Ibihangange vya kera mu vy’ubuhinga

IVYUMA vyikoresha bisigaye vyarigaruriye ivy’amahinguriro, na canecane mu bikorwa vyama bikorwa be n’ibikorwa kenshi. Ariko none mwene ivyo vyuma vyatanguye gukoreshwa ryari? Hoba hari mu myaka nk’amajana angahe iheze mu gihe ca rya terambere mu vy’amahinguriro ryaba i Buraya? Wotangazwa no kumenya ko vyahinguwe imbere cane y’aho.

Mu ntango za ca kiringo ciswe ikiringo c’iterambere ridasanzwe mu vya siyansi y’Abisilamu, icatanguye mu kinjana ca 8 kigashika nko mu kinjana ca 13 G.C., abahinga bo mu Karere k’ibihugu vy’Abarabu barahinduye mu carabu ibitabu vya siyansi n’ivya filozofiya vyarimwo ibikorwa vy’Abagiriki rurangiranwa nka Archimède, Aristote, Ctésibios, Héron w’i Alegizandiriya na Philon w’i Byzance.a Inganji y’Abisilamu, iyahera muri Espanye igaca mu buraruko bwa Afrika igashwara mu Karere k’ibihugu vy’Abarabu gushika muri Afganistani, kubera ko yari ifise ivyo bitabu hamwe n’ibindi, yari ifise ubumenyi bwatumye bashobora guhingura amamashini yikoresha ubwayo.

Nk’uko umuhinga mu vya kahise kajanye n’ubuhinga Donald Hill abivuga, izo mashini zarashobora “kubandanya gukora igihe kirekire, ni ukuvuga amasaha n’amasaha, imisi n’imisi canke mbere igihe kirenga ico, ata muntu azikoresheje.” Kubera iki? Abahinga bari barubuye ubuhinga bwatuma izo mashini zikoresha ubwazo. Izo mashini zakoresha amazi yava mu matangi ari ahantu hakirurutse kugira ngo agume atanga inguvu. Zakoresha uburyo bwatuma amazi yiyugurura akongera akiyugara canke ahindura inzira agasubira muri nya matangi. Izo mashini zarakoresha kandi ubuhinga bwatuma biguma bikora mu buryo bwisubiriza, Hill akaba yazise ko ari “izatanguriye imashini zikinga impanuka.” Rimbura uburorero bumwebumwe.

Inkuru ivuga ibijanye n’ubuhinga bw’abantu iratangaje vy’ukuri. Yamara, iyo nkuru ntishimishije gusa. Iratuma tubona kure. Magingo abantu benshi biratira ibijanye n’ubuhinga bwa none, iyo nkuru iratwibutsa ko hariho vyinshi dukesha izo ncabwenge zatwitangiye imbere zashitse ku bintu vyinshi cane.

Ba bahinga bitwa ba Banu Musa

Bamwe bavukana batatu bitwa ba Banu Musa, mu carabu bikaba bisobanura ngo “bene Musa,” baba i Baghdad mu kinjana c’icenda. Barahinguye amamashini arenga 100 bisunze ivyakozwe n’Abagiriki babitangiye imbere ari bo Philon na Héros, hamwe n’abahinga b’Abashinwa, Abahindi n’Abaperesi. Umwanditsi mu vya siyansi Ehsan Masood avuga yuko muri ayo mamashini harimwo mwene ya mabombo amijagira amazi, amasaha ahinguye mu buryo budasanzwe be n’ibintu bimeze nk’ibikono vyarekura amazi ata muntu arinze kubikoresha bikongera bikiyuzuzamwo amazi bikoresheje ubuhinga budasanzwe. Nk’uko vyavuzwe n’umuhinga mu vya kahise ka siyansi Jim Al-Khalili, bene Musa barahinguye kandi utumashini dusanzwe dukora nk’abantu, harimwo utwakora nka mwene ba bigeme basereva icayi n’utwavuza umwironge, “bikaba bishoboka ko ari two twatanguriye mwene za mashini zikora ivyo zatamitswe.”

Izo mashini zikoresha ubwazo zari zifise ibintu vyinshi zihuriyeko n’imashini za none. Ariko rero, “zakoresha ahanini inguvu z’amazi aho gukoresha ubuhinga bwa elegitoronike, mugabo bwinshi mu buhinga zakoresha ni cokimwe n’ubw’ubu,” bikaba bivugwa n’umwanditsi mu vya siyansi Ehsan Masood.

Al-Jazari ni we “yatanguje ivyo guhingura ibimashini vyikoresha”

Mu 1206, uwitwa Ibn al-Razzaz al-Jazari yarasozereye igitabu ciwe, rimwe na rimwe kikaba cahindurwa ngo Compendium on the Theory and Practice of the Mechanical Arts (Itororokanirizo ry’ubumenyi n’ibikorwa vy’ubuhinga bwerekeye ivyuma). Ciswe ngo ni “icigwa kijanye no gutegura amamashini mu buryo bwitondewe.” Bumwebumwe mu buhinga bwa al-Jazari bwari buhanitse kuruta ubwasohowe na ba Banu Musa, kandi yarabusigura ido n’ido akoresheje n’ibicapo ku buryo abahinga bo muri iki gihe bashobora kwigana amamashini yiwe.

Igitabu ca al-Jazari kirimwo ibicapo vy’amamashini aduza amazi, amasaha akorana n’amazi, amasaha akorana n’amabuji, ibikono birekura amazi, utumashini dukora nk’abantu tuvuza umuziki be n’ipompo ituma igurudumu iza irasubira inyuma yongera ija imbere aho kuzunguruka ku buryo amazi adugana inguvu nyinshi. Abahinga mu vya kahise baremeza ko al-Jazari ari we yateguye ihingurwa ry’amapompo y’amazi ibinjana bitatu imbere y’uko ubwo buhinga bushika i Buraya.

Al-Jazari yarahinguye kandi amasaha atwengeje mugabo akora. Iyerekanywe ng’aha ni iyo basubiye gukora ikaba iri mw’isoko rimwe ry’i Dubayi. Ivyo kugera umwanya bihagaze kw’ibakure ifise intoboro munsi iteretse ku mazi ari mu kibesani kiri mu nda y’inzovu. Iyo bakure yuzura amazi mu minuta 30 maze ikibira, igaca ituma umugozi uyifasheko utuma agapira kameze nk’akadenesi gakoroka kavuye ku kizu kiri ku mugongo w’iyo nzovu, bigaca bituma uwundi mugozi ufashe kuri nya bakure uyikwega igasubira kureremba. Ivyo biza birisubiriza uko haciye iminuta 30. Iyo mashini be n’izindi mashini zikoresha ubwazo zakozwe na al-Jazari, zatumye avugwa ko ari we “yatanguje ivyo guhingura ibimashini vyikoresha.”

[Akajambo k’epfo]

[Ifoto ku rup. 26, 27]

Amagurudumu azungurutswa n’amazi, nk’aya y’i Hama muri Siriya, yubatswe mu Nganji y’Abisilamu mu kiringo co hagati y’ikinjana ca 6 n’ica 16

[Ifoto ku rup. 27]

Ipompo iduza amazi mu nzira zibiri ya al-Jazari

[Ifoto ku rup. 27]

Icandikano ca al-Jazari co mu kinjana ca 13 cerekana Isaha yiwe y’inzovu

[Abo dukesha ifoto ku rup. 27]

Ipompo: © Gianni Dagli Orti/The Art Archive at Art Resource, NY; isaha: © The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource, NY