Datfala Idea Kasem Jew Religion, Kristendom, and Islam
“Religion hem wanfala way for mekem pipol acceptim way wea wanday olketa mas dae, maet withim promis for wanfala laef wea moabeta bihaen long grave, or way for born moa, or tufala evriwan.”—GERHARD HERM, MAN BILONG GERMANY FOR RAETEM BUK.
1. Planti religion iusim wanem main belief for supportim promis for laef bihaen long dae?
TAEM olketa promisim laef bihaen dae, klosap evri religion depend long belief hao man garem wanfala soul wea kanduit dae and taem man dae soul go long narafala ples or long narafala body. Olsem sekson bifor diswan showimaot, way for believim man kanduit dae hem nao main part bilong olketa religion long East from taem wea olketa start. But waswe long Jew religion, Kristendom, and Islam? Hao nao disfala teaching hem kamap main samting long olketa religion hia?
Jew Religion Tekem Olketa Greek Idea
2, 3. Olsem Encyclopaedia Judaica hem talem, waswe, olketa holy Hebrew raeting teachim soul kanduit dae?
2 Start bilong Jew religion hem go back samting olsem 4,000 year long taem bilong Abraham. Olketa start for raetem olketa holy Hebrew raeting long mek-16 century B.C.E. and olketa finisim taem Socrates and Plato startim idea bilong soul wea kanduit dae. Waswe, olketa Scripture hia teachim soul kanduit dae?
3 Encyclopaedia Judaica ansa olsem: “Only bihaen long taem bilong Bible kliafala belief abaotem soul wea kanduit dae hem start . . . and kamap wanfala faondeson bilong Jew and Kristian religion.” Hem say tu: “Long taem bilong Bible olketa tingim man olsem wanfala. And soul hem no different samting from body.” Olketa firstfala Jew believim pipol wea dae finis bae resurrect, and diswan “hem different from belief long . . . soul wea kanduit dae,” hem nao samting wea datfala encyclopedia hem talem.
4-6. Hao nao teaching bilong soul wea kanduit dae kamap “wanfala faondeson” bilong Jew religion?
4 So, hao nao datfala teaching kamap “wanfala faondeson” bilong Jew religion? History nao givim ansa. Long 332 B.C.E., Alexander the Great hem kwiktaem tekova long bigfala part bilong Middle East. Taem hem kasem Jerusalem, olketa Jew barava welkamim hem. Flavius Josephus, wanfala Jew wea raetem history long first century say olketa showim hem profesi from buk bilong Daniel, wea hem raetem 200 year bifor, wea barava storyim klia olketa way for win bilong Alexander olsem “king bilong Greece.” (Daniel 8:5-8, 21) Olketa wea rul bihaen Alexander go ahed withim plan bilong hem for mekem Greece kasem evriwea, and fulimap evri part bilong datfala kingdom withim Greek langwis, kastom, and idea. Way for joinim tufala kastom—Greek and Jew—hem kanduit miss nao.
5 Long start bilong mek-three century B.C.E., firstfala transleson bilong olketa Hebrew Scripture go long Greek langwis, wea olketa kolem Septuagint, hem start. Thru long datwan planti Gentile start for respectim and savvy long Jew religion, and samfala change go long hem tu. Long narafala saed, olketa Jew kasem savvy abaotem tingting bilong olketa Greek, and samfala start for followim Greek tingting, samting wea olketa nating duim bifor. Philo bilong Alexandria, long first century C.E., hem wanfala Jew wea duim olsem.
6 Philo hem barava tinghae long Plato and trae for teachim Jew religion followim olketa Greek idea. “Taem hem joinim tugeta teaching bilong Plato and tingting bilong Bible,” wanfala buk Heaven—A History hem talem, “Philo openem way for olketa Kristian [and tu olketa Jew] savvyman wea kam bihaen.” But wanem nao Philo believim abaotem soul? Datfala buk go ahed for say: “For hem, dae mekem soul kamap semsem olsem bifor hem born. From soul kam from spiritual world, laef insaed body kamap wanfala shortfala, and maet nogud taem nomoa.” Narafala Jew savvyman wea believim soul kanduit dae nao Isaac Israeli, wanfala Jew doctor long mek-ten century, and Moses Mendelssohn, wanfala German-Jew savvyman bilong mek-18 century.
7, 8. (a) Hao nao Talmud storyim soul? (b) Bihaen, wanem nao kastom raeting bilong olketa Jew talem abaotem soul?
7 Wanfala buk wea barava affectim tu tingting and laef bilong olketa Jew hem Talmud—olketa main point wea olketa raetem abaotem law wea olketa rabbi talem, and olketa toktok wea meanim datfala law, wea olketa rabbi from mek-tu century C.E. hipimap go kasem Middle Ages. “Olketa rabbi bilong Talmud,” Encyclopaedia Judaica talem “believim soul hem go ahed for laef bihaen man dae.” Talmud story tu abaotem way wea olketa wea dae finis story withim olketa wea laef yet. “Maet from tingting bilong Plato hem affectim olketa,” Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics say “[olketa rabbi] believim olketa soul garem laef bifor.”
8 Cabala, wea hem kastom raeting bilong olketa Jew wea kamap bihaen teachim reincarnation tu. Taem hem story abaotem disfala belief, The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia say: “Luk olsem datfala idea hem start kam long India. . . . Insaed long Kabbalah hem kamap firstaem long buk Bahir, and then, from taem bilong Zohar, olketa man bilong spiritism acceptim, and hem garem important part bilong Hasid belief and raeting.” Long Israel distaem, reincarnation hem wanfala Jew teaching wea planti pipol acceptim.
9. Wanem nao tingting bilong planti grup bilong Jew religion distaem abaotem soul wea kanduit dae?
9 So, idea bilong soul wea kanduit dae hem go insaed long Jew religion thru long olketa Greek idea, and distaem planti grup bilong Jew acceptim datfala idea. Hao nao disfala teaching hem go insaed long Kristendom?
Kristendom Followim Tingting Bilong Plato
10. Wanem nao wanfala savvyman bilong Spain hem talem abaotem belief bilong Jesus abaotem soul wea kanduit dae?
10 Trufala Kristian Way hem start withim Jesus Kraest. Miguel de Unamuno, wanfala savvyman bilong Spain long mek-20 century, raet olsem abaotem Jesus: “Hem believe long resurrection bilong body, olsem way bilong olketa Jew, no long way wea soul kanduit dae, olsem way bilong olketa [Greek] wea followim Plato. . . . Olketa pruf bilong diswan hem showaot long olketa honest buk.” Hem say: “Soul wea kanduit dae . . . hem wanfala teaching bilong olketa heathen.”
11. Wanem taem nao olketa Greek idea start for go insaed long Kristian Way?
11 Wanem taem and hao nao disfala “teaching bilong olketa heathen” hem go insaed long Kristian Way? New Encyclopædia Britannica say: “From midol bilong mek-tu century AD olketa Kristian wea kasem training long olketa Greek idea start for feelim need for talemaot faith bilong olketa fitim olketa idea hia, for mekem mind bilong olketa satisfy and tu for changim olketa heathen wea kasem education. Idea wea barava fitim olketa hem bilong Plato.”
12-14. Wanem part nao Origen and Augustine garem long way for joinim idea bilong Plato withim Kristian Way?
12 Tufala savvyman olsem barava affectim olketa teaching bilong Kristendom. Wanfala hem Origen bilong Alexandria (c. 185-254 C.E.), and narawan, Augustine bilong Hippo (354-430 C.E.). New Catholic Encyclopedia say olsem abaotem tufala: “Only withim Origen long East and St. Augustine long West nao olketa strongim way wea soul hem wanfala really spiritual samting and start for mekem idea abaotem wanem nao diswan.” Long wanem faondeson nao Origen and Augustine startim idea bilong tufala abaotem soul?
13 Origen hem student bilong Clement bilong Alexandria, wea New Catholic Encyclopedia say hem “first wan long olketa Father wea no shame for tekem Greek idea abaotem soul.” Olketa idea bilong Plato abaotem soul maet affectim Origen long bigfala way. “[Origen] putim insaed long Kristian teaching evri idea abaotem soul, wea hem tekem from Plato,” savvyman bilong religion Werner Jaeger talem insaed The Harvard Theological Review.
14 Samfala long Kristendom ting long Augustine olsem nambawan man for tingting from bifor kam. Bifor hem change go long “Kristian Way” taem hem 33 year, Augustine barava interest for studyim olketa idea and hem kamap wanfala Neoplatonist.a Taem hem kamap Kristian, hem still garem Neoplatonic tingting. “Mind bilong hem nao main samting wea mekem religion bilong Niu Testament hem mix evribit withim tingting bilong Plato wea followim olketa Greek idea,” The New Encyclopædia Britannica hem talem. New Catholic Encyclopedia hem say “teaching bilong Augustine [abaotem soul], wea planti long West followim go kasem end bilong mek-12 century, hem followim . . . Neoplatonism long bigfala way.”
15, 16. Waswe, way for interest long olketa teaching bilong Aristotle long mek-13 century hem changim teaching bilong church abaotem soul wea kanduit dae?
15 Long mek-13 century, olketa teaching bilong Aristotle start for kamap big long Europe, diswan hem bikos olketa buk wea olketa Arab savvyman raetem abaotem tingting bilong Aristotle kamap long Latin langwis. Wanfala Catholic savvyman wea nem bilong hem Thomas Aquinas hem barava tinghae long tingting bilong Aristotle. From olketa raeting bilong Aquinas, tingting bilong Aristotle hem barava affectim teaching bilong church winim tingting bilong Plato. But, diswan no changim teaching abaotem soul wea kanduit dae.
16 Aristotle teachim hao soul hem join evribit withim body and hem no go ahed for laef seleva bihaen long dae, and sapos eni samting insaed long man savvy stap olowe, hem wankaen tingting wea no join withim laef. Disfala tingting abaotem soul hem no fitim belief bilong church abaotem olketa soul wea laef bihaen long dae. Dastawe, Aquinas changim teaching bilong Aristotle abaotem soul, and say man savvy pruvim way wea soul kanduit dae. There nao, belief bilong church long soul wea kanduit dae hem stap strong.
17, 18. (a) Waswe, Reformation long mek-16 century changim teaching abaotem soul? (b) Wanem nao tingting bilong planti church bilong Kristendom abaotem soul wea kanduit dae?
17 Long mek-14 and mek-15 century, way for interest long Plato hem kamap moa. Medici famili wea garem big nem long Italy hem help for startim tu wanfala skul bilong Plato long Florence for encouragim way for studyim olketa idea bilong Plato. Long mek-16 and mek-17 century, interest long Aristotle hem go daon. And Reformation bilong mek-16 century no changim teaching abaotem soul. Nomata olketa Protestant wea insaed disfala Reformation olketa againstim teaching bilong purgatory, olketa acceptim idea bilong panis or reward bilong olowe.
18 Dastawe teaching bilong soul wea kanduit dae hem stap long planti church bilong Kristendom. Taem hem story abaotem diswan, wanfala savvyman from America raet olsem: “For planti pipol, religion meanim way for kanduit dae, and no eni samting moa. God nao man wea givim way for kanduit dae.”
Way for Kanduit Dae and Islam Religion
19. Wanem taem nao Islam religion hem start, and hu nao startim?
19 Islam religion start taem Muḥammad kasem wanfala saen for kamap wanfala profet taem hem 40 year. Olketa Muslim believim hem kasem olketa vision for samting olsem 20 go kasem 23 year from 610 C.E. go kasem taem hem dae long 632 C.E. Hem raetem olketa samting hia wea hem lukim insaed long Koran, holy buk bilong olketa Muslim. Taem Islam hem start, Jew religion and Kristendom mix finis withim teaching bilong Plato abaotem soul.
20, 21. Wanem nao olketa Muslim believim abaotem laef bihaen dae?
20 Olketa Muslim believim religion bilong olketa hem fulfillim olketa vision wea olketa faithful Hebrew and Kristian bifor kasem. Koran hem story abaotem olketa Hebrew and Greek Scripture. But long teaching abaotem soul wea kanduit dae, Koran hem talem different samting from olketa raeting hia. Koran teachim man garem soul wea go ahed for laef bihaen long dae. Hem story tu abaotem resurrection bilong olketa wea dae finis, wanfala judgment day, and lastfala judgment bilong soul—maet laef long wanfala paradaes gaden long heven or panis insaed wanfala hell wea burn.
21 Olketa Muslim believim soul bilong man wea dae finis hem go long Barzakh, or “Midol ples,” “ples or taem wea pipol bae stap bihaen long dae and bifor long Judgment.” (Surah 23:99, 100, The Holy Qur-an, footnote) Long there, soul hem savvy long samting, hem kasem samting wea olketa kolem “Panis bilong Grave” sapos datfala man hem badfala or bae enjoyim hapi living sapos hem faithful. But olketa faithful wan mas kasem tu samfala pain bikos long fewfala sin wea olketa duim taem olketa laef yet. Long judgment day, each wan bae kasem future bilong hem for olowe, mekem taem long midol ples hem finis nao.
22. Wanem different idea abaotem soul nao samfala Arab savvyman talemaot?
22 Idea bilong soul wea kanduit dae hem kamap long Jew religion and Kristendom from tingting bilong Plato, but datfala idea hem insaed long Islam from taem wea hem start. But diswan no meanim olketa Arab savvyman no trae for joinim olketa teaching bilong Islam withim olketa Greek idea. Tru nao, raeting bilong Aristotle hem barava affectim olketa Arab. And olketa Arab savvyman, olsem Avicenna and Averroës, talem and build moa long tingting bilong Aristotle. But, taem olketa trae for joinim Greek tingting withim teaching bilong olketa Muslim abaotem soul, olketa kasem different idea. For example, Avicenna say soul bilong man hem kanduit dae. But, Averroës, argue againstim datfala idea. Nomata olketa garem tingting olsem, olketa Muslim go ahed for believim soul hem kanduit dae.
23. Wanem nao tingting bilong Jew religion, Kristendom, and Islam abaotem soul wea kanduit dae?
23 So, hem klia tumas, Jew religion, Kristendom, and Islam evriwan teachim soul wea kanduit dae.
[Footnote]
a Man wea followim Neoplatonism, wanfala niu tingting long idea bilong Plato wea Plotinus startim long Rome long mek-three century.
[Piksa long page 14]
Taem Alexander the Great hem tekova, diswan lead go for joinim kastom bilong Greek withim kastom bilong Jew
[Piksa long page 15]
Origen, on top, and Augustine trae for joinim idea bilong Plato withim Bible
[Piksa long page 16]
Avicenna, on top, say soul bilong man kanduit dae. Averroës argue againstim datfala idea