Igitabu wokwizigira​—Igice ca 6

Uburoma mu nkuru ya kahise ivugwa muri Bibiliya

Iki ni ikiganiro kigira gatandatu muri rwa rukurikirane rw’ibiganiro indwi bizoza birasohoka mu nomero zikurikirana za “Be maso!”, bino bikaba bica irya n’ino za nganji nganzasi indwi zivugwa mu nkuru ya kahise dusanga muri Bibiliya. Intumbero yavyo ni iyo kwerekana yuko Bibiliya ari iyo kwizigirwa, ko yahumetswe n’Imana be n’uko ubutumwa buri muri yo butuma umuntu yizigira ko imibabaro iterwa no kuba umuntu ategeka mugenziwe mu buryo buranga ubunyamaswa izokurwaho.

YEZU yaratanguje ubukirisu, abayoboke biwe na bo barabukwiragiza mu gihe c’Inganji nganzasi y’Uburoma. N’ubu mu bihugu bimwebimwe nk’Ubwongereza na Misiri, urashobora kuhabona amabarabara, ibiringoti bitwara amazi be n’ivyibutso vyubatswe n’Abaroma. Ibisigarira vy’ivyo bintu Abaroma bubatse si umugani. Biratwibutsa ko Yezu n’intumwa ziwe na bo nyene batari umugani, nk’uko ibintu bavuze be n’ivyo bakoze atari umugani. Nk’akarorero, uciye mw’ibarabara rya kera rya Apiyo, uba uriko uraca mu nzira nyene intumwa Paulo ashobora kuba yaraciyemwo igihe yariko araja i Roma.—Ivyakozwe 28:15, 16.

Inkuru ya kahise yo kwizigirwa

Inkuru yo muri Bibiliya ivuga ivyerekeye Yezu n’abigishwa biwe irimwo ibintu bitari bike vyabaye mu kinjana ca mbere. Raba ingene umwanditsi wa Bibiliya Luka yerekana neza umwaka wabayemwo ibintu bibiri bihambaye cane, ivyo na vyo akaba ari intango y’ubusuku bwa Yohani Umubatizi be n’ukubatizwa kwa Yezu, ico gihe akaba ari ho yaba Kristu, ni ukuvuga Mesiya. Luka yanditse ko ivyo bintu vyabaye “mu mwaka ugira cumi na gatanu w’ingoma ya Tiberiyo Sezari [mu 29 G.C.], igihe Ponsiyo Pilato yari buramatari wa Yudaya, Herodi na we akaba yari umutware w’intara ya Galilaya.” (Luka 3:1-3, 21) Luka yaravuze kandi ibijanye n’abandi bategetsi bahambaye bane, ari bo Filipo (mwene wabo na Herodi), Lisaniya, Anasi na Kayifa. Ayo mazina yose uko ari indwi yaremejwe n’abatohozakahise bo mw’isi. Ariko rero, ubu tugira twihweze ivyerekeye Tiberiyo, Pilato na Herodi.

Tiberiyo Sezari arazwi cane, kandi ishusho yiwe irerekanwa mu bicapo bitandukanye. Inama nkenguzamateka y’Uburoma yaramugenye ngo abe umwami w’abami ku wa 15 Nyakanga mu mwaka wa 14 G.C., igihe Yezu yari afise nk’imyaka 15.

Izina rya Ponsiyo Pilato riboneka riri kumwe n’irya Tiberiyo mu nkuru yanditswe n’umutohozakahise w’Umuroma yitwa Tasito, haciye igihe gito Bibiliya yanditswe. Ku bijanye n’imvugo ngo “umukirisu,” Tasito yanditse ati: “Christus, uwo iryo zina rikomokako, yaraciriwe urwo gupfa n’umwe mu bategetsi bahambaye ari we Ponsiyo Pilato mu gihe c’ingoma ya Tiberiyo.”

Herodi Antipa arazwi yuko ari we yubatse igisagara ca Tiberiya iruhande y’Ikiyaga ca Galilaya. Yarahubatse kandi inzu yabamwo. Birashoboka ko i Tiberiya ari ho Herodi yacishirije umutwe Yohani Umubatizi.

Inkuru zo muri Bibiliya ziravuga kandi ibintu bihambaye vyabaye mu gihe c’Abaroma. Ku bijanye n’igihe Yezu yavuka, Bibiliya ivuga iti: “Nuko muri iyo misi ingingo irasohoka ivuye kwa Sezari Ogusito y’uko isi yose yandikwa (iryo yandikwa rya mbere ryabaye igihe Kiriniyo yari buramatari wa Siriya); maze abantu bose bafata ingendo baja kwiyandikisha, umwe wese mu gisagara iwabo.”—Luka 2:1-3.

Tasito be n’umutohozakahise w’Umuyuda yitwa Josèphe bompi baravuga ibijanye na Kiriniyo. Ikintu cemeza yuko ukwo kwandikwa kwabaye tugisanga mw’itegeko ryatanzwe na buramatari w’Umuroma ryazigamwe mu bubiko bw’ibitabu bwo mu Bwongereza (British Library). Iryo tegeko rivuga riti: “Kubera yuko igihe co kugira rusansuma rw’inzu ku nzu kigeze, birakenewe ko dutegeka abantu bose bataba mu ntara bakomokamwo bivuye ku mpamvu iyo ari yo yose, bagasubira iwabo.”

Bibiliya iravuga kandi ibijanye n’“ikigoyi gikomeye . . . [cabaye] mu gihe [c’Umwami w’abami w’Umuroma] Kolode.” (Ivyakozwe 11:28) Wa mutohozakahise wo mu kinjana ca mbere Josèphe aremeza ico kintu. Yanditse ati: “Ikigoyi carabasinzikaje ico gihe, kandi abantu benshi barapfuye.”

Vyongeye, mu Vyakozwe 18:2, Bibiliya ivuga yuko “Kolode yari yategetse Abayuda bose kuva i Roma.” Ivyo birashigikirwa n’inkuru yigana ubuzima bwa Kolode, ino ikaba yanditswe nko mu mwaka wa 121 G.C. n’umutohozakahise w’Umuroma yitwa Suétone. Avuga ati: Kolode “yarirukanye Abayuda bose i Roma,” agaca yongerako yuko kubera ko Abayuda banka urunuka abakirisu, “baguma batera umuvurungano.”

Bibiliya ivuga yuko amaja mu gihe c’ico kigoyi duhejeje kuvuga, Herodi Agiripa, yambaye “impuzu za cami,” agashikiriza ijambo abantu bamukunda cane, bano bakaba baciye bavuga bati: “Ni ijwi ry’imana, si iry’umuntu!” Bibiliya ivuga yuko inyuma y’ivyo Agiripa “[yaciye] arigitwa n’inyo, aracikana.” (Ivyakozwe 12:21-23) Josèphe na we nyene yaranditse iyo nkuru, yongerako amakuru makeyi. Yanditse ko Agiripa yashikirije iryo jambo yambaye “impuzu ikozwe mw’ifeza gusa.” Yaravuze kandi yuko ‘Agiripa yumvise ububabare bukomeye mu nda, bukaba bwatanguye mu buryo bubabaza cane.’ Josèphe yavuze yuko yapfuye haciye imisi itanu.

Ubuhanuzi bwo kwizigirwa

Bibiliya irimwo kandi ubuhanuzi buhambaye bwanditswe mu gihe c’Abaroma bwongera buranguka muri ico gihe nyene. Nk’akarorero, igihe Yezu yaja i Yeruzalemu ari ku ndogobwa, yararize maze aravuga imbere y’igihe ingene ingabo z’Abaroma zotikije ico gisagara. Yavuze ati: “Imisi izoza kuri wewe aho abansi bawe bazokwubaka hirya no hino yawe igihome c’ibisonga. Ntibazosiga ibuye na rimwe rigeretse ku rindi muri wewe, kuko utamenye igihe c’ukugendurwa kwawe.”—Luka 19:41-44.

Ariko rero, abayoboke ba Yezu boronse akaryo ko guhunga. Uti gute? Yezu yarabahaye ubuyobozi butomoye imbere y’igihe. Yagabishije ati: “Nimwabona Yeruzalemu ikikujwe n’ingabo zishinze ikambi, muzoce mumenya yuko ugucika umusaka kwaho kwegereje. Abari i Yudaya bazoce batangura guhungira mu misozi, abari hagati muri Yeruzalemu na bo bazoce bavayo.” (Luka 21:20, 21) Abayoboke ba Yezu bashobora kuba baribajije bati: ‘None tuzohunga gute tuva mu gisagara gisugerejwe?’

Josèphe yaranditse ivyabaye. Mu 66 G.C., igihe buramatari umwe w’Umuroma yiha amakori Abayuda babwirizwa guha Roma ayakuye mu bubiko bw’urusengero, Abayuda b’abagarariji bari bashangashiwe baragandaguye ingabo z’Abaroma, baca batangaza yuko bikukiye. Uwo mwaka uri mu kurangira, uwitwa Cestius Gallus, uno akaba yari buramatari w’Umuroma wa Siriya, yaragiye mu bumanuko ari kumwe n’ingabo 30.000, akaba yashitse i Yeruzalemu mu gihe c’umusi mukuru ujanye n’idini. Uwo Gallus yarinjiye mu turere twari ku nkengera y’igisagara aratangura mbere kwimba uruhome rw’urusengero, aho abo bagarariji bari bahungiye. Gallus yaciye yisubirira inyuma ata n’umwe yari avyiteze! Abo Bayuda bari bishwe n’akanyamuneza baciye bagaba igitero ku ngabo ziwe zariko zirasubira inyuma.

Abakirisu b’abizigirwa ntibahumwe amaso n’ukwo kuntu ibintu vyari bihindutse. Baciye batahura yuko babonye ukuntu ubuhanuzi butangaje bwa Yezu burangutse: Ico gisagara cari cakikujwe n’ingabo zishinze ikambi! Ico gihe rero, kubera yuko izo ngabo zari zisubiye inyuma, abakirisu b’abizigirwa ntibagishije ako karyo ko guhunga kari kabonetse. Benshi bagiye i Pela, kino kikaba cari igisagara c’Abanyamahanga ata ho cari cegamiye mu vya politike cari giherereye mu misozi yo hakurya ya Yorodani.

Ni ibiki none vyashikiye Yeruzalemu? Ingabo z’Abaroma zaragarutse zirongowe na Vesupasiyano be n’umuhungu wiwe Titusi, ico gihe zikaba zari 60.000. Zateye ico gisagara imbere ya Pasika yo mu 70 G.C., zifata mpiri ababa muri co be n’abantu benshi cane bari baje guhimbaza uwo musi mukuru. Ingabo z’Abaroma zaraciye ibiti vyose vyari muri iyo ntara maze zubaka igihome c’ibisonga, nk’uko nyene Yezu yari yarabivuze. Haciye nk’amezi atanu, ico gisagara caratemvye.

Titusi yaciye ategeka ko urwo rusengero barureka; mugabo umusoda umwe yararuturiye, maze ico kibanza kirasamburwa ibuye ku rindi, neza na neza nk’uko Yezu yari yarabivuze. Dukurikije ivyo Josèphe yavuze, Abayuda hamwe n’abahindukiriye idini ryabo bashika 1.100.000 barapfuye, benshi muri bo bakaba bishwe n’inzara be n’indwara z’ibiza, abandi 97.000 na bo baragirwa imbohe. Benshi bajanywe i Roma kuba abaja. Hamwe woja i Roma muri iki gihe, woshobora kugendera inyubakwa izwi cane y’ibikino yitwa Colisée, ino ikaba yaherahejwe na Titusi inyuma y’aho atereye Yudaya. Urashobora kandi kubona Icubako cihese citiriwe Titusi, kikaba kibibutsa igihe bigarurira Yeruzalemu. Vyemere, ibintu vyose bivugwa mu buhanuzi bwo muri Bibiliya ni ivyo kwizigirwa. Ese rero ukuntu bihambaye yuko dufata nkama ivyo ivuga ku bijanye na kazoza!

Umuhango wokwizigira

Igihe Yezu yari ahagaze imbere ya buramatari w’Umuroma Ponsiyo Pilato, yaravuze ibijanye n’Ubwami, ari yo ntwaro, “[butari] ubwo muri iyi si.” (Yohani 18:36) Nkako, Yezu yarigishije abayoboke biwe gusenga basaba iyo ntwaro ya cami. Yavuze ati: “Dawe wa twese uri mw’ijuru, . . . ubwami bwawe nibuze. Ukugomba kwawe nigukorwe kw’isi nko mw’ijuru.” (Matayo 6:9, 10) Urabona ko Ubwami bw’Imana buzotuma ivyo igomba bikorwa kw’isi, atari ivyo abantu bishima kandi bahahamira ubukuru bagomba.

Yezu araganza ari Umwami muri ubwo Bwami bwo mw’ijuru. Kandi mu buryo buhuye n’umugambi Imana yari ifise mu ntango, azotuma isi yose ihinduka Iparadizo.—Luka 23:43.

None ni ryari Ubwami bw’Imana buzogira ico bukoze mu vyo abantu bakora? Yezu uwari yazutse yarerekanye inyishu y’ico kibazo igihe yagira ico abwiye intumwa yiwe Yohani, uno ico gihe akaba yari apfungiwe mw’izinga rya Patimo mu gihe c’ingoma y’Umwami w’abami w’Umuroma yitwa Domitien, mwene wabo na Titusi. Yezu yavuze ati: “Hari abami indwi: batanu baratemvye, umwe ariho, uwundi ntarashika, mugabo niyashika abwirizwa kugumaho akanya gato.”—Ivyahishuwe 17:10.

Igihe Yohani yandika ayo majambo, “abami” batanu, ni ukuvuga inganji nganzasi zitanu, bari baratemvye abo na bo bakaba ari: Misiri, Ashuri, Babiloni, Abamedi n’Abaperesi hamwe n’Ubugiriki. Uwo mwami “ariho,” ni ukuvuga uwariho mu gihe c’intumwa Yohani, yari Uburoma. Umwe gusa ni we rero yari asigaye, uwo na we akaba ari inganji nganzasi ya nyuma ivugwa mu nkuru ya kahise yo muri Bibiliya. None iyo nganji yabaye iyihe? Izotegeka gushika ryari? Ivyo bibazo birihwezwa mu kiganiro kiri ku rupapuro rwa 17.

[Ifoto ku rup. 10]

Paulo yaraciye mw’Ibarabara rya Apiyo

[Ifoto ku rup. 10]

Tiberiyo Sezari ni umwe mu bategetsi benshi b’Abaroma bavugwa mu Njili ya Luka

[Akajambo gasigura ifoto ku rup. 11]

Icandiko kiriko izina rya Ponsiyo Pilato

[Amafoto ku rup. 12, 13]

Uwu ni Titusi, mwene Vesupasiyano, nk’uko yerekanwa ku giceri c’Abaroma

[Abo dukesha ifoto]

Musée de Normandie, Caen, France

[Akajambo gasigura ifoto ku rup. 13]

Icubako cihese citiriwe Titusi kiributsa itikizwa rya Yeruzalemu ryabaye mu 70 G.C.

[Akajambo gasigura ifoto ku rup. 10]

Haruguru, uko inganji zakurikiranye: Igicapo c’Abanyamisiri ku ruhome n’umutwe wa Nero: Amafoto dukesha British Museum; igicapo c’Abaperesi ku ruhome: Musée du Louvre, Paris; hepfo, umutwe wa Tiberiyo Sezari: Ifoto dukesha British Museum