Urugamba umuntu yarwanye kuva kera arondera amagara meza

JOANNE yaba i New York kandi akaba yari arwaye igituntu. Mugabo, ntiyari arwaye ca gituntu dusanzwe tumenyereye. Yari arwaye igituntu cihinduye imero, kirinda imiti hafi nka yose ikoreshwa mu kuvura igituntu kandi kikaba cica ica kabiri c’abantu bakirwaye. Ariko rero, Joanne yaza arasibiriza mu kwivuza, kandi n’imiburiburi incuro imwe yari amaze kwandukiza igituntu abandi. Muganga wiwe ashavuye cane, yavuze ngo: ‘Akwiye kwugaranirwa ahantu ha wenyene’.

Igituntu si umwicanyi w’ubu. Nkako, abantu amamiliyoni baramaze kurwara kandi bagahitanwa n’igituntu. Ibimenyamenya vy’uko iyo ndwara yabayeho vyaratowe mu biziga vyo mu Misiri n’ivyo muri Peru vyasizwe ibintu bituma bitabora. Muri iki gihe, ubwoko bw’igituntu casubiye kwaduka ariko cihinduye imero, buhitana nk’abantu imiliyoni zibiri uko umwaka utashe.

Igihe Carlitos yari aryamye ku buriri mu kazu k’ivyatsi ko muri Afirika, yarabize indugumba mu ruhanga. Malariya yari yamusinzikaje gushika n’aho arira. Abavyeyi biwe bari bataye umutwe, bakaba ata mahera bari bafise yo kumugurira imiti, kandi nta bitaro vyari hafi yabo bari gushobora kuja kuvuzako umwana wabo. Umucanwa ntiwigeze ugabanuka gushika n’aho mu masaha 48 yari acikanye.

Uko umwaka utashe, malariya ihitana abana nka Carlitos bababa umuliyoni. Mu bigwati vyo muri Afirika yo mu Buseruko, abana benshi bararibwa n’imibu itera malariya incuro ziri hagati ya 50 na 80 ku kwezi. Iyo mibu iriko ikwiragira no mu tundi turere kandi imiti yo kurwanya malariya isigaye isendwa. Uko umwaka utashe, bigereranywa yuko abantu imiliyoni 300 barwara malariya ikaze.

Kenneth, umugabo umwe w’imyaka 30 yaba mu gisagara ca San Francisco co muri Kaliforoniya, yaragiye ari bwo bwa mbere kuraba muganga mu 1980. Yamwiganiye yuko acibwamwo kandi akaguma yumva arushe. Hashize umwaka, yarapfuye. Naho abaganga karuhariwe bari bagerageje kumuvura, umubiri wiwe wagiye urayonga, amaherezo arahitanwa n’indwara y’umusonga.

Haheze imyaka ibiri, ku bilometero 16.000 uvuye i San Francisco, hari umugore akiri muto wo mu gice ca Tanzaniya co mu Buraruko yatanguye kugaragaza ibimenyetso nk’ivyo nyene. Mu mayinga makeyi, ntiyari agishobora no gutambuka, maze bidatevye inyuma y’aho, aca arapfa. Ababa mu kagwati yabamwo, iyo ndwara y’icaduka bayise indwara ya Yuliyana kubera ko umugabo yagurisha ibitambara vyanditseko iryo zina Yuliyana vyaboneka ko ari we yari yarayimwandukije yongera ayandukiza n’abandi bagore bo muri ako karere.

Kenneth n’uwo mugore wo muri Tanzaniya bompi bari barwaye indwara imwe, ari yo SIDA. Mu ntango z’imyaka ya 1980, mu gihe nyene vyaboneka ko siyansi y’ivy’ubuvuzi yari imaze kunesha imikorobi ibangamye kurusha iyindi yose, iyo ndwara nshasha yandukira yarashuhije umutwe abantu baba kw’isi. Mu kiringo c’imyaka mirongo ibiri, igitigiri c’abahitanwa na SIDA caraduze kingana n’igitigiri c’abahitanywe na ca kiza ciha inkumbi i Buraya no muri Aziya hose mu kinjana ca 14, kikaba cabaye icago Uburaya butazigera bwibagira.

Ya ndwara bise Ikiza cirabura

Ya ndwara bise Ikiza cirabura ishobora kuba yadutse mu 1347, igihe ubwato bwari buje buva i Kirimeya bwashika i Mesina, mw’izinga rya Sisile. Turetse imizigo ubwo bwato bwari busanzwe butwara, bwari bwikoreye kandi iyo ndwaraa. Bidatevye, iyo ndwara y’Ikiza cirabura yarakwiragiye mu Butaliyano bwose.

Mu mwaka ukurikira, uwitwa Agnolo di Tura w’i Siyene mu Butaliyano yaravuze ikintu c’agaterabwoba cabaye mu gisagara ciwe c’amavukiro ati: ‘I Siyene, abantu batanguye gupfa muri Rusama. Iyo ndwara yaratema igatongora kandi yari iteye ubwoba. Abo yafata baca bapfa hafi ubwo nyene. Abantu barapfa ari amajana n’amajana ijoro n’umutaga’. Yongeyeko ati: ‘Narihambiye abana banje batanu n’iminwe yanje bwite, eka mbere n’abandi benshi ni ko bagize. Nta n’umwe yaririra uwiwe yaba apfuye kubera ko hafi umuntu wese yaba yiteze ko umwanya uwo ari wo wose ashobora gupfa. Harapfuye abantu benshi cane ku buryo abantu bose babona ko ari umuhero w’isi ushitse’.

Abatohozakahise bamwebamwe bavuga yuko mu myaka ine, iyo ndwara yakwiragiye mu Buraya hose maze ihitana nk’ica gatatu c’abantu bose bahaba, kumbure hakaba hapfuye abantu bari hagati y’imiliyoni 20 n’imiliyoni 30. Mbere no mu gihugu ca Islande kiri kure cane yaho, ico kiza carashitseyo maze kirayogeza inganda. Bivugwa yuko mu Buseruko bwa Kure, igitigiri c’abanyagihugu bo mu Bushinwa cakorotse kiva ku bantu imiliyoni 123 mu ntango z’ikinjana ca 13, gishika ku bantu imiliyoni 65 mu kinjana ca 14, bikaba biboneka ko vyavuye kuri ico kiza be no ku kigoyi vyazananye.

Nta kiza na kimwe c’imbere y’aho, canke intambara n’imwe canke ikigoyi na kimwe cari bwigere giteza amarushwa nk’ayo yakwiragiye mu mihingo myinshi. Igitabu Umuntu be n’imikorobi (mu congereza) kivuga kiti: “Cari ikiza ata kindi kimeze nka co cari bwigere kibaho muri kahise k’abantu. Igitigiri kiri hagati y’ica kane n’ica kabiri c’abantu baba mu Buraya, muri Afirika yo mu Buraruko no muri Aziya barahasize ubuzima”.

Muri Amerika y’Epfo n’iya Ruguru ni ho ca Kiza cirabura kitari bwashike kubera yuko hategereye ibindi bihugu vyose bisigaye vyo kw’isi. Mugabo amato yaca mu mabahari ntiyatevye gushikanayo ico kiza. Mu kinjana ca 16, harateye urukurikirane rw’ibiza vyabaye ivyica cane kurusha ca kiza catema kigatongora muri Amerika.

Indwara y’ibihara yirara muri Amerika

Igihe wa mugenzuzi w’uturere yitwa Colomb yashika mu mazinga yitwa Antilles mu 1492, yadondoye abantu b’imvukira yahasanze ko bari abantu ‘bateye igomwe, basa neza kandi bafise uburebure bugereranye kandi bakomeye’. Ariko rero, ishusho yabo nziza yari ihishije ivy’uko bashobora kubangamirwa na za ndwara zo mu Buraya.

Mu 1518, indwara y’ibihara yaradutse mw’izinga rya Hispaniola. Imvukira zo muri Amerika ntizari bwigere zishikwako n’indwara y’ibihara, ivyo yononye bikaba rero vyabaye agahomerabunwa. Umugabo umwe aturuka muri Esupanye yavyiboneye n’amaso yiwe, yagereranije yuko abantu igihumbi gusa ari bo barokotse muri iryo zinga. Ico kiza nticatevye gukwiragira muri Megizike no muri Peru, na ho nyene gikora mwene ayo marorerwa nyene.

Mu kinjana gikurikira, igihe abakoroni b’Abongereza bashika mu ntara ya Massachusetts muri Amerika ya Ruguru, basanze iyo ndwara y’ibihara yarahitanye hafi abantu nka bose bahaba. John Winthrop, uwari arongoye abo bakoloni, yanditse ati: “Imvukira, hafi nka zose zarahitanywe n’indwara y’ibihara”.

Hari izindi ndwara z’ibiza zakurikiye indwara y’ibihara. Nk’uko igitabu kimwe kibivuga, hashize nk’ikinjana Colomb ashitse, ibiza vyazanywe n’abantu bavuye mu mahanga vyahitanye ibice 90 kw’ijana vy’abanyagihugu bo muri Amerika. Abanyagihugu bo muri Megizike bari baragabanutse bava ku miliyoni 30 bashika ku miliyoni 3, abo muri Peru na bo bava ku miliyoni 8 bashika ku muliyoni umwe. Ariko ntiwumve, imvukira zo muri Amerika si zo zonyene zahitanywe n’indwara y’ibihara. Igitabu Ikiza—Akaga k’ibihara ka kera be n’ako muri kazoza (mu congereza) kivuga giti: “Muri kahise k’abantu, indwara y’ibihara yahitanye abantu imiliyoni amajana n’amajana, bakaba barengeye kure n’iyo abahitanywe n’ibiza . . . be n’intambara zose zabaye mu kinjana ca 20 tubafatiye hamwe”.

Urugamba ruracabandanya

Muri ibi bihe, indwara z’ibiza be n’ibihara vyihaye inkumbi bishobora gusa n’ivyago vya kera cane, kubera ko bivugwa mu nkuru z’ivyabaye kera. Mu kinjana ca 20, abantu barashoboye kurwanya indwara zandukira zitari nke, canecane mu bihugu vyateye imbere. Abaganga barubuye ibitera indwara nyinshi bongera baratora n’uburyo bwo kuzivura (Raba uruzitiro rukurikira iki kiganiro.). Incanco nshasha be n’imiti mishasha yica imikorobi yo mu mubiri vyabonetse nk’aho ari ibirwanisho vy’igitangaza bishobora mbere no kwica indwara yigize akagaramaruganda.

Ariko rero, nk’uko Muganga Richard Krause yahoze ari umuyobozi w’ikigo co muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kiraba ibintu vyankana n’umubiri w’umuntu be n’indwara zandukira abivuga, “indwara z’ibiza nta ho zitaniye n’urupfu be n’amakori”, ni ukuvuga ko ata wushobora kuzihunga. Igituntu be na malariya nta ho vyaroye. Ca kiza ruhonyanganda SIDA cadutse vuba, cabaye ikintu kivuna umutima cibutsa ko iyi si tubako ikigeramiwe n’ibiza. “Indwara zandukira ziracari co kintu nyamukuru mw’isi gituma abantu bapfa; ni ko bizokwama no mu gihe kirekire kiri imbere”. Bivugwa n’igitabu Umuntu be n’imikorobi.—Mu congereza.

Abaganga bamwebamwe bafise ubwoba bw’uko naho habaye iterambere riboneka mu vy’ukurwanya indwara, ivyashitsweko muri iyi myaka mirongo iheze bishobora kuba gusa ivy’igihe gito. Umuhinga mu vy’indwara z’ibiza Robert Shope agabisha ati: “Ingeramizi iterwa n’indwara zandukira nta ho yagiye, iriko irushiriza gukara”. Ikiganiro gikurikira kirasigura igituma.

[Akajambo k’epfo]

[Iciyumviro ku rup. 5]

Mu kiringo c’imyaka mirongo ibiri, igitigiri c’abahitanwa na SIDA caraduze kingana n’igitigiri c’abahitanywe na ca kiza ciha inkumbi i Buraya no muri Aziya hose mu kinjana ca 14

[Uruzitiro/Amafoto ku rup. 6]

Ubumenyi bwaravuguruje ibintazi

Mu kinjana ca 14, igihe ca Kiza cirabura cari gihanamiye ikigo ca papa i Avignon, muganga wiwe yamumenyesheje ko kuba imibumbe itatu ari yo Saturne, Jupiter na Mars yari ku murongo umwe n’izuba bafatiye ku kimenyetso kigira 11 ari co Verseau mu gicapo c’ibimenyetso baragurirako (mu vya horoscope), ari co kintu nyamukuru ngo cateye iyo ndwara.

Hashize nk’ibinjana bine, George Washington yarafashwe n’indwara y’ibigoga. Abaganga karuhariwe batatu baragerageje kumuvura iyo ndwara mu kumuvoma mu mitsi nk’amalitiro abiri y’amaraso. Mu masaha make, umurwayi yari abwanuye. Kuvoma amaraso bwari bwo buryo bwo kuvura bwari bumaze nk’imyaka 2.500 bukoreshwa, ni ukuvuga guhera mu gihe ca Hippocrate gushika hagati mu kinjana ca 19.

Naho ukwemera ibintazi be n’imigenzo vyatumye ivy’ubuvuzi bidatera imbere ningoga, abaganga b’abanyabwira barakoze baratama kugira batore ibitera indwara zandukira be n’imiti yo kuzivura. Ngibi bimwebimwe mu vyo bashitseko.

◼ Ibihara. Mu 1798, Edward Jenner yarashoboye gukora urucanco rw’indwara y’ibihara. Mu kinjana ca 20, incanco zarashoboye gukinga izindi ndwara, nk’ubukangwe, inyonko yitwa fièvre jaune, agasama be n’ubwoko bw’agasama bita rubéole.

◼ Igituntu. Mu 1882, Robert Koch yaratoye umugera utera igituntu yongera arashiraho n’uburyo bwo gupima iyo ndwara. Hashize nk’imyaka 60, umuti witwa streptomycine, umuti ukora neza mu kuvura iyo ndwara wo mu bwoko bwa ya miti yitwa antibiyotike yica imikorobi mu mubiri, waratowe. Uwo muti waranabaye ngirakamaro mu vy’ukuvura ya ndwara yitwa peste bubonique.

◼ Malariya. Kuva mu myaka ya 1600 kubandanya, umuti witwa kinine uva mu gishishwa c’igiti citwa kenkina, wararokoye ubuzima bw’abantu amamiliyoni bari barwaye malariya. Mu 1897, Ronald Ross yaratoye yuko ubwoko bw’imibu yitwa Anophèle ari yo itera iyo ndwara, maze uburyo bwo kugabanya iyo mibu burashirwaho mu nyuma, kugira ngo bagabanye igitigiri c’abapfa mu bihugu vyo mu ntara z’ubushuhe.

[Pictures]

Igicapo c’ibimenyetso baragurirako mu vya “horoscope” (ico co hejuru), be n’ukuvoma amaraso

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Zompi: Biblioteca Histórica “Marqués de Valdecilla”

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Muri kino gihe, ubwoko bw’igituntu cihinduye imero buhitana nk’abantu imiliyoni zibiri uko umwaka utashe

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Imishwarara bita X: New Jersey Medical School–National Tuberculosis Center; umugabo: Photo: WHO/Thierry Falise

[Ifoto ku rup. 4]

Igicapo giharangatuwe c’Abadagi co kuva nko mu 1500 cerekana umuganga yambaye ibintu bimukingira ngo ntiyandure ya ndwara y’Ikiza cirabura. Ico kimeze nk’umunwa w’inyoni kirimwo ibintu bimota

[Abo dukesha ifoto]

Godo-Foto

[Ifoto ku rup. 4]

Umugera wateye ya ndwara yiswe “peste bubonique”

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© Gary Gaugler/Visuals Unlimited