Ivyacukuwe vyoba vyemeza ko Yezu yabayeho?

“ICEMEZA ko Yezu yabayeho canditse kw’ibuye”. Ayo ni yo majambo yari yanditse ku gipfukisho c’ikinyamakuru kimwe [Biblical Archæology Review (Munyonyo-Kigarama 2002)]. Kuri ico gipfukisho harerekanywe isandugu y’amagufa ikozwe mw’ibuye ry’ingwa yatowe muri Isirayeli. Amasandugu nk’ayo, yarakoreshwa cane mu Bayuda mu kiringo kigufi co hagati y’ikinjana ca mbere B.G.C. n’umwaka wa 70 G.C. Icatumye iyo sandugu igira ikintu kidasanzwe ivuze, ni amajambo yo mu giharameya yari aharangatuwe ku ruhande rumwe rwayo. Incabwenge ziremeza icese ko hasomwa ibi: “Yakobo, mwene Yozefu, mwenewabo na Yezu”.

Nk’uko Bibiliya ibivuga, Yezu w’i Nazareti yari afise mwenewabo yitwa Yakobo yabonwa ko ari umuhungu wa Yozefu, umugabo wa Mariya. Igihe Yezu Kirisitu yigishiriza mu gisagara ciwe c’amavukiro, abamwumviriza baratangaye maze babaza bati: “Mbega si wa mwana w’umubāji? Nyina ntiyitwa Mariya, kand’abavukana na we si Yakobo na Yosefu na Simoni na Yuda? Bashiki biwe ntibar’i wacu bose?”.​—Matayo 13:54-56; Luka 4:22; Yohana 6:42.

Vyemere, ayo majambo aharangatuwe kuri nya sandugu arahuje n’ukuntu Yezu w’i Nazareti adondorwa. Niba Yakobo avugwa muri nya majambo yari mwenenyina wa Yezu Kirisitu, coba rero ari “ikimenyamenya co mu vyacukuwe ca kera kuruta ibindi vyose kitari ico muri Bibiliya, cemeza ko Yezu yabayeho”, ukwo ni ko André Lemaire avuga, uwo na we akaba ari umuhinga mu vy’inyandiko za kera kandi akaba ari na we yanditse ya majambo ari kuri ca kinyamakuru (Biblical Archæology Review). Hershel Shanks, uwusohora ico kinyamakuru, avuga yuko iyo sandugu “ari ikintu gifadika kandi kiboneka ca kera cane kivuga ivy’umuntu ahambaye kuruta ababayeho bose”.

Ariko rero, mu kinjana ca mbere benshi baritwa ayo mazina yose uko ari atatu asomwa kuri iyo sandugu. Gutyo rero, birashoboka ko hoba hariho umuryango urimwo umuntu yitwa Yakobo, Yozefu be na Yezu uretse wa muryango wa Yezu Kirisitu. Lemaire avuga ati: “Mu maruka abiri yabayeho i Yeruzalemu imbere y’umwaka wa 70 G.C., hariho . . . kumbure nk’abantu 20 bitwa ‘Yakobo mwene Yozefu, mwenewabo na Yezu’”. Ariko rero, abona ko bishoboka rwose ko umuntu yovyemera ibice 90 kw’ijana yuko Yakobo yanditswe kuri iyo sandugu ari umwe mwenenyina wa Yezu Kirisitu.

Hari ikindi kintu gituma bamwebamwe bemera yuko Yakobo avugwa muri iyo nyandiko yari mwenenyina wa Yezu Kirisitu. Naho vyari bimenyerewe ko se w’uwapfuye avugwa mu nyandiko nk’izo, ni gake wasanga izina ry’uwo bavukana rivugwa. Ku bw’ivyo rero, incabwenge zimwezimwe zemera yuko uwo Yezu ategerezwa kuba yari umuntu ahambaye, bigaca bituma biyumvira ko yari Yezu Kirisitu, umwe yatanguza ubukirisu.

Iyo sandugu yoba yarabayeho?

Isandugu y’amagufa ni iki? Ni isandugu yashirwamwo amagufa y’umuntu yasandavye umubiri wiwe umaze gusangukira mu mva. Amasandugu menshi yaribwa mu matongo y’abapfuye yo mu micungararo ya Yeruzalemu. Isandugu yariko izina rya Yakobo yubuwe kw’isoko ya kera, ntiyubuwe ahantu hasanzwe hacukurirwa ibintu. Bivugwa ko nyene iyo sandugu yayiguze amadolari amajana makeyi mu myaka y’1970. Gutyo, inkomoko y’iyo sandugu ntizwi. Porofeseri Bruce Chilton wo muri kaminuza y’i New York yatangujwe na Bard avuga ati: “Niba udashobora kuvuga aho isandugu yatowe be n’aho yari imaze imyaka hafi 2.000 iri, ntushobora kwerekana isano riri hagati yayo n’abantu ishobora kuba yerekezako”.

Kubera yuko ata bimenyamenya bijanye n’ivy’ubucukuzi vyerekana iyo yavuye vyari bihari, kugira iyo sandugu imenyekane amamuko yayo, André Lemaire yaciye ayirungikira Urwego rugira ubushakashatsi mu vy’ubutaka rwo mu gihugu ca Isirayeli. Abashakashatsi bo muri urwo rwego barasuzumye kugira barabe yuko iyo sandugu yari ikozwe mu mabuye y’ingwa yo mu kinjana ca mbere canke ca kabiri mu G.C. Bavuze yuko “ata kimenyetso na kimwe cerekana ko hari igikoresho co muri kino gihe cakoreshejwe kuri iyo sandugu”. Naho ari ukwo, incabwenge za Bibiliya zabajijwe ibibazo n’ikinyamakuru kimwe (The New York Times), zaseruye iciyumviro c’uko “ibimenyamenya bidatomora neza ibintu bishigikira ivy’uko iyo sandugu yoba ifitaniye isano na Yezu bishobora kuba vyari ibimenyamenya bikomeye, mugabo n’ubundi, biguma ari ibimenyamenya bidatomora neza ibintu”.

Ico kinyamakuru cavuze ko “hafi mu bantu bose bize bo muri iki gihe, ata n’umwe akekeranya ko Yezu yabayeho”. Yamara, benshi babona ko hategerezwa kuba hariho ibindi bimenyamenya vyerekana ko Yezu yabayeho, uretse ivyo muri Bibiliya. Ivyacukuwe, vyoba bikwiye kuba ryo shimikiro rituma umuntu yizera Yezu Kirisitu? Ni ibimenyamenya ibihe dufise bivuga kahise k’“umuntu umwe rudende ahambaye kuruta ababayeho bose kw’isi”?

[Abo dukesha amafoto ku rup. 3]

Ibubamfu, isandugu yanditsweko Yakobo: AFP PHOTO/J.P. Moczulski; iburyo, indome ziharangatuwe: AFP PHOTO/HO