Igituma ushobora kwizigira Injili zo muri Bibiliya

IVYO ni ibiki vyariko biratangarirwa? Ico kinyamakuru cariko kiragira ico kivuze ku bijanye n’ikintu hamwe n’ibikorwa biherutse gushimisha abantu benshi vyari bishingiye ku vyiswe ngo ni injili, amakete be n’ivyahishuwe vyegeranirijwe hamwe, bino bikaba vyubuwe ikinjana ca 20 kigeze hagati, i Nag Hammadi be no mu tundi turere two mu Misiri. Ivyo vyandiko hamwe n’ibindi vy’ubwo bwoko muri rusangi vyavuzwe ko ari ivyandiko bishingiye ku bumenyi (Gnostique) canke ku migani (Apocryphe).a

Hoba hari umugambi wagizwe mu kinyegero?

Mu kiringo wasanga abantu muri rusangi batizigira Bibiliya be n’amadini yahurumbirwa na benshi, ivyandiko bishingiye ku bumenyi canke ivyandiko bitemewe ko biri mu bigize Bibiliya vyovyo bisa n’ivyakiriwe neza n’abantu benshi. Ivyo vyandiko vyaragize akosho kanini ku bijanye n’ukuntu abantu benshi babona inyigisho za Yezu Kristu be no ku bijanye n’ubukirisu ubwabwo. Ikinyamakuru kimwe kivuga giti: “Injili ya Toma be n’ibindi [bitabu] bitemewe ko biri mu bigize Bibiliya vyarashimishije umugwi w’abantu ubandanya kwongerekana mu bihe vya none, ni ukuvuga abantu bashashaye kumenya ivy’Imana ariko batizigira idini.” Vyaharuwe ko muri Berezile honyene “hari n’imiburiburi imigwi 30 y’abantu bemera ibintu bishingiye ku bitabu bitemewe ko biri mu bigize Bibiliya.”

Ukwubura ivyo vyandiko vyarakwiragije mu bantu iciyumviro c’uko ngo mu kinjana ca kane G.C., Ekeleziya gatolika yagize umugambi mu kinyegero wo gupfukiranya ukuri kwerekeye Yezu, yuko ngo inkuru zimwezimwe zerekeye ubuzima bwiwe zivugwa mu bitabu bitemewe ko biri mu bigize Bibiliya zakuwemwo, be n’uko ngo za Njili zine zo muri Bibiliya ziboneka muri kino gihe zahinduwe. Umwigisha w’ivy’idini yitwa Elaine Pagels abivuga muri ubu buryo, ati: “Ubu turatanguye kubona yuko ico twita ngo ni ubukirisu be n’ivyo twita ngo ni imigenzo ya gikirisu, mu vy’ukuri bishingiye ku tuntu dukeyi gusa bahisemwo badukuye mu masoko manaka, ano akaba yarobanuwe mu yandi menshi.”

Twisunze ibivugwa n’incabwenge zitandukanye nka Pagels, Bibiliya si ryo soko ryonyene ry’ukwizera kwa gikirisu; ngo hariho ayandi masoko, nka vya vyandiko bitemewe ko biri mu bigize Bibiliya. Nk’akarorero, mu kiganiro co kuri BBC citwa ngo Ibinyegezwa vyerekeye Bibiliya (Bible Mysteries), igihe hariko harashikirizwa ibijanye n’iciyumviro kivuga ngo “Mariya Magadalena w’ukuri,” vyavuzwe yuko ivyandiko bitemewe ko biri mu bigize Bibiliya vyerekana ko Mariya Magadalena ari “umwigisha w’abandi bigishwa akaba n’umuyobozi wabo mu vy’Imana. Si umwigishwa gusa; ni intumwa ku zindi ntumwa.” Mu kugira ico avuze ku ruhara vyiyumvirwa ko Mariya Magadalena yaranguye, uwitwa Juan Arias yandika mu kinyamakuru kimwe (O Estado de S. Paulo) co muri Berezile ati: “Muri kino gihe, ibintu vyose bidushikana ku kwemera yuko idini rya gikirisu ryo mu ntango ryatangujwe na Yezu ryaha ikibanza kinini cane abakenyezi, kubera yuko amazu ya mbere yakoreshejwe nk’amasengero yari ay’abakenyezi, aho basukura ari abapatiri n’abasenyeri.”

Kuri benshi, ibitabu bitemewe ko biri mu bigize Bibiliya bisa n’ibihambaye cane kuruta ibitabu vyo muri Bibiliya. Ariko rero, kuba ari vyo bashima bituma havyuka ibibazo bimwebimwe bihambaye nk’ibi: Ivyo vyandiko bitemewe ko biri mu bigize Bibiliya vyoba ari isoko ryiza ry’ukwizera kwa gikirisu? Igihe bivuguruza inyigisho zitomoye zo muri Bibiliya, twoba dukwiye kwizigira Bibiliya canke ivyo bitabu bitemewe ko biri mu bigize Bibiliya? Hoba vy’ukuri haragizwe umugambi mu kinyegero mu kinjana ca kane wo gukuraho ivyo bitabu no guhindura za Njili zine kugira ngo bakuremwo amakuru ahambaye yerekeye Yezu, Mariya Magadalena be n’abandi? Kugira ngo turonke inyishu z’ivyo bibazo, nimuze turimbure imwe muri za Njili zine zo muri Bibiliya, iyo na yo ikaba ari Injili ya Yohani.

Ibimenyamenya dukura mu Njili ya Yohani

Hari igihimba c’agaciro c’Injili ya Yohani catowe mu Misiri amaja mu ntango y’ikinjana ca 20, ubu kikaba kizwi kw’izina rya Papyrus Rylands 457 (P⁵²). Kirimwo amajambo dusanga muri Yohani 18:31-33, 37, 38 muri Bibiliya ya none kandi gishinguwe mu bubiko bw’ibitabu bw’i Manchester mu Bwongereza bwitwa John Rylands Library. Ico ni co gihimba c’icandikano c’iminwe ca kera gusumba ibindi vyose bikiriho kiriko Ivyanditswe vy’ikigiriki. Incabwenge nyinshi zemera yuko canditswe nko mu 125 G.C., hakaba hari haciye imyaka 25 gusa canke irenga gatoya Yohani apfuye. Igitangaje ni uko igisomwa c’ico gihimba gihuza hafi neza na neza n’ivyandikano vy’iminwe vyo mu nyuma. Kuba ikopi y’Injili ya Yohani ya kera cane gutyo yari imaze gukwiragira gushika mu Misiri, aho ico gihimba cubuwe, birashigikira iciyumviro c’uko inkuru nziza nk’uko Yohani yayishikirije yanditswe vy’ukuri mu kinjana ca mbere G.C. kandi yandikwa na Yohani ubwiwe, nk’uko Bibiliya ivyerekana. Ku bw’ivyo, igitabu ca Yohani canditswe n’uwiboneye ingene ibintu vyagenze.

Ariko rero, ivyandiko bitemewe ko biri mu bigize Bibiliya vyose vyanditswe guhera mu kinjana ca kabiri, haheze imyaka ijana canke irenga ibintu bivugwa muri vyo vyarabaye. Abahinga bamwebamwe baragerageza guharira bavuga yuko ngo ivyandiko bitemewe ko biri mu bigize Bibiliya bishingiye ku vyandiko canke ku migenzo vya kera cane, ariko nta na kimwe gishobora kuvyemeza. Ku bw’ivyo, iki kibazo kirabereye: Ni igiki ukwiye kwizera kuruta ikindi; ni ibimenyamenya bitangwa n’abiboneye ibintu canke ni ibitangwa n’abantu babayeho haciye imyaka ijana ivyo bintu bibaye? Inyishu iratomoye.b

Bite ho ku bintu abantu bemeza yuko ngo Injili zo muri Bibiliya zagize ico zihindurwako kugira ngo bakuremwo inkuru zimwezimwe zerekeye ubuzima bwa Yezu? Hoba hari ikimenyamenya na kimwe c’uko nk’akarorero Injili ya Yohani bayihinduye mu kinjana ca kane kugira ngo bagoreke ukuri? Kugira ngo twishure ico kibazo, turakeneye kugumiza mu muzirikanyi yuko rimwe mu masoko nyamukuru yisunzwe mu guhindura Bibiliya ya none ari icandikano c’iminwe co mu kinjana ca kane kizwi kw’izina rya Vatican 1209. Nimba Bibiliya dukoresha irimwo ibintu vyahinduwe mu kinjana ca kane, ivyo bintu vyahinduwe vyobaye rero vyibonekeza muri ico candikano. Igishimishije ni uko hariho ikindi candikano c’iminwe kirimwo ibintu nka vyose bivugwa muri Luka no muri Yohani, kizwi kw’izina rya Bodmer 14, 15 (P⁷⁵), co kuva mu 175 G.C. gushika mu 225 G.C. Twisunze ibivugwa n’abahinga, ibiri muri ico candikano birasa cane n’ibiri muri ca candikano citwa Vatican 1209. Mu yandi majambo, nta mahinduka ashemeye yagizwe mu Njili zo muri Bibiliya, kandi icandikano citwa Vatican 1209 kiravyemeza.

Nta kimenyamenya na kimwe kihari, haba mu nyandiko canke mu bundi buryo, cerekana ko igisomwa co muri Yohani, canke co mu zindi Njili, cagize ico gihindurwako mu kinjana ca kane. Dogoteri Peter M. Head wo kuri kaminuza y’i Cambridge, amaze gusuzuma ibihimba vy’ivyandikano vy’iminwe bikoranirijwe hamwe vyubuwe i Oxyrhynchus mu Misiri, yandika ati: “Muri rusangi ivyo vyandikano vy’iminwe biremeza igisomwa kiri mu vyandikano vy’iminwe vyanditswe mu ndome nkurunkuru nininini vyo kuva mu kinjana ca kane, cisunzwe mu gutunganya impinduro zihinyanyuye zo mu gihe ca none. Ku bijanye n’ivyo, nta na kimwe gisaba ko umuntu atahura mu buryo ataho busa busana n’uko yahora atahura ivyerekeye ukuntu igisomwa c’Isezerano rishasha cagiye kirahanahanwa mu ntango.”

Ni iciyumviro ikihe dushobora gushikako?

Za Njili zine ziri mu bitabu vyemewe ko biri mu bigize Bibiliya, ari zo Matayo, Mariko, Luka na Yohani, zaremerwa hose mu bakirisu n’imiburiburi guhera hagati mu kinjana ca kabiri. Igitabu uwitwa Tasiyano yanditse cakoreshwa ahantu henshi citwa Diatessaron (iryo rikaba ari ijambo ry’ikigiriki risobanura ngo “uhuje [za Njili] zine”), canditswe hagati yo mu 160 no mu 175 G.C., cari gishingiye gusa kuri za Njili zine zemewe ko ziri mu bitabu bigize Bibiliya, nticari gishingiye mu njili n’imwe muri zimwe bita ngo zishingiye ku bumenyi. (Raba uruzitiro ruvuga ngo “Yaraburaniye Injili kera cane.”) Ikindi kintu kiri n’ico kivuze ni ivyavuzwe n’uwitwa Irenée wo mu mpera z’ikinjana ca kabiri G.C. Yavuze yuko hategerezwa kuba hariho Injili zine, nk’uko hariho impande zine z’isi. Naho ukwo kuntu yagereranije ibintu kwoshobora kuba kurimwo amahinyu, iciyumviro yashikirije kirashigikira iciyumviro c’uko mu gihe ciwe hariho Injili zine gusa zari zemewe ko ziri mu bitabu bigize Bibiliya.

None ivyo bintu vyose vyerekana iki? Vyerekana ko Ivyanditswe vy’ikigiriki, harimwo na za Njili zine, nk’uko tubibona muri kino gihe vyagumye ata kintu kinini bihinduweko kuva mu kinjana ca kabiri. Nta mvo n’imwe ikomeye ihari yotuma twemera ko mu kinjana ca kane habaye umugambi mu kinyegero wo guhindura canke gukuraho igice na kimwe co mu Vyanditswe vyahumetswe n’Imana. Ahubwo nyabuna, incabwenge mu vya Bibiliya yitwa Bruce Metzger yanditse ati: “Mu mpera z’ikinjana ca kabiri, . . . abantu bo mu mashengero atandukanye cane kandi akwiragiye hirya no hino, atari mu karere ka Mediterane gusa ariko kandi no mu karere ko kuva mu Bwongereza gushika muri Mezopotamiya, barahuje ku bijanye n’igice kinini rwose c’Isezerano rishasha.”

Intumwa Paulo na Petero barashigikira cane ukuri kwo mw’Ijambo ry’Imana. Bompi baraburiye bashimitse abakirisu bagenzi babo ngo ntibemere canke ngo bizigire ikindi kintu na kimwe gitandukanye n’ivyo bari barigishijwe. Nk’akarorero, Paulo yandikiye Timoteyo ati: “Ewe Timoteyo, rinda ico wabikijwe, uhunge amajambo ata co arimwo asiga iceyi ibintu vyeranda, uhunge n’amajambo avuguruzanya y’ivyo bita bihenda ngo ni ‘ubumenyi.’ Kubera uguhaya mwene ubwo bumenyi bamwe barakebeje bata ukwizera.” Petero yemeje ati: “Oya, mu gukurikira inkuru z’ikinyoma zaremaremwe ku buhinga si ho twabamenyesheje ububasha n’ukuhaba vy’Umukama wacu Yezu Kristu, mugabo vyaciye ku kuba twariboneye ubuninahazwa bwiwe.”​—1 Timoteyo 6:20, 21; 2 Petero 1:16.

Haraciye ibinjana umuhanuzi Yesaya ahumekewe kuvuga ati: “Ivyatsi birūma, amashurwe agakabirana, arikw ijambo ry’Imana yacu rizohorah’ibihe bidashira.” (Yesaya 40:8) Turashobora kugira mwene ukwo guhera amazinda nyene yuko Umwe yahumeka Ivyanditswe Vyeranda yanabizigamye mu myaka n’iyindi ihaciye kugira ngo ‘abantu b’uburyo bwose bakizwe bashike ku bumenyi butagira amakosa bwerekeye ukuri.’​—1 Timoteyo 2:4.