Ibihangange vya kera mu vy’ubuvuzi

IBINTU vyinshi bijanye n’ubuvuzi bwa none bishobora kuba bitatanguye mu gihe ca none nk’uko bamwebamwe bavyiyumvira. Nkako, ibintu bitari bike bikorwa mu buvuzi muri iki gihe vyari bisanzwe bigirwa mu bihugu bimwebimwe kuva kera na rindi. Rimbura nk’akarorero ingene ivy’ubuvuzi vyari vyifashe mu kiringo co hagati y’ikinjana ca 6 n’ica 16 (Moyen Âge) mu Karere k’ibihugu vy’Abarabu.

● Mu 805 G.C. (G.C. bisobanura “mu Gihe Cacu”), uwitwa CALIPH HARUN AR-RASHID yarashinze ibitaro ku mugwa mukuru yabamwo wa Baghdad. Kuva mu kinjana ca 9 gushika mu ca 13, hariho n’abandi bategetsi bubatse ibitaro bitari bike mu karere k’abisilamu kose, kuva muri Espanye gushika mu Buhindi, bongera barabibungabunga.

Ivyo bitaro vyarakira abatunzi n’aboro bo mu madini yose. Abaganga b’abahinga bahakorera ntibavura gusa abarwayi ariko kandi baragira ubushakashatsi bakongera bakamenyereza abaganga baba bariko bariga uwo mwuga. Ibitaro vyaragaburwamwo ibice bigenewe ibisata bitandukanye vy’ubuvuzi nk’ibi: igisata c’indwara zidasaba kubagwa, igisata c’indwara z’amaso, igisata c’indwara zijanye n’amagufa, igisata c’indwara zisaba kubagwa, igisata c’indwara zandukira be n’igisata c’indwara zo mu mutwe. Abaganga, baherekejwe n’abanyeshure babo, barasuzuma abarwayi buri gitondo hanyuma bakababwira ivyo bofungura n’ivyo batofungura be n’imiti bofata. Hariho n’abakora mu bubiko bw’imiti baba bajejwe kuyitanga. Hariho kandi abajejwe kwitwararika ivyo kuzigama inyandiko, gucungera ingene ubutunzi bw’ivuriro bwakoreshwa, gukurikirana ukuntu imfungurwa zategurwa, n’ibindi bikorwa bijanye n’ubuyobozi, nk’uko bimeze no muri kino gihe.

Abatohozakahise babona ko ivyo bitaro ari “kimwe mu bintu bihambaye cane gusumba ibindi vyakozwe n’abo mu karere k’abisilamu muri ca kiringo co hagati y’ikinjana ca 6 n’ica 16.” Umwanditsi umwe akaba n’umutohozakahise yitwa Howard R. Turner avuga ko mu karere k’abisilamu kose, “ibitaro vyariko biratezwa imbere mu buryo bukomeye bwohavuye bugira ico bukoze kw’iterambere ry’ivyigwa bijanye n’amagara be n’iterambere ry’ivy’ubuvuzi gushika no mu bihe vya none.”

● Uwitwa RHAZES, yavutse hagati mu kinjana c’icenda, avukira mu gisagara ca kera citwa Rayy (muri iki gihe hakaba ari mu karere k’igisagara ca Téhéran). Bivugwa ko yari we “muganga akomeye akaba n’umuvuzi karuhariwe kuruta abandi bose bo mu karere ka Isilamu kose, mbere kuruta n’abaganga bose babayeho muri ca kiringo cose co hagati y’ikinjana ca 6 n’ica 16.” Kugira ngo abandi baganga bazovyungukireko, iyo ncabwenge yaza irandika ibi bintu: uburyo yakoresha mu kugerageza ikintu kanaka, ingene ibintu vyaba vyifashe, ibikoresho yakoresha, be n’ico yaca ashikako. Vyongeye, yahanuye abaganga bose kuguma bajana n’iterambere ry’ivy’ubuvuzi.

Rhazes yarashitse ku bintu bitari bike. Nk’akarorero, ivyo yanditse bijanye n’ubuvuzi turabisanga mu rutabu rwitwa Al-Hawi (bisigura ngo Igitabu kirimwo ibintu vyinshi) rugizwe n’ibitabu 23, rukaba ruharurwa mu bitabu bikomakomeye bivuga ivy’ubuvuzi. Bivugwa yuko urwo rutabu ari rwo rwatanguye gusigura ibijanye n’ubuhinga bwo gukurikirana umuvyeyi kuva yibungenze gushika yibarutse, ibijanye n’indwara z’abakenyezi, be n’ibijanye n’ivyo kuvura amaso. Mu bitabu 56 yanditse bivuga ivy’ubuvuzi ni ho dusanga amakuru ya kera kuruta ayandi yose yo kwizigirwa avuga ibijanye n’indwara y’ibihara n’agasama. Rhazes yarubuye kandi yuko ugushuha kw’umubiri ari bumwe mu buryo umubiri wirwanira.

Ikigeretseko, yarashinze ibitaro i Rayy n’i Baghdad. Igikorwa yahakoreye co kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe cahavuye gituma yitwa imboneza mu vyo gutohoza ibijanye n’inyifato y’abantu be n’ibijanye n’ubuhinga bwo kuvura abarwaye mu mutwe hadakoreshejwe umuti. Uretse ivy’ubuvuzi, Rhazes yararonse n’umwanya wo kwandika ibitabu vyerekeye ubuhinga bwa chimie, ibisyo vyo mu kirere, ibiharuro, filozofiya, be na tewolojiya.

● Iyindi mboneza mu vy’ubuvuzi ni uwitwa AVICENNE, akaba yavukiye i Boukhara (muri iki gihe akaba ari muri Ouzbékistan). Yari umwe mu bahinga bakomeye cane bo mu kinjana ca 11 mu bijanye n’ubuvuzi, filozofiya, ibisyo vyo mu kirere n’ibiharuro. Avicenne yaranditse igitabu c’inkoranyabumenyi kivuga ivy’ubuvuzi (Canon of Medicine), kikaba cari kirimwo ibintu nka vyose bijanye n’ubuvuzi.

Muri ico gitabu, Avicenne yaravuze ko igituntu candukira, ko indwara ishobora kwandukira biciye ku mazi canke ku butaka, ko ukuntu twiyumva mu mutima bigira ico bihinduye ku magara yacu, ko igihe umubiri ushikiwe n’ikintu kiwubabaza, udutsi nsozabwenge duca turungika amakuru atuma umuntu yumva ubwo bubabare be n’uko utwo dutsi turungika amakuru akabura imitsi igaca yitunatuna. Ico gitabu caradondoye imiti nka 760, kiradondora ibiyiranga, ingene ikora, n’ingene yokoreshwa congera kirerekana ivyo umuntu yokwisunga mu kugerageza imiti mishasha. Igihe ico gitabu cashirwa mu kilatini, caramaze imyaka amajana n’amajana gikoreshwa mu mashure y’i Buraya yigisha ivy’ubuvuzi.

● ALBUCASIS na we nyene ni igihangange muri kahise k’ivy’ubuvuzi. Iyo mboneza yo mu kinjana c’icumi y’i Andalousie, muri Espanye yo muri kino gihe, yarasohoye icegeranyo kigizwe n’ibitabu 30, kikaba cari kirimwo igice c’impapuro 300 gica irya n’ino ibijanye n’ubuhinga bwo kubaga. Muri ico gitabu yarasiguye ubuhinga buteye imbere nk’ubu: gushona imbere mu mubiri w’umuntu hakoreshejwe utugozi duhingurwa mu mara y’ibitungwa, gukura mu ruhago udutudutu tumeze nk’utubuye hakoreshejwe agakoresho bacisha mu karingoti gacamwo umukoyo, kubaga agahimba kamwe ko mu muhogo kitwa thyroïde, no kubaga amaso uruhumyi rwitwa cataracte.

Albucasis yarakoresheje ubuhinga “dushobora kuvuga ko ari ubuhinga bwa none bwo kuvura” bufasha kwibaruka bitagoranye, bugafasha no gusubiza mu kibanza igitugu catiriganye. Ni we yatanguje ivyo gukoresha amapansuma akozwe mw’ipampa mu gupfuka ahabazwe kandi yarakoresha isima mu kwunga amagufa y’uwavunitse. Yaravuze kandi ibijanye n’ubuhinga bwo gusubiza iryinyo mu kibanza caryo, ubwo guhingura amenyo y’amaterano, ubwo kubogora amenyo yamereye ku ruhande, be n’ubwo kwoza imicafu imase ku menyo.

Ico gitabu Albucasis yanditse ku bijanye n’ukubaga ni co gitabu catanguye kwerekana amashusho y’ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu kubaga. Carerekanye amashusho aboneka neza y’ibikoresho nka 200 mwene ivyo congera kirasigura ukuntu be n’igihe vyokoreshwa. Amwamwe muri ayo mashusho yaramaze imyaka nk’igihumbi ata kintu kinini bayahinduyeko.

Ubumenyi bukwiragira gushika n’i Buraya

Mu kinjana ca 11 n’ica 12, incabwenge zaratanguye gukorera ku bisomwa bivuga ivy’ubuvuzi vyahinduwe mu kilatini bikuwe mu carabu, canecane i Tolède muri Espanye, n’i Monte Cassino be n’i Salerne mu Butaliyano. Abaganga bahavuye biga ibiri muri ivyo bisomwa muri za kaminuza zo mu karere kose ka Buraya kavugwamwo ikilatini. Nk’uko umwanditsi wo mu vya siyansi yitwa Ehsan Masood abivuga, ukwo ni ko ubumenyi bujanye n’ubuvuzi bwo mu Karere k’ibihugu vy’Abarabu “bwinjiye rwose i Buraya mu binjana vyakurikiye, bukaba kumbure ari bwo bumenyi bwinjiye aho i Buraya kuruta ubundi bumenyi bwose bw’ivya siyansi bwavuye mu karere k’abisilamu.”

Biribonekeza yuko umuntu atoba yihenze hamwe yovuga ko ivyubuwe be n’ivyatangujwe n’ivyo bihangange vya kera nka Rhazes, Avicenne, Albucasis be n’abandi bo mu gihe cabo, ari vyo bigize umushinge w’ico muri kino gihe twita ubuvuzi bwa none.

[Ifoto ku rup. 23]

Rhazes, wa muganga akaba n’umuhinga mu vya “chimie,” ari aho akorera ubushakashatsi

[Abo dukesha ifoto]

© Sheila Terry/Photo Researchers, Inc.

[Ifoto ku rup. 24]

Icandikano candikishijwe iminwe co mu carabu cerekana amashusho y’ibikoresho Albucasis yakoresha mu kubaga

[Ifoto ku rup. 24]

Avicenne ahagarikiye igikorwa co gutegura imiti y’ibihara

[Abo dukesha amafoto]

Ibikoresho vyo kubaga: © bpk, Berlin/Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin/Ruth Schacht/Art Resource, NY; Avicenne: Gianni Dagli Orti/The Art Archive at Art Resource, NY