Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu la Ulaya Lichilikiza Kuyenera kwa Kulalikira M’greece

KODI nchifukwa ninji munthu woyamikiridwa ndi anansi ake anamangidwa nthaŵi zoposa 60 chiyambire 1938? Kodi nchifukwa ninji wogulitsa m’sitolo wowona mtima ameneyu wa kuchisumbu cha Greece cha Crete ayenera kuimirira pamaso pa mabwalo amilandu a Greece nthaŵi zokwanira 18 ndi kuikidwa m’ndende zaka zoposa zisanu ndi chimodzi? Inde, kodi nchifukwa ninji munthu wabanja wogwira ntchito zolimba ameneyu, Minos Kokkinakis, analekanitsidwa ndi mkazi wake ndi ana asanu ndi kutengeredwa kundende za kutali ndi kwawo zachilango kuzisumbu zosiyanasiyana?

Malamulo amene anaikidwa mu 1938 ndi 1939 oletsa kutembenuzira anthu kuchipembedzo china kwakukulukulu ndiwo amene ali chochititsa. Malamuloŵa anakhazikitsidwa ndi wolamulira wotsendereza Wachigiriki Ioannis Metaxas, amene anapereka malamulowo mosonkhezeredwa ndi Tchalitchi cha Greek Orthodox.

Monga chotulukapo cha kupangidwa kwa malamulo ameneŵa, kuyambira 1938 mpaka 1992, dzikolo linamanga Mboni za Yehova nthaŵi zokwanira 19,147, ndipo mabwalo amilandu anawapatsa zilango za kuikidwa m’ndende zimene zinafika zaka 753, pazaka zimenezo 593 anazichitiradi ukaidi. Zonsezi zinachitidwa chifukwa chakuti Mboni za ku Greece, monga momwe ziliri kwina kulikonse, zimatsatira malangizo a Yesu Kristu a “kupanga ophunzira a anthu amitundu yonse, . . . kuwaphunzitsa kusunga zinthu zonse” zimene analamula.​—Mateyu 28:19, 20, NW.

Koma pa May 25, 1993, chipambano chachikulu cha ufulu wa kulambira chinapezedwa! Patsiku limenelo European Court of Human Rights (Bwalo Lamilandu la Ulaya la Zoyenera za Munthu) ku Strasbourg, mu France, linachilikiza kuyenera kwa nzika ya ku Greece kuphunzitsa ziphunzitso zake kwa ena. M’kugamula mlandu koteroko, bwalo lamilandu lalikulu la Ulaya limeneli linatheketsa zitetezo paufulu wa chipembezo zimene zingakhale ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu m’miyoyo ya anthu kulikonse.

Tiyeni tionetsetse zimene zinachitika, kuphatikizapo nkhanza zimene nzika ina ya Greece inakumana nazo, zimene zinachititsa kugamulidwa kwa mlandu kosaiŵalika kumeneku m’bwalo lamilandu.

Chiyambi Chake

Mu 1938 nzika imeneyi, Minos Kokkinakis, inakhala mmodzi wa a Mboni za Yehova woyamba kuimbidwa mlandu ndi lamulo la Greece loletsa kutembenuzira anthu kuchipembedzo china. Popanda mlanduwo kuzengedwa, iye anatumizidwa kuchisumbu cha m’nyanja ya Aegean cha Amorgos kukachita ukaidi wa miyezi 13. Mu 1939 anaimbidwa mlandu kaŵiri ndi kuikidwa m’ndende kwa miyezi iŵiri ndi theka nthaŵi iliyonse.

Mu 1940, Kokkinakis anaikidwa m’ndende kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi pachisumbu cha Melos. Chaka chotsatira, mkati mwa Nkhondo Yadziko II, anaikidwa m’ndende ya asilikali ankhondo mu Athens kwa miyezi yoposa 18. Ponena za nyengo imeneyo, iye akukumbukira kuti:

“Kusoŵa chakudya m’ndendemo kunachoka poipa ndi kufika poipitsitsa. Tinali olefuka kwakuti sitinkatha kuyenda. Chikhala kuti si Mboni za kumadera a Athens ndi Piraeus zimene zinatipatsa chakudya chimene anavutikira kupeza, tikanafa.” Pambuyo pake, mu 1947, anaimbidwanso mlandu nakhala m’ndende kwa miyezi inayi ndi theka.

Mu 1949, Minos Kokkinakis anaikidwa m’ndende yokhala kutali ndi kwawo ya kuchisumbu cha Makrónisos, dzina limene limakumbutsa zinthu zowopsa kwa Agiriki chifukwa cha ndende yake kumeneko. Pakati pa akaidi 14,000 amene anamangidwa panthaŵiyo pa Makrónisos, pafupifupi 40 anali Mboni. Ensaikulopediya Yachigiriki yotchedwa Papyros Larousse Britannica imati: “Njira za kuzunza kwankhanza, . . . mikhalidwe ya moyo, imene ili yosavomerezedwa ndi mtundu wotsungula, ndi khalidwe la alonda loluluza akaidi . . . zili zinthu zochititsa manyazi m’mbiri ya Greece.”

Kokkinakis, amene anathera chaka chimodzi m’ndende ya ku Makrónisos, anafotokoza mikhalidweyo motere: “Asilikali ankhondo, mofanana ndi ziŵalo za Ozunza ndi Kupha achipembedzo, ankafunsa mafunso wandende aliyense kuyambira mmaŵa kufikira madzulo. Nkhanza zimene anachita nzosaneneka. Andende ambiri anachita misala; ena anaphedwa; chiŵerengo chachikulu kwambiri chinapundulidwa. Mkati mwa mausiku owopsa amenewo pamene tinkamva kulira ndi kubuula kwa awo amene ankazunzidwa, tinkapemphera tili m’kagulu.”

Atapulumuka m’mikhalidwe yowopsa ya ku Makrónisos, Kokkinakis anamangidwanso nthaŵi zisanu ndi imodzi m’ma 1950 nachita ukaidi wa miyezi khumi m’ndende. M’ma 1960 iyeyu anamangidwanso kanayi ndipo anapatsidwa chilango cha kuikidwa m’ndende kwa miyezi isanu ndi itatu. Komatu kumbukirani kuti, Minos Kokkinakis anali munthu mmodzi yekha pakati pa Mboni za Yehova mazana zimene zinamangidwa ndi kuikidwa m’ndende mkati mwa zakazo chifukwa chakuti analankhula kwa ena za chikhulupiriro chawo!

Kodi zinachitika motani kuti lipoti la nkhanza zochitidwa pa Mboni za Yehova mu Greece potsirizira pake linafika ku European Court of Human Rights?

Mlandu Wokhazikitsa Muyezo wa Chilungamo

Mlanduwo unapalamulidwa pa March 2, 1986. Deti limenelo Minos Kokkinakis, yemwe panthaŵiyo anali munthu wopuma pantchito yazamalonda wa zaka 77, ndi mkazi wake anafika panyumba ya a Georgia Kyriakaki ku Sitia, Crete. Mwamuna wa a Georgia, amene anali mtsogoleri wa kagulu ka oimba m’tchalitchi cha Orthodox cha kumaloko, anadziŵitsa apolisi. Apolisiwo anafika namanga a Kokkinakis ndi akazi ŵawo, ndiyeno anatengeredwa kupolisi yakomweko. Iwo anathera usiku wonse kumeneko.

Kodi anaimbidwa mlandu wotani? Umodzimodziwo umene unaimbidwa pa Mboni za Yehova nthaŵi zikwi zambiri mkati mwa zaka 50 zapitazo, uja wakuti, anali kutembenuza anthu. Mu Chilamulo cha Greek (cha 1975), Mfundo 13, imati: “Kutembenuza anthu nkoletsedwa.” Lingalirani za lamulo lina la Greece, m’chigawo 4, pamanambala awa 1363/1938 ndi 1672/1939, limene limapangitsa kutembenuza anthu kukhala upandu wa kuswa lamulo. Ilo limati:

“Mwa kunena kuti ‘kutembenuza’ tikutanthauza, makamaka, kuyesayesa kulikonse kwachindunji kapena mwanjira ina kuloŵerera m’zikhulupiriro za chipembedzo cha munthu wina ndi malingaliro ena okopa . . . , ndi cholinga chofuna kufooketsa zikhulupiriro zimenezo, mwamtundu wina uliwonse wokopa kapena wa lonjezo lokopa kapena wa kuchilikiza makhalidwe kapena wa chithandizo chakuthupi, kapena mwanjira zachinyengo kapena mwakudyera masuku pamutu pamunthuyo chifukwa cha kupanda chidziŵitso, chidaliro, kusoŵa zinthu, kusadziŵa zambiri kapena kusavuta kunyengeka.”

Bwalo Lamilandu la Apandu la Lasithi, m’Crete, linazenga mlanduwo pa March 20, 1986, nilipatsa mlandu a Kokkinakis ndi akazi ŵawo wa kutembenuza anthu. Onsewo anapatsidwa chilango choikidwa m’ndende kwa miyezi inayi. Popatsa mlandu banjalo, bwalo lamilandulo linalengeza kuti oimbidwa mlanduwo analoŵerera mopanda lamulo “m’zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo cha Akristu a Orthodox . . . mwakugwiritsira ntchito kupanda chidziŵitso, kusadziŵa zambiri kapena kusavuta kunyengeka kwa munthu.” Oimbidwa mlanduwo anaimbidwanso mlandu wa “kulimbikitsa [akazi ŵa Kyriakaki] ndi njira ya mafotokozedwe awo anzeru ndi aluso . . . kuti asinthe zikhulupiriro zawo za Chikristu cha Orthodox.”

Mlanduwo unachitiridwa apilo ku Bwalo Lamilandu la Apilo la Crete. Pa March 17, 1987, bwalo lamilandu limeneli la Crete linachotsera mlanduwo akazi ŵa Kokkinakis koma linachilikiza kuimbidwa mlandu kwa amuna awo, ngakhale kuti linachepetsa chilango chawo cha kuikidwa m’ndende kukhala miyezi itatu. Oweruza ananena kuti a Kokkinakis anagwiritsira ntchito “mpata wa kupanda chidziŵitso kwa [akazi ŵa Kyriakaki], kusadziŵa kwawo zambiri ndi kusavuta kunyengeka.” Iwo anati a Kokkinakis “anayamba kuŵerenga zigawo za m’Malemba Opatulika, zimene anazifotokoza mwaluso m’njira yakuti mkazi Wachikristu, chifukwa cha kupanda malangizo enieni m’ziphunzitso, sakanatha kuzitsutsa.”

M’lingaliro lina losiyana, woweruza wina wa apilo analemba kuti a Kokkinakis “ayeneranso kuchotseredwa mlandu, popeza kuti palibe umboni umene ukusonyeza kuti Georgia Kyriakaki . . . anali makamaka wopanda chidziŵitso cha chiphunzitso cha Chikristu cha Orthodox, pokhala wokwatiwa kwa mtsogoleri wa kagulu ka oimba m’tchalitchi, kapena umboni wosonyeza kuti anali wosadziŵa zambiri kapena wosavuta kunyengeka, kwakuti woimbidwa mlanduyo apezerepo mwaŵi ndipo . . . [motero] kumkopa kuti akhale chiŵalo cha kagulu ka mpatuko ka Mboni za Yehova.”

A Kokkinakis anachitira apilo mlanduwo ku Bwalo Lamilandu la Cassation, Bwalo Lamilandu Lapamwamba la Greece. Koma bwalolo linakana apiloyo pa April 22, 1988. Chotero pa August 22, 1988, a Kokkinakis analemba kalata yopempha thandizo kugulu la European Commission of Human Rights. Potsirizira pake pempho lawo linavomerezedwa pa February 21, 1992, ndipo linaperekedwa ku European Court of Human Rights.

Zinenezo za m’Mlanduwo

Popeza kuti Greece ali chiŵalo cha Council of Europe, ngwokakamizika kugwirizana ndi Mfundo za European Convention on Human Rights. Mfundo 9 ya Gululo imati: “Munthu aliyense ali nako kuyenera kwa kusonyeza lingaliro, chikumbumtima ndi chipembedzo chake mwaufulu; kuyenera kumeneku kukuphatikizapo ufulu wa kusinthira kuchipembedzo china kapena chikhulupiriro ndi chimasuko, payekha kapena mogwirizana ndi ena ndipo kuchita zimenezi poyera kapena mwamtseri, kusonyeza chipembedzo chake kapena chikhulupiriro, m’kulambira, m’kuphunzitsa, m’ntchito ndi m’kuchisunga.”

Motero, boma la Greece linakhala woimbidwa mlandu m’bwalo la Ulaya. Linaimbidwa mlandu mwapoyera wa kuswa zoyenera za munthu wa nzika ya Greece za kuchita mogwirizana ndi chipembedzo chake m’kusunga lamulo la Yesu Kristu, lija la ‘kuphunzitsa ndi kupanga ophunzira.’ (Mateyu 28:19, 20) Ndiponso, mtumwi Petro anati: “[Yesu] anatilamulira ife tilalikire kwa anthu, ndipo tichite umboni.”​—Machitidwe 10:42.

Kope lapadera la mu 1992 la magazini a Human Rights Without Frontiers linali ndi mutu wa nkhani pachikuto wakuti “Greece​—Aswa Mwadala Lamulo la Zoyenera za Munthu.” Magaziniwo anafotokoza patsamba lachiŵiri kuti: “Greece ndiye dziko lokha m’gulu la EC [European Community] ndi mu Ulaya amene amapereka chilango mwa kuika m’ndende aliyense amene amasonkhezera munthu wina kusintha chipembedzo chake.”

Chotero tsopano anthu odziŵa za malamulo ndi anthu ena anayembekezera zotulukapo ndi chidwi chachikulu. Kodi mlanduwo udzagamulidwa motani ponena za lamulo Lachigiriki limene limaletsa munthu kuti aphunzitse zikhulupiriro zake kwa ena?

Kuzenga Mlanduwo mu Strasbourg

Potsirizira pake tsiku la kuzenga mlanduwo linafika​—November 25, 1992. Munachita mitambo yambiri m’Strasbourg, ndipo kunja kunazizira kwambiri, koma mkati mwa Bwalo Lamilandu maloya anapereka zigomeko zawo motenthedwa maganizo. Umboni unaperekedwa kwa maola aŵiri. Profesa Phedon Vegleris, loya wa Kokkinakis, anafika paphata la nkhaniyo, nafunsa kuti: ‘Kodi lamulo limeneli loletsa lolinganizidwira kutetezera ziŵalo za Tchalitchi cha Greek Orthodox kuti zisatembenuzidwire kuziphunzitso zina zachipembedzo liyenera kupitirizabe kukhalapo ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito?’

Mwachiwonekere, ali mumkhalidwe wovutika maganizo, Profesa Vegleris anati: “Ndikudabwa kuti lamulo loletsa [kutembenuza] limeneli likugwirizanitsidwa motani ndi chipembedzo cha Orthodox ndi utsiru ndi umbuli. Nthaŵi zonse ndinali kudabwa chifukwa chake chipembedzo cha Orthodox chingafunire kutetezeredwa ndi utsiru, pakusakhoza kwake kwauzimu . . . Zimenezi nzimene zimandivutitsa maganizo ndi kundidabwitsa.” Eya, nthumwi zaboma zinali zosakhoza ngakhale kupereka umboni umodzi wokha pamene lamuloli linagwiritsiridwapo ntchito kwa wina aliyense kusiyapo Mboni za Yehova.

Loya wachiŵiri wa Kokkinakis, a Panagiotis Bitsaxis, anasonyeza mmene lamulo loletsa kutembenuza anthu linaliri losayenera. Iwo anati: “Kuvomerezana pachinthu chosonkhezerana ndiko chinthu chofunika kaamba ka kukambitsirana pakati pa anthu achikulire. Apo phuluzi, tingakhale chitaganya choluluzika cha anthu osalankhulana, amene akanaganiza koma osasimba zakukhosi kwawo, amene akanalankhula koma osakambitsirana, amene akanakhalako koma opanda umodzi.”

A Bitsaxis anatsutsanso kuti “a Kokkinakis anapatsidwa mlandu osati ‘chifukwa cha kanthu kena kamene anachita’ koma [wa] ‘chimene ali.’” Chifukwa chake, a Bitsaxis anasonyeza kuti malamulo a mkhalidwe a ufulu wachipembedzo sanaswedwe kokha komanso anaonongedwa kotheratu.

Nthumwi za boma Lachigiriki zinayesa kupereka chithunzi chosiyana ndi chimene chili chodziŵika, zikumati Greece “ndiye dziko longa paradaiso wa zoyenera za munthu.”

Kugamulidwa kwa Mlanduwo

Deti limene linayembekezeredwa kwanthaŵi yaitali la kugamulidwa kwa mlanduwo linadza​—May 25, 1993. Muvoti ya oweruza asanu ndi mmodzi motsutsana ndi oweruza atatu, Bwalo Lamilandulo linagamula kuti boma la Greece linaswa lamulo la ufulu wachipembedzo wa Minos Kokkinakis wa zaka 84. M’kuwonjezera pakuchilikiza njira yake ya moyo ya utumiki wapoyera, analipiridwa $14,400 zopepesa. Motero Bwalo Lamilandulo linakana chinenezo cha boma la Greece chakuti a Kokkinakis ndi Mboni za Yehova zimagwiritsira ntchito njira zoumiriza pokambitsirana ndi ena za zikhulupiriro zawo.

Ngakhale kuti Chilamulo cha Greece ndi lamulo lachikale la Greece lingaletse kutembenuza anthu, bwalo lamilandu lapamwambalo la Ulaya linagamula mlanduwo mwa kunena kuti kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo limeneli kuzunzira Mboni za Yehova nkolakwa. Nkosagwirizana ndi Mfundo 9 ya European Convention on Human Rights.

Chigamulo cha mlanduwo chinati: “Chipembedzo chili mbali ya ‘malingaliro a munthu omasintha mosalekeza’ ndipo kuli kosatheka kuti tilingalire za kuchotsa nkhaniyo kuti isakambitsiridwe ndi anthu.”

Woweruza wina wa asanu ndi anayiwo anafotokoza lingaliro lake lovomereza kuti: “Kutembenuza anthu, kofotokozedwa kukhala ‘changu m’kulalikira chikhulupiriro,’ sikungakhale chinthu cholangidwira; iko ndiko njira​—yololeka bwino kwambiri​—ya ‘kusonyezera chipembedzo cha munthu.’

“Pamlandu uno, wosuma mlanduyo [a Kokkinakis] anapatsidwa mlandu kokha wa kukhala ndi changu chotero, popanda mkhalidwe wosayenera wochitidwa ndi iwo.”

Zotulukapo za Kugamulidwa kwa Mlanduwo

Chilangizo chowonekera bwino cha European Court of Human Rights nchakuti akuluakulu a boma la Greece aleke kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa lamulo loletsa kutembenuza anthu. Tikhulupirira kuti Greece adzachita mogwirizana ndi chilangizo cha bwalo lamilandu chimenechi ndi kuleka kuzunza kwake Mboni za Yehova.

Mboni za Yehova sizimafuna kupereka njira zosinthira zinthu m’chitaganya kapena za kukonzanso dongosolo la malamulo. Nkhaŵa yawo yaikulu ili pakulalikira mbiri yabwino ya Ufumu wa Mulungu momvera lamulo la Yesu Kristu. Komabe, kuti zichite zimenezi zimasangalala ‘kutetezera ndi kutsimikizira moyenera mbiri yabwino,’ monga momwe anachitira Paulo m’zaka za zana loyamba.​—Afilipi 1:7.

Mboni za Yehova zili nzika zomvera lamulo m’maiko onse kumene zimakhala. Komabe, koposa zonse, zimaumirizika kumvera lamulo la Mulungu monga momwe lalembedwera m’Baibulo Lopatulika. Chifukwa chake, ngati lamulo la dziko lina lililonse liziletsa kuuza ena za zikhulupiriro zawo, zimaumirizika kutenga kaimidwe ka atumwi zikumati: “Tiyenera kumvera Mulungu koposa anthu.”​—Machitidwe 5:29.

[Bokosi patsamba 28]

CHIZUNZO CHINANSO CHOSONKHEZEREDWA NDI ATSOGOLERI ACHIPEMBEDZO

Zoyesayesa za atsogoleri achipembedzo ku Greece za ‘kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo kuputira mavuto’ zakhala zikuchitika kwa zaka makumi ambiri. (Salmo 94:20) Vuto lina lochitika pachisumbu cha Crete linathetsedwa posachedwapa. Kalelo mu 1987 bishopu wa kumaloko ndi ansembe 13 ananeneza Mboni zisanu ndi zinayi za kutembenuza anthu. Potsirizira pake, pa January 24, 1992, mlandu wawo unaloŵa m’bwalo lamilandu kuti uzengedwe.

Bwalo lamilandulo linadzadza thothotho. Panali ansembe pafupifupi 35 oti achilikize zinenezo za mlanduwo. Komabe, malo ambiri okhala anali atatengedwa kale ndi Mboni zimene zinadza kudzachilikiza abale awo. Ngakhale pamene kuzenga mlanduko kunali kusanayambe, loya wa onenezedwawo anasonyeza zolakwa zazikulu zimene zinapangidwa ndi wozenga mlanduyo.

Chimene chinachitika nchakuti amene analoŵetsedwa m’kuzenga mlanduwo anachoka kuti akakambitsirane mtseri. Pambuyo pamaola aŵiri ndi theka a kukambitsirana, Mkulu wa Bwalo Lamilandu analengeza kuti loya wa oimbidwa mlanduwo anali wolondola. Motero zinenezo pa Mboni zisanu ndi zinayizo zinachotsedwa! Iye anagamula kuti kufufuza kunafunikira kuyambiranso kuti patsimikiziridwe ngati onenezedwawo analidi ndi liŵongo la kutembenuza anthu.

Chilengezocho chitangoperekedwa, m’bwalo la milandumo munabuka phokoso. Ansembewo anayamba kuopseza ndi kutukwana mofuula. Wansembe wina anaukira loya wa Mboni za Yehova ndi mtanda akumayesa kumchititsa kuulambira. Apolisi anachita kuloŵererapo, ndipo potsirizira Mbonizo zinali zokhoza kuchoka pamalopo mumkhalidwe wabata.

Mlanduwo utachotsedwa, woimba mlandu wa boma analinganiza chinenezo chatsopano pa Mboni zisanu ndi zinayizo. Mlanduwo unalinganizidwa kudzazengedwa pa April 30, 1993, patatsala masabata atatu okha kuti European Court of Human Rights ipereke chigamulo chake pamlandu wa Kokkinakis. Kachiŵirinso panali ansembe ambiri amene anadza kudzamvetsera.

Maloya a oimbidwa mlandu asanu ndi anayi ananena kuti m’bwalo lamilandulo munalibe oimba mlandu Mbonizo. Pothamangira kulinganiza chinenezo chatsopanochi, woimba mlandu wa bomayo anachita cholakwa chachikulu cha kusatumizira oimba mlandu zisamani. Chotero maloya a Mbonizo anapempha bwalo lamilandu kuti lichotse mlanduwo pamaziko a cholakwa chachikulu chimenechi.

Monga chotulukapo chake, oweruza anachoka m’bwalo lamilandulo kuti akafunsane kwa pafupifupi ola lathunthu. Atabwerera, Mkulu wa Bwalo Lamilandu, atazyolika mutu, analengeza Mboni zisanu ndi zinayizo kukhala zopanda mlandu wa zinenezozo.

Mboni m’Greece zili zoyamikira ndi zotulukapo za mlandu umenewu, ndiponso kugamulidwa kwa mlandu wa Kokkinakis kochitidwa ndi European Court of Human Rights pa May 25 chaka chino. Mapemphero awo ngakuti monga chotulukapo cha zipambano zimenezi m’nkhani za lamulo, adzakhala okhoza kupitirizabe kukhala ndi miyoyo yawo Yachikristu ‘modekha, mofatsa, limodzi ndi kudzipereka konse kwaumulungu ndi khama.’​—1 Timoteo 2:1, 2.

[Chithunzi patsamba 31]

A Minos Kokkinakis ndi akazi ŵawo