Ukudahwera kw’Ubugingo Ingene Iyo Nyigisho Yavutse

“Nta kibazo kiriho kijanye n’ubuzima ntafadika bw’umuntu camutwaye ubwenge nka kimwe cerekeye ukuntu amererwa inyuma yo gupfa.”—“ENCYCLOPÆDIA OF RELIGION AND ETHICS.”

1-3. Sokarate na Pulato batanze gute iciyumviro c’uko ubugingo budahwera?

INCABWENGE umwe akaba n’umwigisha w’imyaka 70 y’amavuka yagirizwa ko atemera, n’uko yonona ubwenge bw’urwaruka akoresheje inyigisho ziwe. Naho yisiguye mu rubanza bimwe vy’agatangaza, umugwi w’abacamanza wari n’aho uhengamiye wamwagirije icaha hanyuma umucira urwo gupfa. Hagisigaye amasaha makeyi gusa ngo yicwe, uwo mwigisha yari ageze mu zabukuru yashikirije abarerwa bari bamukorakoraniye iruhande urutonde rw’ivyiyumviro vyemeza ko ubugingo budahwera, n’uko urupfu rudakwiye gutinywa.

² Uwo mugabo yari yaciriwe urwo rubanza si uwundi ni Sokarate, umufilozofe w’Umugiriki yemerwa cane wo mu kinjana ca gatanu B.G.C.a Umwigishwa wiwe Pulato yanditse ivyo bintu mu bitabu vyiwe vyitwa Apology na Phaedo. Sokarate na Pulato bavugwa ko babaye mu ba mbere mu gutanga iciyumviro c’uko ubugingo budahwera. Ariko si bo batanguje iyo nyigisho.

³ Nk’uko tuja kubibona, imizi y’ico ciyumviro c’uko umuntu adahwera yatanguye imbere yaho cane. Ariko Sokarate na Pulato bo bararyohoye gusa ico ciyumviro hanyuma bagihinduramwo inyigisho y’ivya filozofiya, gutyo batuma kirushiriza kuba igishimisha abize bo mu gihe cabo n’abo hanyuma.

Kuva Kuri Pitagoro Gushika ku Mapiramide

4. Imbere ya Sokarate, Abagiriki bari bafise ivyiyumviro nyabaki ku vyerekeye ubuzima bw’inyuma yo gupfa?

⁴ Abagiriki b’imbere ya Sokarate na Pulato na bo nyene baremera ko hariho ubugingo bubandanya kubaho iyo umuntu apfuye. Pitagoro, umuhanga karuhariwe mu biharuro w’Umugiriki wo mu kinjana ca gatandatu B.G.C., yiyumvira yuko ubugingo budahwera bukaba kandi bushobora kwimukira mu kindi kintu iyo umuntu apfuye. Imbere yiwe, uwitwa Talesi w’i Mileto, uwo biyumvira ko ari we mufilozofe wa mbere azwi w’Umugiriki, yiyumvira yuko ubugingo budahwera butari mu bantu, mu bikoko no mu biterwa honyene, ariko ko buri no mu bintu nk’amasumaku, kubera ko bishobora gukwega icuma. Abagiriki ba kera bavuga ko imitima y’abapfuye yambukanwa uruzi Styx ikajanwa mu karere k’i kuzimu kure kitwa isi y’epfo. Aho ngo ni ho abacamanza bacira imitima urubanza rwo kuja kubabarizwa mw’ibohero rizitiwe n’ibihome birebire, canke rwo kuja mu buhirwe muri Paradizo.

5, 6. Abaperesi babona gute ubugingo?

⁵ Muri Irani ariho Peresi, amagana mu buseruko, hari umuhanuzi yitwa Zorowasiteri yaje mu kinjana c’indwi B.G.C. Yinjije uburyo bw’ugusenga bwahavuye bwitwa Ubuzorowasiteri. Iyo yari idini y’Inganji y’Abaperesi yari yiganje kw’isi imbere y’uko Ubugiriki buba inganji ya rutura. Ivyanditswe vy’iyo dini bivuga biti: “Umutima w’Umugororotsi uzoba igihe cose mu Gahimbare udahwera, ariko umutima w’Umubeshi utegerezwa kuzoja kubabazwa. Kandi aya Mategeko afise Ahura Mazda [ni ukuvuga “imana y’ubwenge”] yayashinze biciye mu butegetsi bwiwe butarutwa.”

⁶ Iyo nyigisho y’ivy’ukudahwera kw’ubugingo yarimwo kandi mu vyari bigize idini y’abanya Irani imbere y’umuzo w’Ubuzorowasiteri. Nk’akarorero, imiryango ya kera yo muri Irani yarabungabunga imitima y’abapfuye mu kubashikanira ibifungurwa n’ivyambarwa bizobafasha mw’isi y’epfo.

7, 8. Abanyamisiri ba kera bemera iki ku vy’uko ubugingo bubandanya kubaho iyo umubiri upfuye?

⁷ Ivy’ukwemera ko habaho ubuzima inyuma yo gupfa ni vyo ahanini vyari bigize idini y’Abanyamisiri. Abanyamisiri bibaza ko ubugingo bw’abapfuye bwociriwe urubanza na Ozirisi, imana nkuru y’isi y’epfo. Nk’akarorero, hari icandikano co ku nkorogoto bavuga ko ari ico mu kinjana ca 14 B.G.C. cerekana Anubisi, imana y’abapfuye, iriko ijana umutima w’umwanditsi Huneferi imbere ya Ozirisi. Ku munzane, umutima w’uwo mwanditsi ugereranya ijwi ryiwe ryo mu mutima urapimwa ugereranijwe n’iryubi imanakazi y’ivy’ukuri n’ubutungane yambara ku mutwe. Iyindi mana Toti na yo yandika ico bivuyemwo. Kubera ko umutima wa Huneferi utaremerejwe n’icaha, upima uburemere buri musi y’ubw’iryo ryubi, hanyuma Huneferi akemererwa kwinjira mu karere kaganzwa na Ozirisi no guhabwa ukudahwera. Iyo nkorogoto kandi irerekana igisizimwe c’ikigore gihagaze iruhande ya wa munzane, kirindiriye kumira nya mupfu niba umutima wiwe udashoboye gutsinda iryo suzumwa. Abanyamisiri kandi bǎrasiga imiti abapfuye babo hanyuma ibiziga vy’abafarawo bakabishingura mu mapiramide y’igitangaza, kubera ko biyumvira yuko ubugingo bubandanya kubaho mu gihe umubiri uzigamwe.

⁸ Imico inyuranye ya kera rero yari ifise inyigisho imwe isangiye—iy’uko ubugingo budahwera. Iyo nyigisho none boba bayikuye ahantu hamwe?

Aho Yakomotse

9. Ni idini iyihe yinjije inyigisho zayo mu Misiri ya kera, mu Buperesi no mu Bugiriki ha kera?

⁹ Igitabu The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria kivuga giti: “Mw’isi kera, Misiri, Ubuperesi n’Ubugiriki vyari vyinjiwemwo n’inyigisho z’i Babiloni.” Ico gitabu kirabandanya gusigura giti: “Turavye imigenderanire ya mbere yari hagati ya Misiri na Babiloni nk’uko bihishurwa n’ibisate vyanditsweko vy’ahitwa El-Amarna, hategerezwa kuba hariho uturyo twinshi two kwinjiza ivyiyumviro vy’i Babiloni n’imigenzo yaho mu gusenga kw’Abanyamisiri. I Peresi, ivy’ugusenga Mithra birahishura ukuntu ivyiyumviro vy’i Babiloni bitegerezwa kuba vyarinjiye [mu bantu] . . . Ivy’uko habaye uruvange rukomeye inyigisho z’Abasemite zikinjira mu migani ya mbere y’Abagiriki no mu vy’ugusenga kwabo, ubu biremerwa cane n’incabwenge ku buryo bidasaba guharirwako kandi. Izo nyigisho z’Abasemite ahanini usanga canecane ari iz’i Babiloni koko.”b

10, 11. Abanyababiloni babona gute iciyumviro c’ivy’ubuzima bw’inyuma yo gupfa?

¹⁰ Ariko none iciyumviro c’Abanyababiloni cerekeye ukuntu bigenda inyuma y’ugupfa ntigitandukanye cane n’ic’Abanyamisiri, Abaperesi n’Abagiriki? Zirikana nk’akarorero ibivugwa mu mugani w’Abanyababiloni uhayagiza ubutwari bw’uwitwa Gilgamesh. Intwari w’umutama akivugwamwo ari we Gilgamesh, uwari ahagaritswe umutima n’ivy’ugupfa, afata inzira aja kurondera ukudahwera mugabo ananirwa kukuronka. Mu nzira ahura n’inkumi y’umuvinyu, na yo iranamuremesha ngo ntagishe ubu buzima na gato kuko atazoronka ubuzima budahera arondera. Ubutumwa buri muri iyo nkuru yose ni ubw’uko urupfu ata wushobora kurusimba, n’uko ukwizigira ukudahwera ari ukwihenda. Ivyo vyoba vyerekana none ko Abanyababiloni batemera ivy’ubuzima bw’inyuma yo gupfa?

¹¹ Porofeseri Morris Jastrow, yitirirwa izina rya se, wo kuri Kaminuza y’i Pennsylvania muri Reta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika yanditse ati: “Baba abanyagihugu, zaba indongozi z’ivyiyumviro vy’idini [vy’i Babiloni], ntibigeze biyumvira ko icabayeho gishobora kuzimanganywa buhere. Urupfu [uko bǎbibona] rwari nk’urugendo rwo kuja mu buzima bw’ubundi buryo, kandi iyo abantu banse kwemera ko ubugingo budahwera baba gusa bashimitse ku vy’uko ata wushobora gukira ihinduka ry’ukubaho rizanwa n’urupfu.” Egome, Abanyababiloni na bo nyene baremera yuko ubuzima bwo mu buryo bunaka canke mu mero yinaka bubandanya kubaho inyuma y’ugupfa. Ivyo barabiserura mu guhambana ibintu abantu ngo bazobikoreshe mu buzima bw’inyuma yo gupfa.

12-14. (a) Inyuma y’Umwuzure, inyigisho y’ukudahwera kw’ubugingo yavukiye hehe? (b) Iyo nyigisho yakwiragiye gute mw’isi?

¹² Biragaragara rero ko inyigisho yerekeye ukudahwera kw’ubugingo itangurira no kuri Babiloni ha kera. Nk’uko Bibiliya igitabu kirangwa n’ukuvuga ibintu vyabaye koko ivyerekana, igisagara ca Babeli ari yo Babiloni cashinzwe na Nimurodi, umwuzukuruza wa Nowa.c Inyuma ya wa Mwuzure wakwira hose wo mu gihe ca Nowa, hari ururimi rumwe n’idini imwe gusa. Igihe Nimurodi yahashinga igisagara akanahubaka umunara, yatanguje iyindi dini. Inkuru za Bibiliya zerekana yuko inyuma y’aho habereye umuvurungano w’indimi i Babeli, nya bubatsi b’uwo munara vyari vyananiye baciye basabagira bongera gutangura ukundi gusha, bagenda bajanye idini yabo. (Itanguriro 10:6-10; 11:4-9) Inyigisho z’i Babiloni zo mu vy’idini zaciye rero zikwiragira kw’isi.

¹³ Uko inkuru mpererekano zibivuga, Nimurodi yapfuye urupfu rubi. Inyuma y’ugupfa kwiwe, birumvikana ko Abanyababiloni boba baragiye mu vyo kumutera iteka ry’uko ari we yafonze ico gisagara, akacubaka, akaba na we mwami wa mbere waco. Kubera ko imana Maraduki (Merodaki) yabonwa nk’uko ari yo yafonze Babiloni, incabwenge zimwezimwe zavuze yuko Maraduki igereranya Nimurodi uwagizwe nk’imana. Niba ari ukwo bimeze, iciyumviro rero c’uko umuntu afise ubugingo bubandanya kubaho iyo umuntu apfuye gitegerezwa kuba cari ceze n’imiburiburi aho Nimurodi apfiriye. Ivyo ari vyo vyose, inkuru z’ivyabaye zirahishura yuko inyuma y’Umwuzure, aho inyigisho y’ivy’ukudahwera kw’ubugingo yavukiye ari i Babeli, ni ho Babiloni.

¹⁴ None vyagenze gute ngo iyo nyigisho ibe ishimikiro ry’amadini menshi yo muri iki gihe? Igice gikurikira kiraja kwihweza uburyo iyo nyigisho yinjiye mu madini yo mu Buseruko.

[Utujambo tw’epfo]

[Amafoto ku rup. 6]

Ukuntu Abanyamisiri babona ubugingo ahitwa isi y’epfo

[Ifoto ku rup. 7]

Sokarate yaharira avuga yuko ubugingo budahwera