Peace Bilong Westphalia—Wanfala Important Change Long Europe
“WEI wea staka bigman bilong gavman from olketa kantri long Europe hipap tugeta hia tuday hem wanfala spesol samting wea no happen planti taem.” Hem nao samting wea Roman Herzog president bilong Federal Republic of Germany bifor, hem talem long October 1998. Insaed audience wea hem talem datwan long olketa hem fofala king, fofala queen, tufala prince, wanfala grand duke, and samfala president. Datfala hipap, wea Council of Europe sponsarem, hem barava important insaed datfala 50-year history bilong Germany distaem. Why nao olketa hipap?
October 1998 hem mek-350 anniversary bilong Peace Treaty of Westphalia. Planti taem olketa important disison insaed olketa peace agreement barava affectim history and saed long diswan, datfala Treaty of Westphalia hem spesol. Wei wea olketa saenem datfala agreement long 1648 hem endim datfala Thirty Years’ War and hem markem start bilong Europe distaem olsem wanfala land wea garem planti kantri insaed wea rulim olketa seleva.
Wanfala Old Wei Lusim Strong Bilong Hem
Long Midol Ages, Roman Catholic Church and Holy Roman Empire nao olketa organization long Europe wea garem moa paoa winim eni narawan. Datfala empire garem planti handred area bilong land wea size bilong olketa difren and kavarem area wea distaem hem Austria, Czech Republic, east part bilong France, Germany, Switzerland, olketa kantri saedsea midolwan long France and Germany, and samfala part bilong Italy. From big haf bilong datfala empire hem olketa area bilong land long Germany, gogo olketa kolem datfala empire Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. Each area bilong land hia garem prince wea ruler long hem. Emperor hem wanfala Roman Catholic bilong Habsburg famili from Austria. So, from paoa hem stap long hand bilong Pope and datfala empire, Roman Catholic Church barava garem paoa ovarem Europe.
Bat, long mek-16 and mek-17 century, datfala wei for rul wea stap for longfala taem hem lusim paoa bilong hem. Evriwea long Europe pipol no satisfae witim wei wea Roman Catholic Church hem ova tumas long staka samting. Olketa man wea mekem samfala change long religion olsem Martin Luther and John Calvin storyim hao pipol mas go bak long olketa standard insaed Bible. Planti pipol saportim Luther and Calvin, and diswan mekem datfala Reformation and olketa Protestant religion kamap. Datfala Reformation divaedem datfala empire long thrifala religion—Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist.
Olketa Catholic no trustim olketa Protestant, and olketa Protestant lukdaonem olketa Catholic. Diswan lead go long wei wea olketa startim datfala Protestant Union and datfala Catholic League long start bilong mek-17 century. Samfala prince bilong datfala empire joinim datfala Union, olketa narawan joinim League. Long Europe—and especially insaed datfala empire—no eniwan trustim eniwan, and eni smol samting nomoa savve mekem big problem kamap. Taem datwan happen, hem start bilong wanfala war wea go ahed for 30 year.
Smol Samting wea Mekem Bigfala Problem Long Europe
Olketa Protestant ruler trae for mekem olketa Catholic Habsburg for letem olketa garem moa freedom saed long worship. Olketa letem samfala samting bat no long willing wei, and long 1617-18, olketa force for satem tufala Lutheran church long Bohemia (Czech Republic). Diswan mekem olketa Protestant ruler feel nogud, so olketa go long wanfala palace long Prague, kasholem thrifala bigman bilong Catholic, and torowem olketa aotsaed thru long wanfala window from antap. Diswan nao startim big problem long Europe.
Nomata olketa sei olketa followim Prince Bilong Peace, Jesus Christ, olketa member bilong olketa difren religion hia start for barava faet againstim each other. (Isaiah 9:6) Long Battle of White Mountain, datfala Union hem no wei nao, wea mekem datfala League hem barava win againstim olketa wea finisim datfala Union. Olketa killim dae samfala Protestant bigman long marketples long Prague. Evriwea long Bohemia, olketa Catholic tekem and sharem midolwan olketa seleva property bilong olketa Protestant wea no willing for rejectim religion bilong olketa. Datfala buk 1648—Krieg und Frieden in Europa (1648—War and Peace in Europe) storyim disfala wei for tekem property olsem “wanfala big change long central Europe saed long hu nao ownim property.”
Datfala faet midolwan long tufala religion long Bohemia hem grow, gogo, hem kamap wanfala big stragol for kasem paoa ovarem staka kantri. Insaed next 30 year, Denmark, France, Netherlands, Spain, and Sweden join insaed disfala war. From olketa greedy and laekem paoa, olketa Catholic and Protestant ruler faet againstim each other for kasem hae position saed long politik and for kasem riches. Datfala Thirty Years’ War hem divaed long olketa difren part and each part hem nem followim olketa main enemy bilong emperor. Samfala reference buk divaedem long fofala part olsem: Bohemian and Palatine War, Danish-Lower Saxony War, Swedish War, and French-Swedish War. Planti faet kamap long olketa ples wea Holy Roman Empire rul ovarem.
Long datfala taem olketa garem olketa hand gun, musket, mortar, and cannon for faet, and Sweden nao main kantri wea provaedem evri samting hia. Olketa Catholic and Protestant barava faet againstim each other. Taem olketa Catholic soldia go for faet, olketa singaot “Santa Maria” and olketa Protestant soldia singaot “God stap witim iumi.” Olketa soldia stealim evri samting taem olketa akrosim Germany and olketa deal witim olketa enemy and pipol wea no insaed army olsem olketa animal. Datfala war hem kamap raf fogud. Diswan barava difren tumas from datfala Bible profesi wea sei: “Olketa bae no iusim sword, nation againstim nation, and bae olketa no lanem war moa”!—Micah 4:3.
Wanfala full genereson bilong pipol long Germany growap kam long taem bilong war nomoa, and full population taed for lukim datwan and olketa barava wantem peace. Sapos olketa ruler agree saed long politik, peace savve kamap. Politik tekova taem war hem change and kamap raoa saed long politik and no religion. Wanfala man wea sapotim disfala change hem wanfala bigman bilong Catholic Church wea garem hae position.
Cardinal Richelieu Iusim Paoa Bilong Hem
Title bilong Armand-Jean du Plessis hem Cardinal de Richelieu. Hem prime minister bilong France tu from 1624 go kasem 1642. Goal bilong Richelieu hem for mekem France kamap main paoa long Europe. For kasem datfala goal hem trae for aotem paoa from olketa nara Catholic, hem nao olketa Habsburg. Hao nao hem duim diswan? Hem givim selen for olketa Protestant army long Germany, Denmark, Netherlands, and Sweden, evriwan wea faet againstim olketa Habsburg.
Long 1635, hem firstaem wea Richelieu sendem army bilong France long datfala Thirty Years’ War. Datfala buk vivat pax—Es lebe der Friede! (Long Live the Peace!) explainim hao last part bilong “datfala Thirty Years’ War hem no wanfala faet midolwan long olketa difren religion. . . . Datfala war hem kamap faet for kasem paoa saed long politik long Europe.” War wea long start hem midolwan olketa Catholic and Protestant hem change for kamap war wea olketa Catholic join tugeta witim olketa Protestant for faet againstim olketa nara Catholic. Datfala Catholic League, wea hem wik finis long start bilong 1630, hem finis evribit long 1635.
Peace Meeting Long Westphalia
Wei for spoelem evri samting, killim dae pipol, rape, and sik hem barava kamap big tumas evriwea long Europe. Gogo, wei for wantem peace hem kamap moa strong taem pipol luksavve no eniwan bae win long disfala war. Datfala buk vivat pax—Es lebe der Friede! talem hao “gogo for end bilong olketa year bilong 1630, olketa prince wea rul luksavve disfala war bae no helpem olketa kasem goal bilong olketa.” Bat sapos evriwan wantem peace, hao nao bae olketa kasem datwan?
Emperor Ferdinand III bilong datfala Holy Roman Empire, King Louis XIII bilong France, and Queen Christina bilong Sweden agree hao wanfala meeting mas kamap wea evriwan wea join insaed datfala war mas hipap tugeta and storyim hao for kasem peace. Olketa chusim tufala taon bilong Osnabrück and Münster wea stap long Westphalia province long Germany for olketa meeting hia. Olketa chusim tufala taon hia bikos olketa stap hafwe from kapitol bilong Sweden and kapitol bilong France. Start long 1643, samting olsem 150 difren grup—witim samfala big team for givim advaes—arrive long tufala taon hia. Olketa Catholic long Münster, olketa Protestant long Osnabrück.
Firstaem, olketa disaedem olketa samting olsem title and position bilong pipol wea stand for olketa difren saed, wea nao evriwan mas sidaon, and wei for duim samting. Then olketa peace tok start, witim wei wea wansaed talem idea bilong olketa long narasaed thru long olketa midol man. Bihaen klosap faevfala year—nomata datfala war go ahed—olketa agree long wei for kasem peace. Datfala Treaty of Westphalia hem no wanfala pepa nomoa. Olketa saenem wanfala agreement midolwan long Emperor Ferdinand III and Sweden long Osnabrück, and narawan midolwan long emperor and France long Münster.
Taem pipol here abaotem datfala agreement, olketa start for celebrate. Long planti taon olketa firecracker mekem skae braet. Olketa church bell krae, pipol sutim olketa cannon and singsing followim road. Waswe, Europe fit for expectim peace for olowe nao?
Waswe, Peace for Olowe Savve Kamap?
Datfala Treaty of Westphalia luksavve datfala principle bilong sovereign rul. Diswan minim evriwan insaed datfala agreement agree for respectim right bilong narawan saed long area wea olketa rul ovarem and for no poke nose long wei wea olketa rul. Datwan nao start bilong Europe distaem olsem wanfala continent wea garem olketa difren kantri insaed wea rulim olketa seleva. Samfala long olketa kantri hia kasem moa samting from datfala agreement winim olketa narawan.
France hem kamap wanfala main paoa, and Netherlands and Switzerland kasem independence. Bat datfala agreement no helpem olketa area long Germany wea olketa prince rulim, wea war spoelem finis staka long olketa. Long samfala wei olketa nara kantri nao disaedem future for Germany. The New Encyclopædia Britannica hem sei: “Olketa main paoa nao olsem France, Sweden, and Austria disaedem samting followim wanem hem fitim olketa seleva, nomata hem helpem or spoelem olketa prince long Germany.” Winim wei for join tugeta and wan mind olsem wanfala nation, olketa difren area long Germany divaed olobaot olsem bifor. And tu, samfala part bilong Germany olketa markem samfala ruler from nara ples for kontrolem, olsem samfala part bilong olketa main river bilong Germany—Rhine, Elbe, and Oder.
Law hem luksavve long olketa Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist religion. No evriwan hapi long diswan. Pope Innocent X hem barava againstim datfala agreement, and hem sei datwan no garem eni paoa. Nomata olsem, olketa spialaen saed long olketa religion hia stap and no change tumas for next thri handred year. Nomata olketa man wanwan no garem freedom bilong religion long datfala taem, olketa klosap kasem datwan winim enitaem bifor.
Datfala agreement hem finisim datfala Thirty Years’ War, and long semtaem fasin for enemy hem klosap finis tu. Datwan nao last bigfala war saed long religion long Europe. Olketa war go ahed, bat main samting wea kosim olketa hem politik and bisnis and no religion. Diswan no minim religion stap klia long olketa war long Europe. Long World War I and II, olketa German soldia garem raeting long belt buckle bilong olketa wea talem sem samting wea olketa bin singaotem bifor: “God Stap Witim Iumi.” Olsem olketa bin duim bifor, long tufala barava nogud war hia, olketa Catholic and Protestant long wansaed faet againstim olketa Catholic and Protestant long narasaed.
Hem klia hao datfala Treaty of Westphalia no mekem peace kamap for olowe. Bat, klosap nao, olketa man wea obey bae kasem datkaen peace. Thru long Messiah Kingdom bilong Son bilong hem, Jesus Christ, Jehovah God bae bringim peace for olowe for olketa man. Anda long datfala gavman, tru religion bae mekem pipol garem wan mind, no divaed. No eniwan bae insaed war saed long religion or eni nara samting. Bae hem gud tumas taem datfala Kingdom hem kontrolem evribit disfala earth and “peace bae no savve finis”!—Isaiah 9:6, 7.
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War wea long start hem midolwan olketa Catholic and Protestant hem change for kamap war wea olketa Catholic join tugeta witim olketa Protestant for faet againstim olketa nara Catholic
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Taem olketa soldia go long datfala war olketa singaot “Santa Maria” or “God stap witim iumi”
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Cardinal Richelieu
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Piksa from mek-sixtin century wea showimaot stragol midolwan long Luther, Calvin, and pope
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From the book Spamers Illustrierte Weltgeschichte VI
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Olketa bigman bilong religion stragol: From the book Wider die Pfaffenherrschaft; map: The Complete Encyclopedia of Illustration/J. G. Heck