Dipo​—Chiphunzitso Chotaika cha Chikristu Chadziko

DIPO, chikhulupiriro chakuti Yesu anafera anthu ochimwa, nchachikulu ku Chikristu chowona. Komabe, chiphunzitsocho chakhala chikusulizidwa ndikusekedwa kwanthaŵi yaitali ndi akatswiri a maphunziro azaumulungu a Chikristu Chadziko.

Kodi nchifukwa ninji ziri choncho? Kodi Yesu iyemwini sananene pa Marko 10:45 kuti: ‘Mwana wa munthu sanadza kutumikiridwa, koma kutumikira, ndi kupereka moyo wake dipo la kwa anthu ambiri’?

Ena anena kuti Yesu sananene konse mawu amenewo, nati iwo anapekedwa pambuyo pa imfa yake pansi pa chisonkhezero cha mtumwi Paulo. Ena amatsutsa kuti “dipo” panopa nliwu lophiphiritsira kapena kuti chiphunzitsocho chimachokera ku nthanthi Zachigiriki! Chotero dipo lazimiririka kotheratu m’ziphunzitso za tchalitchi.

Ngakhale kuli choncho, mungazizwe mmene Akristu oyambirira anaimvetsera imfa ya Yesu. Paulo akutiuza pa 2 Akorinto 5:14, 15 kuti: ‘Chikondi cha Kristu chitikakamiza; popeza taweruza chotero, kuti mmodzi adafera onse . . . kuti iwo akukhala ndi moyo asakhalenso ndi moyo kwa iwo okha, koma kwa iye amene adawafera iwo, nauka.’ Chinali chomvekera bwino ndi chosavuta chotani nanga chiphunzitso chimenechi​—chopandiratu masinthidwe ovuta omwe akatswiri amaphunziro azaumulungu atchalitchi anadzaphatikizamo pambuyo pake.

Kodi nzotheka kuti Paulo anapeka chiphunzitsochi? Ayi, popeza kuti iye akulongosola pa 1 Akorinto 15:3 kuti: ‘Pakuti ndinapereka kwa inu poyamba, chimenenso ndinalandira, kuti Kristu anafera zoipa zathu, monga mwa Malembo.’ Mowonekera bwino, kalelo Paulo asanalembe makalata ake, Akristu adamvetsetsa kale imfa ya Yesu kukhala yansembe, mtengo weniweni wolipiridwa kuwombola anthu ochimwa, dipo. Ndiponso, monga momwe Paulo akusonyezera, iwo anamvetsetsa imfa ya Kristu kukhala ikukwaniritsa ‘Malembo,’ ndiko kuti, maulosi onga Salmo 22 ndi Yesaya 53 m’Malemba Achihebri, kapena “Chipangano Chakale.”

Mafunso Osayankhidwa

Ngati musankha kufufuza zenizeni inumwini, mudzapeza kuti ziphunzitso zampatuko zinaloŵerera Chikristu kalelo pafupi ndi nthaŵi ya atumwi. (Machitidwe 20:29, 30; 2 Timoteo 4:3, 4) Komabe, chikhulupiriro m’nsembe yadipo ya Kristu chinakhalabe, monga momwe zolembedwa za Abambo Atchalitchi oyambirira zikusonyezera. Komabe, pamene akatswiri amaphunziro azaumulungu apambuyo pake anasanthula chiphunzitso cha dipo, iwo anabutsa mafunso ovuta, onga akuti, Kodi dipolo linalipiridwa kwa yani? Ndipo kodi nchifukwa ninji malipiro oterowo anali ofunikira?

M’zaka za zana lachinayi C.E., Gregory wa ku Nyssa ndi ena analongosola lingaliro lakuti dipo linalipiridwa kwa Satana Mdyerekezi! Iwo anati, Satana anali ndi mphamvu pa anthu, ndipo dipo linalipiridwa kwa iye kuti awamasule anthu. Komabe, Gregory wa ku Nazianzus wokhalako m’nthaŵi yomweyo anawona vuto m’nthanthi imeneyi. Inatanthauza kuti Mulungu anali wamangaŵa kwa Mdyerekezi​—chopanda nzeru, zedi! Ngakhale kuli choncho, lingaliro lakuti dipo linalipiridwa kwa Mdyerekezi linalandiridwa ndipo linakhalapobe kwa zaka mazana ambiri.

Kodi zingakhale kuti dipolo linalipiridwa kwa Mulungu iyemwini? Gregory wa ku Nazianzus anawonanso mavuto m’lingaliro limenelinso. Popeza kuti ‘sitinali amnsinga kwa [Mulungu],’ kodi nchifukwa ninji dipo likanafunikira kulipiridwa kwa iye? Ndiponso, ‘kodi Atateyo akanakondwera ndi imfa ya Mwana wake’ mwakufuna dipo? Mwachiwonekere ali mafunso ovuta opereka chikaikiro pa dipo lenilenilo.

Imfa ya Dipo

Pamenepa, kufufuza kwanu kwa nkhaniyi kungakufikitseni kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 12. Anselm, Akibishopu wa ku Canterbury, anayesa kuyankha mafunso ameneŵa m’bukhu lake lakuti Cur Deus Homo (Chifukwa Chake Mulungu Anakhala Munthu). Bukhulo linaphunzitsa kuti imfa ya Kristu inatumikira monga njira yokhutiritsira chilungamo chaumulungu, osati monga dipo. Anselm anaima pamfundo yakuti kukhululukira tchimo ndi dipo popanda kukhutiritsa chilungamo kukatanthauza kusiya tchimo kukhala losawongoleredwa. “Koma Mulungu moyenerera sangasiye chinthu chirichonse kukhala chosawongoleredwa mu Ufumu Wake,” anatero Anselm. Pamenepa, kodi ndimotani mmene Mulungu anawongolera nkhanizo?

Powumirira kuti ‘uchimo umanyoza Mulungu,’ Anselm ananena kuti sikukakhala kokwanira “kungobwezeretsa chimene chinachotsedwapo” ndi uchimo wa Adamu. Popeza kuti Mulungu watonzedwa, dipo​—ngakhale nsembe ya munthu wangwiro​—sizikakwanira. “Polingalira chitonzo chimene chinachitidwa,” mkulu wachipembedzoyo analingalira kuti, “payenera kuperekedwa choposa chimene chinachotsedwapo.” (Kanyenye ngwathu.) Anselm anaumirira kuti chimenechi chinafunikiritsa imfa ya munthu yemwe anali “ponse paŵiri Mulungu ndi munthu”!

Mulimonse mmene mungalingalirire ziphunzitso za Anselm, izo zinakopa a m’tsiku lake ndipo zikupitirizabe kusonkhezera anthu m’tsiku lathunso. Eya, kamodzi nkamodzi, Anselm adalimbitsiratu chiphunzitso cha Utatu ndipo anapha dipo, m’Chikristu Chadziko! “Kukhutiritsa” kunakhala mwambi wa akatswiri amaphunziro azaumulungu, liwu lakuti “dipo” linazimiririka pang’onopangono kukhala losatsimikizirika. Ngakhale kuli choncho, nthanthi za Anselm zinazikidwa pafupifupi kotheratu panzeru zokopa, osati pa Baibulo. Ndipo pamene nthaŵi inkapitapo, akatswiri onga Thomas Aquinas anayamba kufufunuka ku nthanthi ya Anselm ya “kukhutiritsa” ndi nzeru zochenjera zawozawo. Kukaikira kunafalikira. Nthanthi za chiombolo zinachuluka, ndipo mkanganowo unapita patsogolo kuchoka ku Malemba ndikuzama mwakuya m’kulingalira kwa anthu, nthanthi, ndi kukhulupirira zinsinsi.

Kukonzanso ndi Dipo

Komabe, tiyeni tibwere pang’ono kufupi ndi nthaŵi yathu. Pamene namondwe wa Kukonzanso Kwachiprotestanti anabuka m’zaka za zana la 16, gulu lamphamvu lotchedwa Masocinian linabadwa.a Iwo anakana kuti imfa ya Yesu “inatidzetsera chipulumutso” mwanjira iriyonse, akumatcha chiphunzitso choterocho kukhala “chachinyengo, cholakwika, ndi chaupandu kwenikweni . . . , chosemphana ndi Malemba ndi chopanda nzeru.” (The Racovian Catechisme) Popeza kuti Mulungu amakhululukira kwaulere, palibe kukhutiritsa kwa chilungamo kumene kunafunikira. Iwo amati, imfa ya Kristu inawombola anthu mwanjira yakuti inawafulumiza kutsanzira chitsanzo chake changwiro.

Pokwiitsidwa ndi ameneŵa ndi opanduka ena, Tchalitchi cha Katolika chinachitapo kanthu moukira, kuchita Msonkhano wa ku Trent (kuyambira 1545 mpaka 1563 C.E.). Koma ngakhale kuti mfundo zinamangidwa pa nkhani zambiri zachiphunzitso, msonkhanowo unalephera kutsimikizira ndikumvana ponena za chiombolo. Iwo analankhula za ‘phindu la Yesu Kristu’ ndipo anagwiritsira ntchito liwu lakuti “kukhutiritsa” koma napeŵa mosamalitsa liwu lakuti “dipo.” Chifukwa chake, tchalitchicho chinalephereratu kutenga kaimidwe Kamalemba kalikonse komvekera bwino. Khomo la chikaikiro linatsalabe lotseguka.

Chifukwa Chake Atsogoleri Achipembedzo Alephera

Kuchokera pa Msonkhano wa ku Trent, akatswiri amaphunziro azaumulungu​—Achikatolika ndi Achiprotestanti mofananamo​—ayambitsa nthanthi za chiombolo zosaŵerengeka. (Onani bokosi patsamba 7.) Komabe, palibe kugwirizana kulikonse pa tanthauzo la imfa ya Kristu kumene kukuwoneka. Mfundo yokha imene akatswiri amaphunziro azaumulungu amavomerezanapo ndiyo kusafuna kwawo liwu Lamalemba lakuti “dipo,” namakonda kulinyalanyaza, kulisukuluza, kapena kuliluluza. Tanthauzo la imfa ya Kristu limalongosoledwa m’mawu osokoneza nzeru, achinyengo ndi ovuta kumvetsetsa, ndi mawu omvekera mogwira mtima, onga “chisonkhezero chakhalidwe” ndi “chikhutiritso chakuthupi chophiphiritsidwa.” Mmalo mokulitsa chikhulupiriro pa imfa ya Kristu, atsogoleri achipembedzo a Chikristu Chadziko apangitsa mtengo wake wozunzirapo kukhala chopunthwitsa chosokoneza.

Kodi nchifukwa chachikulu chiti chimene chikupangitsa kulephera kwakukulu kumeneku? Katswiri wa maphunziro azaumulungu Wachikatolika, Boniface A. Willems akukugwirizanitsa ndi mfundo yakuti akatswiri amaphunziro azaumulungu “amaphunzitsidwira m’malo olekanitsidwa ochingidwa mosamalitsa”​—amapatulidwira kutali kwenikweni ndi zosoŵa zenizeni za anthu.b Kodi sindinu wokhoterera kuvomerezana ndi lingaliro limenelo? Komabe, Yeremiya 8:9 amapitirira apa, akumatchula muzu weniweni wa vutolo kuti: ‘Tawonani, akana mawu a Yehova; ali nayo nzeru yotani?’

Zowonadi, chiphunzitso cha dipo chingabutse mafunso ovuta. (2 Petro 3:16) Koma mmalo mofunafuna mayankho m’Malemba, akatswiri amaphunziro azaumulungu anagwiritsira ntchito nzeru za anthu ndi kulingalira. (1 Akorinto 1:19, 20; 2:13) Iwo asankha kukana mbali zirizonse za Baibulo zimene sizimagwirizana ndi maloto awo​—kapena nthanthi. (2 Timoteo 3:16) Iwo apititsa patsogolo ziphunzitso zosakhala zamalemba, zonga chiphunzitso cha Utatu. (Yohane 14:28) Ndipo kulephera kwawo kwakukulu koposa nkwakuti iwo apanga chipulumutso cha munthu kukhala chofunika koposa, nanyalanyaza nkhani zazikulupo zoloŵetsamo dzina la Mulungu ndi Ufumu.​—Mateyu 6:9, 10.

Wochirikiza Dipo

Tsopano chonde, bweretsani kusanthula kwanu kumapeto kwa ma 1800. Mwamuna wowopa Mulungu wotchedwa Charles Taze Russell anadzipatula kuchoka ku maphunziro azaumulungu otchuka nayamba kufalitsa magazini anoŵa​—Nsanja ya Olonda. “Kuchokera pachiyambi,” anakumbukira motero Russell, “iwo akhala ochirikiza Dipo mwapadera.”

Nsanja ya Olonda ikupitirizabe kutumikira motero kufikira lerolino. Kwa zaka zoposa zana limodzi, iyo yapereka zifukwa zomveka Zamalemba zokhulupirira dipo, ndipo yapereka mayankho ogomeka maganizo Amalemba, ku zitokoso za osuliza. Chotero tikukupemphani tsopano kupenda mowonjezereka zimene Baibulo limanena ponena za imfa ya Yesu ndi tanthauzo lake.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 7]

CHITSANZO CHA NTHANTHI ZA CHIOMBOLO

◻ NTHANTHI YA WOLAMULIRA, KAPENA BOMA: Katswiri wa maphunziro azaumulungu Wachidatchi wotchedwa Hugo Grotius anayambitsa nthanthi imeneyi m’zaka za zana la 17 kutsutsa nthanthi za a Masocinian. Grotius anawona imfa ya Kristu “monga mtundu wa malonda alamulo, Mulungu akutenga malo a Wolamulira kapena Bwanamkubwa, ndipo munthu kukhala wogulidwa.”​—Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics ya Hastings.

◻ NTHANTHI YOFUNIKA YA CHITETEZERO: Iyi inayambitsidwa mu 1946 ndi katswiri wa maphunziro azaumulungu Wachiprotestanti wotchedwa Clarence H. Hewitt. Iye anawona ntchito ya Kristu, osati monga yolipira chilango chalamulo, koma monga ‘yotimasula ku ulamuliro wa uchimo ndi imfa ndikuchititsa kulapa ndi chisoni chaumulungu, mwakutero kutitheketsa kukhululukidwa ndi Mulungu.’

◻ CHIOMBOLO MWA MAYANJANO AUBALE WACHIKRISTU: Katswiri wa maphunziro azaumulungu wa Roma Katolika, Boniface A. Willems (1970) akulinganiza “chiombolo” ndi “kusiya mzimu wodzikonda ndikutsegulira mitima yathu kwa wina ndi mnzake.” Iye akuwonjezera kuti: “Lingaliro Lachikristu lakuloŵa m’malo kapena kuvutikira ena nlakuti munthu amadzidziŵa yekha kukhala wogwirizana mwathithithi ndi fuko la anthu losakazidwa ndi uchimo. . . . Motero Tchalitchi ndicho kuyanjana kwaubale kwa awo ofunadi kukhala muutumiki wapadera kaamba ka ena.”

◻ NTHANTHI YA WOSENZA LIŴONGO LA ENA: Katswiri wa maphunziro azaumulungu Wachikatolika, Raymund Schwager anayambitsa nthanthi imeneyi mu 1978. Iye anakana lingaliro lakuti Mulungu akafuna “diso kulipa diso.” Iye anawona nsembe ya Kristu monga mtundu wa kuyeretsa kumene kumalola chitaganya cha anthu kudziyeretsa​—ndipo motero kudzichotsera icho chokha​—zizoloŵezi zachibadwa zachiwawa.

◻ CHIOMBOLO CHA MAYANJANO NDI NDALE ZADZIKO: Katswiri wa maphunziro azaumulungu wa Baptist, Thorwald Lorenzen analemba mu 1985 kuti: “Mulungu samangofuna kukhululukira kwachipembedzo kaamba ka wochimwa komanso kumasuka kwa ndale zadziko kaamba ka amphaŵi ndi oponderezedwa. . . . Chotero, imfa ya Yesu imavumbula Mulungu amene amadera nkhaŵa za kuchiritsa mavuto onse a moyo wa anthu.”

[Chithunzi patsamba 5]

Akatswiri amaphunziro azaumulungu Achikatolika ndi Achiprotestanti ayambitsa nthanthi zambirimbiri zonena za chiombolo ndi dipo, koma kodi Baibulo limaphunzitsanji?