. Akakhala wosadziŵa kagwiridwe kapena ngati zipangizo zake ndi zoipa, mkaliriro wake, kapena cholembera chake cha bango chinamamatira ku gumbwayo kenaka pepalalo nkung’ambika, mwinanso zolemba zake osaŵerengeka.

Inki amaipanga ndi msanganizo wa mwaye ndi manthova a mtengo. Popeza kuti inkiyo amaigulitsa m’mitanda, choyamba imayenera kusukulutsidwa ndi madzi a inki, asanaigwiritsire ntchito. Mwa zipangizo zina zomwe mlembi monga Tertio anakhala nazo zinali mpeni wonolera cholembera cha bangocho ndi chinkhupule chonyoŵa kuti azifufutira zolakwika. Anayenera kulemba chilembo chilichonse mosamalitsa. Choncho, anali kulemba pang’onopang’ono komanso movutikira.

‘Ine Tertio, Ndikulankhulani Inu’

Mlembi wa Paulo anali mmodzi wa anthu amene anapereka malonje kumapeto kwa kalata yolembera Aroma, ndipo analemba motere: “Ine Tertio, ndilikulemba kalata ameneyu, ndikulankhulani inu mwa Ambuye.” (Aroma 16:22) Ndi malo okhawa m’zolemba za Paulo pamene tikuuzidwa momveka bwino za mmodzi wa alembi ake.

Tikudziŵa zochepa ponena za Tertio. Mwakulonjera kwake “mwa Ambuye,” tinganene kuti iye anali Mkristu wokhulupirika. Mwinamwake anali mumpingo wa Korinto, ndipo mwinamwake anadziŵa Akristu ambiri a m’Roma. Wophunzira Baibulo Giuseppe Barbaglio akulingalira kuti Tertio anali kapolo kapena mfulu. Chifukwa ninji? Chifukwa choyamba nchakuti “alembi ambiri anali a gulu limeneli; ndipo chifukwa china nchakuti dzina lake lachilatinilo . . . nthaŵi zambiri limapezeka pakati pa akapolo ndi mfulu.” “Choncho,” akutero Barbaglio, “iye sanali mlembi ‘wonyinyirika,’ anali wantchito mnzake wa Paulo amene anamthandiza kukonza zolemba zake zambiri ndi zomveka bwino: thandizo la mtengo wapatali, limene linathandiza Paulo kuti asataye nthaŵi ndi kutopa.”

Zoonadi, ntchito imeneyi ya Tertio ndi yamtengo wapatali. Baruki anagwirira Yeremiya ntchito yofananayo, monganso momwe Silvano anachitira kwa Petro. (Yeremiya 36:4; 1 Petro 5:12) Athandizi otere anali ndi mwaŵi wotani nanga!

Kulembera Aroma

Paulo analembera kalata Aroma pamene iye anali mlendo wa Gayo, mwinamwake ku Korinto. Izi zinachitika cha m’ma 56 C.E., paulendo wachitatu wa umishonale wa mtumwiyo. (Aroma 16:23) Ngakhale kuti tikudziŵa bwino lomwe kuti Paulo anagwiritsira ntchito Tertio monga mlembi wake polemba kalata imeneyi, sitikudziŵa kwenikweni mmene iye anamugwiritsirira ntchito. Kaya anagwiritsira ntchito njira yotani, ntchitoyo sikanachitika mosavuta. Koma chimene tikudziŵa ndi ichi: Monga momwe Baibulo lonse lilili, kalata ya Paulo kwa Aroma ‘adaiuzira Mulungu.’​—2 Timoteo 3:16, 17.

Pamene kalatayi inamalizidwa, Tertio ndi Paulo anali atalemba mawu zikwizikwi, pogwiritsira ntchito mapepala ambiri a gumbwa. Mapepalawa atawamamatiza cha m’mphepete mwake anapanga mpukutu, mwinamwake wotalika mamita atatu kapena anayi. Kalatayo anaipinda mosamalitsa ndi kuimata. Ndipo zikuonetsa kuti Paulo anaipereka kwa Febe, mlongo wochokera ku Kenkreya, popeza kuti iye amakonzekera ulendo wopita ku Roma.​—Aroma 16:1, 2.

Chiyambire m’zaka za zana loyamba, njira zopangira zipangizo zolembera zasintha kwakukulu. Koma Mulungu wasunga kalata ya Akristu a ku Roma kupyola zaka mazana ambirimbiriwa. Tingakhale oyamikira chotani nanga kaamba ka mbali imeneyi ya Mawu a Yehova, yolembedwa ndi Tertio, mlembi wa Paulo wokhulupirika ndi wogwira ntchito modzipereka!