Wessel Gansfort​—“Uwaharaniye amahinduka mu vy’idini imbere y’uko aba”

Abantu bose biga ibijanye na kwa Gutunganya ivy’idini bushasha kwatanguzwa n’abaporotisanti mu 1517, barazi neza ivyerekeye Luther, Tyndale na Calvin. Ariko rero, ni bake bazi ivyerekeye Wessel Gansfort. Yiswe “Uwaharaniye amahinduka mu vy’idini imbere y’uko aba”. Woba wipfuza kumenya vyinshi ku bimwerekeye?

WESSEL yavukiye mu gisagara ca Groningen mu Buholande mu 1419. Mu kinjana ca 15, ni bake wasanga baronka akaryo ko guca ku ntebe y’ishure, ariko Wessel we yarakaronse. Naho yari aciye ubwenge cane, yabwirijwe guheba ishure afise imyaka icenda kubera yuko abavyeyi biwe bari bakenye cane. Ariko rero, sinzi ingene umupfakazi umwe w’umutunzi yumvise ukuntu uwo mwana Wessel yari aciye ubwenge, aca aramwishinga yemera kumurihira amashure. Ukwo ni ko yashoboye kubandanya amashure yiwe. Mu nyuma yararonse urupapuro rw’umutsindo rwa kaminuza mu vy’indimi. Biboneka kandi ko yahavuye aronka n’urundi rupapuro rw’umutsindo rwatumye aba dogoteri mu vya tewolojiya.

Wessel yari afise icipfuzo gikomeye co kumenya vyinshi. Ariko rero, mu gihe ciwe hari ububiko bw’ibitabu buke. Naho ya mashini icapura ikoresheje inyuguti ziri ku twuma dupangwa tukongera tugapangurwa yakozwe mu gihe ciwe, ibitabu vyinshi vyari bicandikwa n’iminwe, kandi vyari bizimvye cane. Wessel yari umwe mu ncabwenge zagenda zirava mu bubiko bumwe zija mu bundi be no mu kigo c’abihebeye Imana kimwe zija mu kindi zirondera ivyandikano vy’iminwe vyari bigoye kuronka be n’ibitabu vyari vyaribagiranywe. Ivyo baba batoye baca babihanahana. Yaragize ubumenyi bwinshi cane kandi igitabu yaza arandikamwo utuntu twiwe yaracujujemwo amajambo yavuzwe n’abandi be n’ivyiyumviro bimwebimwe, ivyo vyose akaba yabikura mu bitabu vya kera vy’ikigiriki n’igiheburayo. Abandi banyatewolojiya ntibemerwa cane kubera ko wasanga Wessel azi ibintu vyinshi bo baba batarigera bumva. Wessel yiswe ngo Magister Contradictionis, ni ukuvuga Karuhariwe mu vyo kubeshuza ibintu.

“Kubera iki utonyobora kuri Kristu?”

Hagisigaye nk’imyaka 50 ngo habe kwa Gutunganya ivy’idini bushasha, Wessel yarahuye n’uwitwa Thomas à Kempis (yabayeho nko mu 1379-1471), uwo abantu benshi bavuga ko ari we yanditse igitabu rurangiranwa citwa De Imitatione Christi (bisobanura ngo Ukwigana Kristu). Thomas à Kempis yari mu muhari w’Abafurera b’ubuzima busanzwe, uwo na wo ukaba wari umuhari washimika ku kamaro ko kubaho umuntu yihebeye Imana. Uwanditse ivyerekeye ubuzima bwa Wessel avuga yuko Thomas à Kempis yaremesheje Wessel akatari gake kwambaza Mariya ngo amufashe. Wessel na we yaca amwishura ati: “Kubera iki utonyobora kuri Kristu, we asaba n’umutima mwiza abo bose baremerewe kuza kuri we?”.

Bivugwa yuko Wessel yarwanya ivy’uko yohabwa ubusaseredoti. Igihe yabazwa igituma atemera ko bamumwa uruhara ku gakomokomo, ivyerekana ko umuntu ari mu bakuru bo muri Ekeleziya, yishuye yuko atatinya kumanikwa magingo yobaye agifise ubushobozi bwiwe bwose bwo kwiyumvira. Biboneka ko yashaka kwerekana yuko abahabwa ubusaseredoti batakurikiranwa n’amategeko, kandi biribonekeza yuko ico kimenyetso abasaseredoti bashirwako catumye vy’ukuri benshi batamanikwa. Vyongeye, Wessel yariyamirije imigenzo imwimwe y’ivy’idini yakunda kugirwa. Nk’akarorero, hari abamunebaguye kubera ko ngo yanse kwemera ibitangaro bivugwa mu gitabu citwa Dialogus Miraculorum cemerwa cane mu gihe ciwe. Mu kubishura yavuze ati: “Vyoba vyiza umuntu asomye mu Vyanditswe Vyeranda”.

“Ivyo tumenya bivana n’ivyo tuba twabajije”

Wessel yarize igiheburayo n’ikigiriki bituma amenya vyinshi cane ku vyerekeye ivyanditswe n’abakuru ba Ekeleziya bo hambere. Urukundo yakunda indimi zo mu ntango Bibiliya yanditswemwo ruribonekeza mu buryo budasanzwe, narirya yabayeho imbere y’uko Érasme na Reuchlin babahoa. Imbere y’uko haba kwa Gutunganya ivy’idini bushasha, abari bazi ikigiriki bari bake cane. Mu Budagi, incabwenge ziri ku rushi gusa ni zo zari zizi neza ikigiriki, kandi nta bintu vyafasha umuntu kwiga urwo rurimi vyaboneka. Inyuma y’aho i Konsitantinopule hasanganguriwe mu 1453, biboneka ko Wessel yaciye arondera ukuntu yobonana n’abihebeye Imana b’Abagiriki bari bahungiye mu bihugu vyo mu Buraya, kandi yarabigiyeko amajambo y’ikigiriki y’ishimikiro. Muri ico gihe, igiheburayo cakoreshwa n’Abayuda gusa, kandi bisa n’uko Abayuda batari bakiri mw’idini ryabo ari bo bigishije Wessel amajambo y’igiheburayo y’ishimikiro.

Wessel yarakunda cane Bibiliya. Yabona ko ari igitabu cahumetswe n’Imana, akemera kandi yuko ibitabu vyose vyo muri Bibiliya bivuga rumwe. We yabona yuko insiguro y’ivyanditswe binaka vyo muri Bibiliya yategerezwa kugirwa mu buryo buhuye n’amakikuro yavyo kandi ntibe iyigoretse. Insiguro iyo ari yo yose yoje igoreka Ivyanditswe yari ikwiye gufatwa ko ari inyigisho y’icaduka. Icanditswe co muri Bibiliya yakunda cane cari ico muri Matayo 7:7, ahavuga hati: “Murondere, muzoronka”. Wessel, afatiye kuri ayo majambo, yaremera adakeka ko ari ngirakamaro kubaza ibibazo, akavuga yuko “ivyo tumenya bivana n’ivyo tuba twabajije”.

Asaba ikintu gitangaje

Mu 1473, Wessel yaragiye gutembera i Roma. Aho i Roma yarahawe umubonano na Papa Sixte wa kane, uno akaba yari uwa mbere mu papa batandatu bari bafise inyigenzo y’ubuhumbu iteye isoni yahavuye ituma abaporotisanti batunganya ivy’idini bushasha. Umutohozakahise yitwa Barbara W. Tuchman avuga yuko Papa Sixte wa kane yatanguje ikiringo co “gukurikirana inyungu z’umuntu ku giti ciwe be n’ivyo kurondera kugira ububasha mu vy’intwaro, abigira mu buryo buteye isoni, ata kwihisha kandi adatezura”. Uwo mupapa yarababaje cane abanyagihugu kubera yuko yagira nkunzi ku mugaragaro. Hari uwundi mutohozakahise yanditse yuko uwo mupapa ashobora kuba yashaka ko urwego rw’abapapa ruba icibare ciwe. Benshi ntibubahutse kwiyamiriza iyo nyifato igayitse.

Wessel Gansfort wewe yari atandukanye na bo. Igihe kimwe Sixte yamubwiye ati: “Kibondo, saba ico ushaka cose, turakiguha”. Wessel yaciye amwishura ati: “Dawe mweranda, . . . kubera ko ngaha kw’isi ari wewe musaseredoti mukuru ukaba n’umwungere mukuru, ndagusavye . . . yuko woshitsa iryo banga rihambaye ujejwe ku buryo wa Mwungere Mukuru w’intama . . . aramutse aje, yoshobora kukubwira ati: ‘Wagize neza, muntu wanje mwiza wo kwizigirwa, injira mu munezero wa Shobuja.’”. Sixte yaciye abwira Wessel yuko ivyo bitamuraba, ko nyabuna akwiye kugira ico ahisemwo ku ruhande rwiwe. Wessel na we yasubijeyo ati: “Ko ari ukwo rero, numpe Bibiliya yo mu kigiriki no mu giheburayo iri mu Bubiko bw’ibitabu bw’i Vatikano”. Uwo mupapa yarayimwemereye ariko yabonye ko Wessel ari akajuju, kuko we yabona ko yari akwiye gusaba ubusenyeri!

“Ni ikinyoma kandi ni ikosa”

Kubera yuko Sixte yari akeneye cane amahera yo kwubaka isengero izwi cane muri iki gihe yitwa Chapelle Sixtine, yaciye yikora ku vyo kugurisha indulujensiya z’abapfuye. Izo ndulujensiya zarakunzwe cane. Igitabu kimwe (Vicars of Christ​—The Dark Side of the Papacy) kivuga giti: “Abapfakazi n’abapfakare be n’abavyeyi babuze abana babo, baratanga uduhera twabo twose barondera yuko ababo bokurwa mw’Ipurugatori”. Ivyo gutanga indulujensiya vyarakiriwe neza n’abantu basanzwe, bano bakaba bemera rwose yuko ababo bapfuye, abapapa bashobora gutuma baja mw’ijuru.

Wessel wewe yaremera adakeka yuko Ekeleziya Gatolika, n’abapapa barimwo, idashoboye na gato guharira ibicumuro. Ku bijanye n’ukugurisha indulujensiya, Wessel yavuze izuba riva ati: “Ni ikinyoma kandi ni ikosa”. Vyongeye, ntiyemera ko bikenewe yuko umuntu yirega ku basaseredoti kugira ngo aharirwe ibicumuro.

N’ikindi kandi, Wessel yaranebagura ivy’uko ngo umupapa adacumura, akavuga yuko ukwemera kwa Ekeleziya kutokomera hamwe vyoba vyitezwe ko abantu bama bemera abapapa, kandi na bo nyene bacumura. Yanditse ati: “Nka hamwe abakuru ba Ekeleziya bokwirengagiza amategeko y’Imana maze bagashinga ayabo, . . . ivyo bakora be n’ivyo bategeka nta co vyoba bimaze”.

Wessel ategura inzira yatumye ivy’idini bitunganywa bushasha

Wessel yapfuye mu 1489. Naho yarwanije ibintu bimwebimwe bitari vyo vyakorwa muri Ekeleziya, yagumye ari umugatolika. Yamara, Ekeleziya ntiyigeze imwagiriza yuko ari umuhakanyi. Ariko rero amaze gupfa, abihebeye Imana b’abagatolika bari bafise ishaka ryinshi baraturiye ivyo yanditse, kubera yuko ngo vyabonwa ko bihumanye. Mu gihe ca Luther, Wessel yari amaze kwibagirana. Nta gitabu ciwe na kimwe cari caracapuwe, kandi mu vyo yari yaranditse n’iminwe, hari hasigaye bike cane. Igitabu ca mbere mu vyo Wessel yari yaranditse cahavuye gisohorwa hagati y’umwaka wa 1520 n’uwa 1522. Carimwo ikete ryanditswe na Luther, muri ryo akaba yarashimye cane ivyo Wessel yanditse.

Naho Wessel atatumye haba amahinduka mu vy’idini nka Luther, yariyamirije atarya umunwa amakosa amwamwe yatumye ivy’idini bitunganywa bushasha. Nkako, mu gitabu kimwe (Cyclopedia) canditswe na McClintock be na Strong, avugwa ko ari “we yari ahambaye cane mu Badagi bafashije mu vyo gutegura inzira yatumye ivy’idini bitunganywa bushasha”.

Luther yabona ko Wessel yari amushigikiye. Umwanditsi umwe yitwa C. Augustijn yandika ati: “Luther avuga ko ivyabaye mu gihe ca Eliya be n’ivyamushikiye vyagereranya ivyobaye mu gihe ciwe. Nka kurya nyene uwo muhanuzi yabona ko ari we wenyene yari asigaye wo kurwana intambara z’Imana, Luther na we yabona ko yari we wenyene arwana na Ekeleziya. Mugabo, amaze gusoma ivyo Wessel yanditse, yaratahuye yuko Umukama yari yararokoye ‘amasigarira muri Isirayeli’. Luther arashika n’aho avuga ati: ‘Iyo mba nari narasomye kuva kare ivyo yanditse, abansi banje hari aho bari kuvuga ngo ibintu vyose Luther yabikuye kuri Wessel. Twe na we, twabona ibintu kumwe’”b.

“Muzoronka”

Igihe kwa Gutunganya ivy’idini bushasha kwatangura, nticabaye ikintu gishitse giturumbuka. Ivyiyumviro vyatumye haba ukwo Gutunganya ivy’idini bushasha vyari bimaze igihe bikwiragira mu bantu. Wessel yaratahuye yuko ukwigenza nabi kw’abapapa amaherezo kwotumye haba abarondera ko ibintu bihinduka. Hari umunyeshure Wessel yigeze kubwira ati: “Wa muhungu w’umunyamwete, umusi uri izina uzokwibonera ingene inyigisho . . . z’abanyatewolojiya b’abanyabihari ziyamirizwa n’abakirisu bose b’ukuri b’incabwenge”.

Naho Wessel yabona amakosa amwamwe be n’ingeso zononekaye vyo mu gihe ciwe, ntiyashoboye gushira ahabona umuco wose werekeye ukuri kwo muri Bibiliya. Naho ari ukwo, yarabona ko Bibiliya ari igitabu gikwiye gusomwa no kwigwa. Igitabu kimwe (A History of Christianity) kivuga yuko Wessel “yemera ko Bibiliya ari yo yonyene ifise ijambo rya nyuma mu bijanye n’ukwemera, kubera ko yahumetswe na Mutima Mweranda”. Muri iki gihe, abakirisu b’ukuri baremera ko Bibiliya ari Ijambo ry’Imana ryahumetswe (2 Timoteyo 3:16). Ariko rero, ukuri kwo muri Bibiliya ntikukigoye gutahura canke ngo umuntu bimugore kugutora. Ubu, kuruta mbere n’ikindi gihe cose co muri kahise, iyi ngingo ngenderwako yo muri Bibiliya iracari iy’ukuri, igira iti: “Murondere, muzoronka”.​—Matayo 7:7; Imigani 2:1-6.

[Utujambo tw’epfo]

[Uruzitiro/Ifoto ku rup. 14]

WESSEL BE N’IZINA RY’IMANA

Mu vyo Wessel yanditse, izina ry’Imana usanga ahenshi ryandikwa ngo “Johavah”. Ariko rero, Wessel yarakoresheje izina “Yehova” n’imiburiburi incuro zibiri. Umwanditsi umwe yitwa H. A. Oberman, mu kwerekana ukuntu Wessel yabona ibintu, asozera avuga yuko Wessel yabona ko iyo Toma w’i Akina be n’abandi baza kuba bari bazi igiheburayo, “bari kumenya ko izina Imana ry’Imana ryahishuriwe Musa ridasobanura ngo ‘Ndi uwo ndi we’, ahubwo ko risobanura ngo ‘Nzoba uwo nzoba’”c. Bibiliya Traduction du monde nouveau irisobanura neza ngo “Nzogaragaza ko ndi ico nzogaragaza ko ndi”.​—Kuvayo 3:13, 14.

[Akajambo k’epfo]

[Abo dukesha ifoto]

Icandikano: Universiteitsbibliotheek, Utrecht

[Amafoto ku rup. 15]

Wessel yariyamirije ivyo kugurisha indulujensiya, vyari bishigikiwe na Papa Sixte wa kane