Bibiliya yoba itubwira vyose ku vyerekeye Yezu?

Mbega vyoba bishoboka ko Yezu atapfiriye i Gologota nk’uko Bibiliya ibivuga, ahubwo ko yoba yararusimvye? Vyoba bishoboka ko yabiriye Mariya Magadalena maze bakavyarana abana? Canke yoba yari umuntu w’amayobera yabaho yibabaza, aterekwa ikintu na kimwe mu binezereza vyo mu buzima bwo kw’isi? Vyoba bishoboka ko yigishije inyigisho zitandukanye n’izo dusoma muri Bibiliya?

MWENE ivyo vyiyumviro bidafise ishingiro vyaratsimbataye cane muri iyi myaka ya vuba, kimwe mu vyatumye bisubira kuvyuka akaba ari amasenema be n’ibitabu vyigana inkuru vyakunzwe na benshi. Uretse ibintu vyiganwa canke vyerekanwa bitabayeho, hariho n’ibitabu vyinshi be n’ibiganiro vyinshi bishimika cane ku vyandikano vyo mu kinjana ca kabiri n’ica gatatu G.C. bitari mu rutonde rw’ibitabu vyemewe bigize Bibiliya. Ivyo vyandikano bivuga yuko ngo bihishura amakuru y’ukuri yerekeye Yezu, vyitwa ko atashizwe muri za Njili. Ivyo bintu bivugwa vyoba bifise ishingiro? Twoba dushobora guhera amazinda yuko Bibiliya itubwira ibintu vy’ukuri vyose vyerekeye Yezu?

Kugira ngo twishure ivyo bibazo, birakenewe ko turimbura ibintu bitatu vy’ishimikiro. Ubwa mbere, turakeneye kumenya amakuru ahambaye yerekeye abanditse inkuru zo mu Njili be n’igihe bazandikiye; ubwa kabiri, turakeneye kumenya abashinze urutonde rw’ibitabu vyemewe bigize Bibiliya be n’ingene babigenjeje; ubwa gatatu na ho, turakeneye kumenya amakuru amwamwe yerekeye ivyandikano bitemewe ko bigize Bibiliya be n’ingene bitandukanye n’ivyemewe.a

Ivyanditswe vy’ikigiriki vyanditswe ryari, kandi vyanditswe na nde?

Twisunze ibivugwa n’amasôko amwamwe, Injili ya Matayo yanditswe haciye nk’imyaka umunani gusa Kristu apfuye, ni ukuvuga nko mu 41 G.C. Incabwenge nyinshi zivuga ko hari ukuntu yoba yanditswe mu nyuma, ariko abenshi barahuriza ku vy’uko ibitabu vyose bigize Ivyanditswe vy’ikigiriki vyanditswe mu kinjana ca mbere G.C.

Abiboneye ubuzima bwa Yezu, bakibonera urupfu rwiwe be n’izuka ryiwe bari bakiriho ico gihe; bari bashoboye kwemeza ko inkuru zo mu Njili ari zo canke atari zo. Bari bashoboye kandi gushira ku kabarore bitagoranye ibintu vyose bitari vyo. Porofeseri F. F. Bruce avuga ati: “Kimwe mu bintu bikomeye vyaranga uburyo intumwa za mbere zavuga ubutumwa ni ukuntu zishimikiza ata makenga ivyo abazumviriza bari bazi; ntizavuga gusa ngo: ‘Turi ivyabona bishingira intahe ivyo bintu,’ ariko kandi zavuga ngo: ‘Nk’uko na mwebwe ubwanyu mubizi’ (Ibikorwa 2:22).”

None abanditse Ivyanditswe vy’ikigiriki ni bande? Harimwo zimwezimwe muri za ntumwa 12 za Yezu. Abo hamwe n’abandi banditsi ba Bibiliya, nka Yakobo, Yuda, kumbure na Mariko, ni ho bari ku musi wa Pentekoti yo mu 33 G.C. aho ishengero rya gikirisu ryashingwa. Abo banditsi bose, ushizemwo na Paulo, bari bunze ubumwe cane n’inama nyobozi yo mu ntango yari iyoboye ishengero rya gikirisu rya mbere, ino ikaba yari igizwe n’intumwa be n’abakurambere b’i Yeruzalemu.​—Ibikorwa 15:2, 6, 12-14, 22; Abagalatiya 2:7-10.

Yezu yashinze abayoboke biwe igikorwa yari yaratanguje co kwamamaza inkuru nziza no kwigisha. (Matayo 28:19, 20) Mbere yavuze ati: “Uwubumvirije na jewe aba anyumvirije.” (Luka 10:16) Vyongeye, yarabasezeraniye yuko impwemu nyeranda y’Imana, ari zo nguvu zayo zikora, yobahaye ububasha bari bakeneye kugira ngo barangure ico gikorwa. Ni co gituma igihe ivyandikano vyaba bivuye ku ntumwa canke ku bo bakorana hafi na hafi, abo bakaba bari abantu batanga ikimenyamenya gitomoye c’uko bari bafise impwemu nyeranda y’Imana, abakirisu bo mu ntango baca bemera bitagoranye ko ivyo bitabu ari ivy’ukuri kandi biri n’ububasha.

Abanditsi ba Bibiliya bamwebamwe baremeje yuko ivyo bagenzi babo banditse vyari ivy’ukuri bikagira n’ububasha, be n’uko vyahumetswe n’Imana. Nk’akarorero, intumwa Petero yarisunze amakete ya Paulo maze ayashira mu mugwi umwe n’“ibindi Vyanditswe.” (2 Petero 3:15, 16) Paulo na we nyene yariyemereye yuko intumwa be n’abandi bahanuzi bakirisu bari bahumekewe n’Imana.​—Abanyefeso 3:5.

Inkuru zo mu Njili rero zirafise ivyemeza bikomeye vy’uko ari izo kwizigirwa kandi ari iz’ukuri. Si inkuru zisanzwe z’ibitito canke imigani. Ni inkuru zanditswe zitondewe, zishingiye ku ntahe yashinzwe n’abavyiboneye, zandikwa n’abantu bari bahumukewe n’impwemu nyeranda y’Imana.

Ni bande bahisemwo ibitabu vyemewe bigize Bibiliya?

Abanditsi bamwebamwe bavuze yuko ngo ibitabu vyemewe bigize Ivyanditswe vy’ikigiriki vyacaguwe n’idini inyuma y’ibinjana n’ibindi, iryo dini rukaba rwari urwego rufise ububasha rwisunga ubuyobozi bw’Umwami w’abami Konsitantino. Ariko rero, ibimenyamenya vy’ukuri vyerekana ko atari ukwo biri.

Nk’akarorero, raba ivyo porofeseri w’ivya kahise k’idini yitwa Oskar Skarsaune avuga. Agira ati: “Kumenya ivyandikano vyari bikwiye kuja mw’Isezerano rishasha be n’ibitari bikwiye kujamwo, ni ikintu kitigeze gifatirwa ingingo n’inama n’imwe y’idini canke umuntu n’umwe . . . Ivyisunzwe kugira ngo bamenye ivyojamwo n’ibitojamwo vyari bitomoye kandi bifise ishingiro koko: Ivyandikano vyabonwa ko vyanditswe n’intumwa canke abo bakorana vyo mu kinjana ca mbere G.C., vyabonwa ko ari ivyo kwizigirwa. Ibindi vyandikano, ayandi makete canke ivyiswe injili vyanditswe mu nyuma ntivyashizwemwo . . . Ico gikorwa ahanini carangiye igihe kinini imbere y’uko Konsitantino aja ku butegetsi n’imbere y’uko idini ryiganje yategeka rishingwa. Idini ry’abahorwa ukwizera kwabo ni ryo dukesha Isezerano rishasha, ntiturikesha idini kanaka ryiganje.”

Uwitwa Ken Berding, umuhinga atohoza ibijanye n’Ivyanditswe vy’ikigiriki, aragira ico avuze ku bijanye n’ingene urutonde rw’ibitabu vyemewe rwabonetse, ati: “Idini si ryo ryihitiyemwo ibitabu vyoshirwa mu rutonde rw’ibitabu vyemewe; vyorushiriza kuba ibibereye umuntu avuze yuko ico idini ryakoze ari ukwemera ibitabu abakirisu bari bamye nantaryo babona ko ari Ijambo ry’ukuri kandi rifise ububasha riva ku Mana.”

Ariko none, abo bakirisu baciye bugufi bo mu kinjana ca mbere boba ari bo bihitiyemwo ibitabu vyemewe bigize Bibiliya? Bibiliya itubarira yuko hari ikindi kintu gihambaye kuruta kandi gikomeye cabigizemwo uruhara.

Twisunze ico Bibiliya ivuga, imwe mu ngabirano zatanzwe n’impwemu ku gitangaro mu myaka mirongo ya mbere ishengero rya gikirisu ryamaze, kwari “ugutahura amajambo yahumetswe.” (1 Abakorinto 12:4, 10) Ku bw’ivyo, bamwebamwe muri abo bakirisu barahawe ubushobozi burengeye ubw’umuntu kugira ngo bashobore gutandukanya amajambo vy’ukuri yahumetswe n’Imana be n’ayatahumetswe. Muri kino gihe, abakirisu boshobora guhera amazinda yuko Ivyanditswe biri muri Bibiliya vyemejwe yuko ari ivyahumetswe.

Bica vyumvikana rero yuko rwa rutonde rw’ibitabu vyemewe bigize Bibiliya rwashinzwe kuva mu ntango biyobowe n’impwemu nyeranda. Guhera mu gice ca nyuma c’ikinjana ca kabiri G.C., abanditsi bamwebamwe baragize ico bavuze ku bijanye n’uko ibitabu bigize Bibiliya vyoba vyemewe canke bitemewe. Ariko rero, abo banditsi si bo bashinze urwo rutonde; ico bakoze gusa ni ukwemeza ivyo Imana yari yaramaze kwemeza ibicishije ku bayiserukira, bano bakaba bari bayobowe n’impwemu yayo.

Ivyandikano vy’iminwe vya kera na vyo nyene biratanga ibimenyamenya bijijura biza bishigikira urwo rutonde rw’ibitabu rwemerwa na benshi muri kino gihe. Ubu hariho ivyandikano vy’iminwe birenga 5.000 vy’Ivyanditswe vy’ikigiriki muri urwo rurimi rw’intango, harimwo bimwebimwe vyo mu kinjana ca kabiri n’ica gatatu. Ivyo vyandikano ni vyo vyabonwa ko ari ivy’ukuri kandi bifise ububasha mu binjana vya mbere G.C., si ivyandikano bitemewe, akaba ari co gituma rero vyimuwe vyongera birakwiragizwa cane.

Yamara, ibiri muri Bibiliya ni vyo bintu bihambaye kuruta vyemeza ko ibitabu biyigize ari ivyemewe. Ivyandikano vyemewe birahuza n’“icitegererezo c’amajambo ngirakamaro” dusanga mu bindi bitabu bigize Bibiliya. (2 Timoteyo 1:13) Biremesha abasomyi gukunda Yehova, kumusenga no kumusukurira, bikongera bikagabisha ku bijanye n’ubupfumu, ivy’ugusenga amadayimoni be n’ugusenga ivyaremwe. Birimwo amakuru ahuje neza n’ivya kahise bikabamwo n’ubuhanuzi bw’ukuri. Vyongeye, biraremesha abasomyi gukunda bagenzi babo. Ibitabu bigize Ivyanditswe vy’ikigiriki birangwa n’ivyo bintu bibitandukanya n’ibindi. Ivyandikano bitemewe ko bigize Bibiliya vyoba na vyo nyene ari ukwo biri?

Ivyandikano bitemewe ko bigize Bibiliya bitandukaniye he n’ivyemewe?

Ivyandikano bitemewe ko bigize Bibiliya biratandukanye cane n’ivyemewe. Ivyo bitabu bitemewe ni ivyo kuva nko hagati na hagati mu kinjana ca kabiri, bikaba vyanditswe haciye igihe kinini cane ivyandikano vyemewe bigize Bibiliya vyanditswe. Ukuntu bidondora Yezu be n’ubukirisu nta ho guhuriye n’ivyo Ivyanditswe vyahumetswe bivuga.

Nk’akarorero, Injili ya Toma isanzwe itemewe yerekana ko Yezu yavuze amajambo atari make y’ibidambidambi, nk’ayavuga yuko ngo yohinduye Mariya umugabo kugira ngo bikunde ko yinjira mu Bwami bw’ijuru. Iciswe Injili y’ubwana ya Toma ivuga yuko ngo Yezu akiri muto yari umwana afise agatima k’ububisha, akaba yarishe n’ibigirankana uwundi mwana. Igitabu kitemewe c’Ivyakozwe na Paulo be n’ic’Ivyakozwe na Petero birashimika ku vyo kwirinda buhere amabanga mpuzabitsina, bikerekana mbere ko izo ntumwa zaremesha abagore kwahukana n’abagabo babo. Injili ya Yuda idondora Yezu ariko atwenga abigishwa biwe ngo basenga Imana ku bijanye n’ibifungurwa. Izo nyigisho zirateye kubiri n’ivyo dusanga mu bitabu vyemewe bigize Bibiliya.​—Mariko 14:22; 1 Abakorinto 7:3-5; Abagalatiya 3:28; Abaheburayo 7:26.

Vyinshi mu vyandikano bitemewe biramotamwo inyigisho z’Abaginositike (les gnostiques), bano bakaba bavuga yuko Umuremyi Yehova atari Imana nziza. Baremera kandi ko izuka nya zuka ritabaho, yuko ikintu cose umuntu ashobora gukorakora canke kubonesha amaso ari kibi, be n’uko Shetani ari we yatanguje ivy’umubano w’ababiranye be n’ivy’ukuvyara.

Ibitabu bitari bike bitemewe ko bigize Bibiliya biritirirwa abantu bavugwa muri Bibiliya, ariko atari vyo. Mbega hoba hari umugambi w’uruyeri wagizwe mu mpisho kugira ngo ivyo bitabu bikurwe muri Bibiliya? Umuhinga mu bijanye n’ibitabu bitemewe ko bigize Bibiliya yitwa M. R. James, yavuze ati: “Nta wovuga ngo hariho umuntu n’umwe yabikuye mw’Isezerano rishasha; ni vyo ubwavyo vyikuyemwo.”

Abanditsi ba Bibiliya baragabishije ko hoje ubuhuni

Mu vyandikano vyemewe bigize Bibiliya turahasanga imburi zitari nke ku bijanye n’ubuhuni bwari bwimirije bwokwononye ishengero rya gikirisu. Ku bisanzwe, ubwo buhuni bwari bwaramaze gutangura mu kinjana ca mbere, ariko intumwa zarabubereye intambamyi, zirabubuza gukwiragira. (Ibikorwa 20:30; 2 Abanyatesalonika 2:3, 6, 7; 1 Timoteyo 4:1-3; 2 Petero 2:1; 1 Yohani 2:18, 19; 4:1-3) Izo mburi zarashize ahabona ivyandikano vyatanguye kwaduka inyuma y’urupfu rw’intumwa, bikaba vyari ivyandikano bivuguruza inyigisho za Yezu.

Ego ni ko, mwene ivyo vyandikano vyoshobora kuboneka ko ari ivya kera kandi ko vyubahwa cane n’incabwenge zimwezimwe be n’abatohozakahise bamwebamwe. Ariko rimbura iki kintu: Vyogenda gute nka hamwe incabwenge zokoraniriza hamwe ivyandikano biteye amakenga bicapuwe muri kino gihe, kumbure bakavyegeranya babikuye mu binyamakuru bivuga inkuru z’ibihuha no mu bitabu vy’utudumbi tw’amadini tw’intagondwa, bagaheza bakavyugaranira mu cumba c’intamenwa? Ivyo vyandikano vyoba none bica biba ivy’ukuri n’ivy’ukwizigirwa ngo ni uko bimaze igihe kirekire? Inyuma y’imyaka 1.700, mbega ibinyoma be n’amakuru atagira umutwe n’amaguru biri muri izo mpapuro vyoba bica biba ibivuga ukuri ngo ni uko gusa nya vyandikano biramvye cane?

Oya nawe nu! Ni cokimwe n’abavuga yuko ngo Yezu yoba yarubakanye na Mariya Magadalena bakongera bakavuga n’ibindi bintu bitaja ntibize dusanga muri vya bitabu bitemewe ko bigize Bibiliya. Ni kubera iki none wokwizigira mwene ayo masôko atari ayo kwizigirwa kandi ayo kwizigirwa ahari? Ikintu cose Imana igomba ko tumenya ku vyerekeye Umwana wayo turagisanga muri Bibiliya, ino ikaba irimwo inkuru twokwizigira.

[Akajambo k’epfo]

[Ifoto ku rup. 28]

Intumwa Paulo yarakoze ibitangaro, aranazura uwapfuye, ivyo bikaba bitanga ikimenyamenya gikomeye c’uko impwemu y’Imana yari imushigikiye ikanashigikira ivyo yanditse

[Umurongo werekana ibihe ku rup. 26]

(Ushaka igisomwa cose, raba iki kinyamakuru)

2 B.G.C. 33 G.C. 41 98 130 300

[Abo dukesha ifoto ku rup. 26]

Kenneth Garrett/National Geographic Image Collection