Chitongijok Chandamidin Marelijon ma Kwingangel
“Chisu chawonsu natonganga anch mupim wakad kufang wadinga uyakin wa mangand mawonsu witiyangay muntu mwawonsu. Chawiy lel nashimoka chakin pa kwijik anch amwing a Kwingangel ni Kurand akat kutadikij nich mushiku chitiyij chinech. Katat niyipwil amwinam mutapu difundish dia ukad-kufang dieza kwandam mu yitongijok ya Ahindu.”—MWIN KWILEJ WA UNIVERSITE WAKUDILA MU UHINDU.
MUTAPU ik weza kwandam chitongijok cha kwel anch muntu ukwet mupim wakad kufang mu Uhindu ni marelijon makwau ma Kwingangel? Chipul chitadil ap awiy adia Kurand akutwisha kwikal akad kwiyijidish nich marelijon minam, mulong chitiyij chinech chasidin yitongijok ya kurutu ya muntu mwawonsu. Mulong difundish dia ukad-kufang wa muntu didi diyangedilau mu marelijon mavud nlel, kwijikang mutapu wakula chitongijok chinech kukutwish chakin kulet nteshil muwamp ni chovu.
2 Ninian Smart, mulej wa malejan ma chirelijon ku Universite wa Lancaster mu Ingland, ulondil anch: “Chibeng chijim cha dipwichik dia chirelijon mu Asia yidi ngand ya Inde. Chinech chidap kusu anch Inde yidi ndond yasambishina yitiyij kanang—Uhindu, win Buddha, win Jain, win Sikh, ni yikwau yikwau—pakwez mulong umwing wa marelijon minam, win Buddha, wakarumuna nakash yaku piswimp kamu ya Kwingangel kwawonsu kwa Asia.” Ngang-a-mikand Muhindu Nikhilananda ulondil anch yaku yivud yakarumunau mwi njil yiney “yichimening Inde mud kwol kwau kwa muspiritu.” Chawiy lel, difundish dia ukad-kufang diashika nchik mu Inde ni mu mitambu yikwau ya Asia?
Difundish dia Ditunduril dia Uhindu
3 Mu mivu chitot ya musamban K.C.C., Pithagor ni in kumulondul end mu Gres pachidijangau chitongijok cha dikarumukin dia mupim ku mwom ukwau, Ahindu in manangu adinga ku chikum cha mawit Indus ni Ganges mu Inde akulishanga chitongijok cha chilik chimwing. Ngang-a-yishimu Arnold Toynbee ulondil anch kumekan kwa chitiyij chinech pa chisu chimwing “mwi ngand ya Agrek ni mu Inde kwelengap kwikaliku kwa kukashimun.” Toynbee uwejidiniku anch, “Musul umwing utwishikina [wa dipwichik], chidi chisak cha atambangand Akamputu-Akasia, inang mu mivu chitot ya 8 ni ya 7 K.C.C., asurikina mu Inde, ku Asia wa Kwingangel ni Kurand, mwi mpat kulondwil kwiyand kwa chikum cha Karung Mujal, ni masang ma Balkan ni Anatol.” Chidi patok anch tubil twa atambangand Akamputu-Akasia eza mu Inde nich chitongijok cha dikarumukin dia mupim ku mwom ukwau.
4 Uhindu wasambishina kamu pakuru nakash mu Inde, nich kushik kwa in Arya piswimp mu 1500 K.C.C. Kudiosh kamu kwisambishil, Uhindu walama fe-e chitiyij chakwel anch mupim wadinga ushalijadina ni mujimbu, anch ukat kupandang ku rufu. Chawiy lel, Ahindu ifukwilanga angak ni ichilanga yakudia mulong wa mipim ya afu awu kuyidia. Mu kusut kwa mivu mu Inde pashika difundish dia dikarumukin dia mupim ku mwom ukwau, chafanyidina kamu kusangarish Ahindu in manangu alamatinanga da mulong wa mangand mawonsu wa tuyimp ni mar pakach pa antu. Kusangang difundish dined nich yatazukangau anch chijil cha Karma, chijil cha mulong ni chibudikin, Ahindu in manangu akulisha chitongijok cha ditunduril kukutambwilay muntu masamun ap chibau mu mwom ukwambakenap.
5 Pakwez kwadinga chitongijok chikwau chadinga ni usu piur pa difundish dia Uhindu dia mupim. Buku Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics ulondil anch: “Chimeken kwikal chakin anch pasak pasambishau chitongijok cha dikarumukin dia mupim ku mwom ukwau ni karma, ap kand pasak-sak, kwadinga chitongijok chikwau . . . chakula pakemp pakemp pakach pa angang-a-mikand (in manangu) mu Kwiyand kwa Inde—chitongijok cha chifilozof cha Brahman-Ātman [Brahman upandikena ni wa chikupu, udingaku wa nsudel].” Chitongijok chinech chadinga chisanginau pamwing ni chitongijok cha ditunduril chakwel kurumburil rutong ra Ahindu—dikasuril kudiok kwi njil ya dikarumukin dia mupim ku mwom ukwau chakwel kwikal mu uumwing ni udingaku wa nsudel. Chitiyij chinech cha Ahindu, achiwanyishin kusutin kusal usu wa kwikal ni yaku yiwamp ya ukamuntu ni ronganyin ra pakampwil ra Chihindu.
6 Amakundj Ahindu in manangu atenchika chitongijok cha dikarumukin dia mupim ku mwom ukwau ni kuchandjik mu difundish dia ditunduril kusutil disankej nich chijil cha karma pamwing ni chitongijok cha Brahman. Octavio Paz, nsengay (poète) mwin kuwinil Prix Nobel ni Muruu wa pasak wa Mexique mu Inde, ufundil anch: “Mu chilik chapalangena Uhindu kwawonsu, mwamu kamu mwapalangana chitongijok . . . chishindamedin ap win Brahman, win Buddha, ni marelijon makwau ma mu Asia: kusutin mu mujimbu ukwau kwa mupim ku rufu, dikarumukin dia mupim ku mwom ukwau kusutin kuvadiok.”
7 Difundish dia ditunduril didi dinguj dijim dia Uhindu wa katat. Filozof Muhindu Nikhilananda ulondil anch: “Kushiken ukad-kufang didap dilau dikutwishau kwitapil antu akemp kusu atondinau, pakwez udi uswan wa muntu mwawonsu, chidi chitiyik cha Muhindu mwin kwipan mwawonsu.”
Njil ya Kuvadiok mu win Buddha
8 Win Buddha wasambisha piswimp mu 500 K.C.C. Kulondulijan ni chinshakuru cha win Buddha, mwan a mwant mwin Inde upidilau anch Sidarta Gautama, weza kwijikan mud Buddha kwinyim kwa kutambul yimunyik, ndiy wasambisha win Buddha. Ap anch udiokil ku Uhindu, mafundish mau mafanijadin mu mitapu kanang ni ma Uhindu. Kulondulijan ni win Buddha, kwikaliku yidi njil yakad kusul ya kuvadiok ni kufa tupamp tuvud, ni mud mu Uhindu, mutapu udiay muntu ni muntu katatak wambaten nakash ni yisalijok yadingay nich mu mwom wend wa pasak.
9 Pakwez win Buddha kiukatap kurumburil kwikaliku mu mazu mambatena ni ma mupim wa muntu amwinend ukata kupand ku rufu. Arnold Toynbee walonda anch: “[Buddha] wamana mu mupim wa ukamuntu ching kusu miril ya yinship yitembalela ya ngikadil wa manangu wakad kusul, yikwatinau mwaad yau ching kusu nich mak.” Ap mwamu, Buddha witiyinanga anch chom kanang—ngikadil umwing wa manangu ap usu—ausutishining ku mwom umwing ni kuutul ku mwom ukwau. Dr. Walpola Rahula, ngang-a-mikand mwin Buddha ukat kurumburil anch:
10 “Chitang chidi kwach dibombakesh dia mausu ma mujimbu ni ma manangu ap makand. Yitukata kutazuk anch rufu yidi kwau kuburen kwa kusal mudimu kwa mujimbu wa mbij. Ov mausu ni makand minam mawonsu makat kusul mawonsu pamwing ku rufu ra mujimbu? Win Buddha ulondil anch ‘Bwat.’ Rusot, mak ma kwikaliku, ma kushakam, ma kudandamen kwikaliku chikupu, udi usu upandikena ukata kubachik miom yawonsu, kwikaliku kwawonsu, kubachikining ap mangand mawonsu. Winou udi usu ujim nakash, dikand dipandikena mu mangand. Kulondulijan ni win Buddha, usu winou ukwimanangap ku rufu ra mujimbu; pakwez ukat kudandamen kwimekesh awinau mu mulad ukwau, kubudishang kwikaliku kwa chaad kupidilau anch kuvadiok.”
11 Chitongijok cha Chibuddha piur pa mwom kwinyim kwa rufu chidi anch: Kwikaliku kudi kwa chikupu ching anch muntu washiken rutong ra nsudel ra Nirvana, dikasuril kudiok ku milad ya kuvadiok. Nirvana yidi ndond yimwing kangal ya dilau dia chikupu ap ya kwikal pamwing nend udingaku wa nsudel. Udi kwend ngikadil wa kuburen kwikaliku—“ndond yakad rufu” kwinyim kwa kwikaliku ipend. Buku Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary urumburil “Nirvana” mud “ndond ap ngikadil wa kuvuramedin kulam, mar, ap yisal yindjing ya pol.” Chilik cha kukimb ukad-kufang, in Buddha ayikasikeshining kuupandikan kusutin kushikenang Nirvana.
12 Piwapalangena mu jindond kushalijan ja Asia, win Buddha wakarumuna mafundish mau chakwel kumambatanish ni yitiyij ya ngand. Chilikej, win Buddha wa Mahayana, mutapu wa win Buddha wijikena nakash mu Chine ni mu Japon, alamin chitiyij mudiay bodhisattvas wa mwiur, ap dikeza dia win Buddha. Bodhisattvas ulabishining tutikit twa miom kwandam mu Nirvana wau mulong wa kuyisadil akwau ni kuyikwash kumushiken. Chad muntu ukutwish kutond kudandamen mwi njil ya kuvadiok ap kwinyim kwa kushiken Nirvana.
13 Chiwapish chikwau chezina kwikal ni usu nakash mu Chine ni mu Japon didi difundish dia Divu Dishitwila dia Kurand, diatangau kud Buddha Amitabha, ap Amida. Awiy akata kutazuk pa dijin dia Buddha mu ritiy adi avadikidina kapamp kamwing mu Divu Dishitwila, ap paradis, mudia ngikadil upandikena kuwap chakwel kushiken dimunyik dia nsudel. Difundish dined diakulisha chom ik? Mulej Smart, utwajimbulanga kurutu, urumburil anch: “Kudap mud chifanyidina kuchingej, kuwap kwa paradis urumburilau nawamp mu mifund yimwing ya Mahayana, kwaswinkesha nirvana mu chitongijok cha antu mud rutong ra kusambish.”
14 Win Buddha wa mu Tibet wizamwinap yitiyij yikwau ya ngand. Chilikej, buku wa afu wa in Tibet urumburil dishiken (yikushikena muntu wakad ndiy kusot) dia muntu mu ngikadil wa pakach kurutu kwa kuvadikiril. End atangish anch afu ayitekin kurutu kwa chitokish chikash cha udingaku wa nsudel ni in kukangany kutal chitokish kakutwishap kutambul dikasuril pakwez akuvadikiril. Chimeken anch, win Buddha mu mitapu yend kushalijan ukwet chitongijok cha ukad-kufang.
Difukwil Angak mu win Shinto mu Japon
15 Relijon wadingaku mu Japon kurutu win Buddha ushikamu mu mivu chitot ya musamban C.C. Wadinga relijon wakad dijin, ni washindamena yitiyij yisanginau nich ngikadil ni yinshakuru ya antu. Pakwez, nich kwandam kwa relijon wa win Buddha, kweza kwikal nswir ya kushalijadish relijon wa Chijapon ni wa aeny. Chawiy lel dizu “Shinto,” dirumburikina “njil ya anzamb,” diasambisha kwikaliku.
16 Chitiyij ik chezay kulam relijon wa Shinto wa pasak piur pa mwom kwinyim kwa rufu? Nich kushik kwa kudimin ros mu divu dia manzek, buku Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, urumbunidin anch: “kudim mu manzek kwitanga kwirijek nawamp ni yisak yijikishina nawamp, yifuk yitadila kudim—yeza kwikal ni ndond yimwing yijim mu Shinto—yayanga kurutu.” Wom wa mipim ya afu washikija antu a pasak kusal yifuk mulong wa kuyidutish. Chinech chayisha kurutu kwifukwil kwa aspiritu a angak.
17 Kulondulijan ni chitiyij cha win Shinto, mupim wa “mufu” uchidi ni untu wend pakwez uchidi ni uyimp mulong wa rufu. Mwin kufish pakatay kusal yifuk yimwing ya chivurikish, mupim autokishining mu chilik cha kudiosh uyimp wawonsu, ni ukat kutambul chaku cha chisambu ni kusal yiwamp. Pa muten ufanyina, spiritu wa wingak ukat kukandam pa ndond ya nzamb wa wingak, ap kalam. Kwikalang pamwing ni win Buddha, win Shinto wizamwinap mafundish mamwing ma Chibuddha, kuchindinimu difundish dia paradis. Chad lel, tumen anch chitiyij cha ukad-kufang chidi cha dishimen mu win Shinto.
Ukad-Kufang mu win Tao, Difukwil Angak mu win Confucius
18 Win Tao ausambisha kud Lao-tzu, washakamanga mu Chine mu mivu chitot ya musamban K.C.C. Kulondulijan ni win Tao, rutong ra mwom, ridi kwambatish mujitik wa ukamuntu ni Tao—ngand yawonsu. Chitongijok cha in Tao piur pa ukad-kufang chikutwish kwiswipishiu mwi njil yiney: Tao yidi mbil yiyikedila mangand. Tao kakwetap disambishil ni nsudel. Anch muntu washakam kulondulijan ni Tao, ukat kwinunginimu ni ukat kwikal wa chikupu.
19 Mu usu wau wa kwikal anungijadina ni ngand yawonsu, in Tao pa chisu chifanyina asangera nakash nakash uchikupu ni dikarumun. Atonganga anch chitwishikin anch kushakam kulondulijan ni Tao, ap njil ya mangand, ukwel avumbula maujindj ma chitangil ni kurezik ku mar ma mujimbu, mayej, ap rufu.
20 In Tao asambisha kusadil kutongang, chijidish cha kupim, ni kujil yakudia, yom yatonginangau anch yikutwish kwimik kuyip kwa mijimbu ni rufu. Kupwa jingany jasambisha kupalangan piur pa antu akad kufang akutwisha kutembalal mu madj, kumekan ni kujimbar mud musotilau, ni akata kushakam pa mikandu yitumbila ap masang madia kulemp mu yirungu ya mivu, adimukidinau nich dinans dia mem ap mabuj ma chimaji. Ringany ra mu Chine rilondil anch mu 219 K.C.C., mwant Ch’in Shih Huang Ti watuma ansand nau ayangadim 3000 nich mat kukimb disang dia uchishimu dia P’eng-lai, ndond ya antu akad kufang, kusendiku disuku dia ukad-kufang. Kachirikap kwau ni chipwish-rufu.
21 Kusurib mwom wa chikupu kwashikijin in Tao kupim kuputol ruseng ra mon ya ukad-kufang. Mu kutong kwau, mwom udiokil ku kusankanijan kwa yin ni yang (mband ni ikundj), mausu mapompatijadina. Chad lel kubomb kubudishin (ulomb ujal, ap yin) ni merkur (ulomb uzazimukina, ap yang) amingang adinga ni kwilikej mulad wa chitangil ni kutong anch mon yikwikal ya ukad-kufang.
22 Kudiosh mu mivu chitot ya sambwad C.C., win Buddha wandamina ni usu mwikadil wa chirelijon mu Chine. Chibudikin chading kuvundangesh kumwing kwa mafundish ma win Buddha, ritiyin aspiritu, ni difukwil angak. Mulej Smart ulondil anch: “Mwaad yau win Buddha ni win Tao, yabola njil ni kufungul yitiyij piur pa mwom kwinyim kwa rufu, yitiyij yadinga yakad kwijikan nawamp mu difukwil angak dia pasak mu Chine.”
23 Confucius, mwin manangu mujim mukwau mwin Chine wa mu mivu chitot ya musamban K.C.C., mwin yitongijok yikala dishin dia win Confucius, karumburilap yivud piur pa mwom kwinyim kwa rufu. Chinyim, wakasikeshina usey wa ngikadil wa yiwamp ni ngikadil witiyikina mu chisak. Pakwez witiyinanga difukwil angak ni wakasikeshina kulondul yifuk ni yishankuru yitadila aspiritu a angak afa kal.
Marelijon Makwau ma Kwingangel
24 Win Jain wasambishina mu Inde mu mivu chitot ya musamban K.C.C. Mwin kusambish relijon winou, Mahāvīra, wafundisha anch yom yawonsu yikweta mwom yikwet mipim ya chikupu, anch dipandish dia mupim kudiok ku uswik wa Karma ditwishikin kusu kusutin muntu kwilik amwinend ni kwikand kukash nakash kukwitekinay amwinend ni kulik kamu chikupu kumesh yitang mar. In Jain alamin yitiyij yiney ni nlel muten.
25 Inde yidi kand ndond yavadikina win Sikh, relijon ulondwilau antu miliyon 19. Relijon winou wasambisha mu mivu chitot ya 16 pakwatay Guru Nānak chiyul cha kubomb yiwamp ya Uhindu ni Uislam ni kusal relijon umwing. Win Sikh watambula yitiyij ya Uhindu ya mupim wakad kufang, ditunduril, ni Karma.
26 Chidi patok anch, chitiyij chakwel anch mwom ukat kudandamen kwikaliku kwinyim kwa rufu chidi chikunku cha dishimen mu marelijon mavud ma Kwingangel. Chawiy lel, chidi mutapu ik mu Kristendom, Uyuda, ni Uislam?
[Questions]
1. Mulong wak tuwapidila kwijik kukul ni kupalangan kwa difundish dia ukad-kufang wa muntu kudia mu marelijon kushalijan?
2. Mulong wak Inde wezay kwikadil musul wa kashinsh wa dipwichik dia chirelijon mu Asia?
3. Kulondulijan ni ngang-a-chishimu, nnany washikija difundish dia dikarumukin dia mupim mu Inde?
4. Mulong wak chitongijok cha dikarumukin dia mipim chasangarisha in manangu Ahindu?
5. Kulondulijan ni Uhindu, rutong ra nsudel ra mupim chom ik?
6, 7. Chisu chitongijok cha Uhindu cha katat piur pa mwom kwinyim kwa rufu?
8-10. (a) Mutapu ik ukata kurumburil win Buddha kwikaliku? (b) Mutapu ik urumburilay ngang-a-mikand mwin Buddha kuvadiok?
11. Chisu chitongijok cha in Buddha piur pa mwom kwinyim kwa rufu?
12-14. Mitapu kushalijan ya win Buddha yikwet nchik difundish dia ukad-kufang?
15-17. (a) Difukwil angak diakudila nchik mu win Shinto? (b) Chitiyij cha mupim wakad kufang chidi nchik cha dishimen mu win Shinto?
18. Yisu yitongijok ya win Tao piur pa ukad-kufang?
19-21. Yitongijok ya in Tao yishikijin kusal usu ukash djat pisu?
22. Chom ik chabudikina ku dipwichik dia win Buddha piur pa mwikadil wa chirelijon mu Chine?
23. Mutapu ik wamanangay Confucius difukwil angak?
24. Win Jain ufundishin ik piur pa mupim?
25, 26. Yitiyij ik ya Uhindu yidia kand mu win Sikh?
[Caption on page 9]
Ditunduril didi dinguj dijim dia Uhindu
[Caption on page 10]
Win Buddha wikala ni usu Kwingangel kwawonsu kwa Asia
[Map on page 10]
ASIA WA PAKACH, CHINE, CORÉE, JAPON
INDE: Banaras, Buddh Gaya
TIBET, KASHMIR, MYANMAR, SRI LANKA, THAILAND, CAMBODGE, JAVA
MIVU CHITOT YA 3 K.C.C.
MIVU CHITOT YA 1 K.C.C.
MIVU CHITOT YA 1 C.C.
MIVU CHITOT YA 4 C.C.
MIVU CHITOT YA 6 C.C.
MIVU CHITOT YA 7 C.C.
[Caption on page 11]
Mwin Tao upakishin kwikal ni uchikupu, mu kusokang kulondulijan ni chitangil
[Caption on page 12]
Confucius witiyanga difukwil angak