Mbese, Ubuzima Bukomeza Kubaho Nyuma yo Gupfa?
“Hariho ibyiringiro, ku buryo ndetse n’igiti kibifite. Iyo gitemwe, kirongera kigashibuka . . . Mbese, umuntu muzima napfa, ashobora kuzongera kubaho?” (“NW”)—Byavuzwe na MOSE, UMUHANUZI WA KERA.
1-3. Ni gute abantu benshi bashaka ikibahumuriza mu gihe bapfushije uwo bakunda?
TURI mu nzu y’uburuhukiro bw’imirambo y’abapfuye muri New York City, aho incuti n’umuryango batoye umurongo mu bwitonzi banyura imbere y’isanduku ifunguye. Barimo baritegereza umurambo w’umwana w’umuhungu w’imyaka 17. Incuti ze zo ku ishuri zimumenya bibanje kuzigora. Uburyo bwakoreshejwe mu kumuvura, bwatumye apfuka imisatsi; yarananutse bitewe na kanseri. Mbese koko, uyu ashobora kuba ari ya ncuti yabo? Mu mezi make gusa mbere y’aho, wasangaga ari umuntu ugira ibitekerezo byinshi, ibibazo byinshi n’imbaraga nyinshi—mbese, ari muzima rwose! Nyina w’uwo mwana w’umuhungu, washengutse umutima, arimo aragerageza kubonera ibyiringiro n’ihumure mu gutekereza ko hari ukuntu umwana we yaba akiri muzima. Aragenda asubiramo ibyo yigishijwe, ari nako amarira yisuka, agira ati “ubu Tommy arishimye cyane. Imana yashatse ko Tommy abana na yo mu ijuru.”
2 Mu birometero bigera ku 11.000 uvuye aho, aho hakaba ari i Jamnagar ho mu Buhindi, abahungu batatu b’umucuruzi ufite imyaka 58, barimo barashyira umurambo wa se ku kirundo cy’inkwi mu muhango w’ihamba. Ku kazuba k’igihe cy’agasusuruko, umukuru muri ba bahungu atangiye umuhango wo gutwika umurambo acanishije inkwi ifumba y’umuriro, no gusuka ku murambo wa se uruvange rw’ibirungo n’imibavu bihumura neza. Urusaku rw’umuriro ugurumana, ruganjwe n’amagambo agenda asubirwamo y’imitongero ya Brahman ivugwa mu rurimi rwa Sanskrit, asobanurwa ngo “ubugingo butazigera bupfa na rimwe, nibukomeze imihati yabwo yo guharanira kuzaba mu mimerere nyakuri ya nyuma.”
3 Mu gihe abo bavandimwe batatu barimo bitegereza iby’uwo muhango wo gutwika umurambo, buri wese arimo aribaza bucece ati ‘mbese, nizera ko habaho ubuzima nyuma yo gupfa?’ Kubera ko bize mu duce tw’isi tunyuranye, barimo bariha ibisubizo bitandukanye. Umuto muri bo, arumva yiringiye ko umubyeyi wabo bakundaga cyane azabaho mu wundi mubiri mu buzima bwo mu mimerere iruta iyo yari arimo. Undi muvandimwe umwe muri abo, wo hagati, we yizera ko uwapfuye aba ameze nk’usinziriye, nta kintu na gito yumva. Umukuru muri bo, we nta kindi yibaza uretse kugerageza kwemera ko urupfu ari ikintu nyakuri, kuko atekereza ko nta wushobora kumenya neza uko bitugendekera iyo dupfuye.
Ikibazo Kimwe, Ibisubizo Byinshi
4. Ni ikihe kibazo cyabereye abantu ingorabahizi mu gihe cy’ibinyejana byinshi?
4 Ikibazo cyo kumenya niba habaho ubuzima nyuma yo gupfa, cyabereye abantu ingorabahizi mu myaka ibihumbi n’ibihumbi. Intiti imwe y’Umugatolika witwa Hans Küng yagize iti “ndetse n’abahanga mu bya tewolojiya, usanga na bo bashoberwa iyo bahanganye n’icyo kibazo. Mu binyejana byinshi, abo muri buri muryango wa kimuntu bose, bagiye batekereza kuri icyo kibazo, kandi hagiye hatangwa ibisubizo byinshi.
5-8. Ni iki amadini anyuranye yigisha ku bihereranye n’ubuzima nyuma yo gupfa?
5 Abakristo benshi ku izina, bizera ko habaho ijuru n’umuriro w’iteka. Naho Abahindu bo, bizera ko ubugingo buva mu mubiri bukimukira mu wundi. Uwitwa Amir Muawiyah, akaba ari umwarimu mu kigo cy’Abisilamu cyigisha iby’idini, yagize icyo avuga ku birebana n’uko Abisilamu babibona agira ati “twizera ko hazabaho umunsi w’urubanza nyuma yo gupfa, igihe uzajya imbere y’Imana, Allah, ibyo bikazaba bimeze nko kujyanwa imbere y’abacamanza.” Dukurikije imyizerere ya Isilamu, icyo gihe Allah azasuzuma imibereho buri wese yagize, maze amugenere kujya muri paradizo cyangwa mu muriro w’iteka.
6 Muri Sri Lanka, Ababuda n’Abagatolika, barangaza inzugi n’amadirishya iyo hagize umuntu upfa mu miryango yabo. Bacana itara rya peteroli kandi isanduku bakayirambika yerekeje ahari ibirenge by’umurambo mu muryango ugana hanze. Bizera ko ubwo buryo butuma gusohoka k’umwuka cyangwa ubugingo bw’uwapfuye byoroha.
7 Uwitwa Ronald M. Berndt wo muri Kaminuza yo mu Burengerazuba bwa Ositaraliya, yavuze ko abantu bo muri Ositaraliya bo mu bwoko bw’abitwa Aborigènes, bizera ko “abantu bafite umwuka udapfa.” Amoko amwe n’amwe y’Abanyafurika, yizera ko ubusanzwe iyo abantu bapfuye bahinduka imizimu, maze abari bakomeye bagahinduka imyuka y’abakurambere, bagahabwa icyubahiro kandi bakambazwa ari abayobozi b’abantu batagaragara.
8 Mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe, usanga imyizerere ku bihereranye n’abitwa ko ari ubugingo bw’abapfuye, ikomatanyije imigenzo gakondo n’Ubukristo ku izina. Urugero, mu Bagatolika n’Abaporotesitanti benshi bo muri Afurika y’i Burengerazuba, haba umugenzo wo gutwikira ibyirore iyo hari umuntu upfuye, kugira ngo hatagira ubirebamo maze akabona umwuka w’uwapfuye. Hanyuma, nyuma y’iminsi 40 umuntu apfuye, umuryango hamwe n’incuti, bakora umuhango wo kwizihiza izamurwa ry’ubugingo bujyanwa mu ijuru.
Icyo Bahuriyeho Bose
9, 10. Ni iyihe myizerere y’urufatiro amadini menshi ahuriyeho?
9 Ibisubizo bitangwa ku kibazo cyo kumenya uko bigenda mu gihe dupfuye, bigiye bitandukana hakurikijwe imico y’abantu n’imyizerere yabo. Icyakora, amadini menshi yemerenya ku gitekerezo kimwe cy’ifatizo cy’uko hari ikintu runaka kiba mu muntu—ni ukuvuga ubugingo, umwuka cyangwa umuzimu—kidapfa kandi gikomeza kubaho nyuma yo gupfa.
10 Imyizerere yo kudapfa k’ubugingo, isa n’aho ari rusange mu madini no mu dutsiko tw’amadini yose ya Kristendomu abarirwa mu bihumbi. Iyo myizerere kandi, ni n’imwe mu nyigisho zemewe mu idini ry’Abayahudi. Mu idini ry’Abahindu, iyo myizerere ni yo igize urufatiro rw’inyigisho ivuga ko ubugingo buva mu mubiri bukimukira mu wundi. Abisilamu bizera ko ubugingo buremanwa n’umubiri, ariko ko bukomeza kubaho iyo umubiri upfuye. Indi myizerere—urugero nk’imyizerere gakondo y’Abanyafurika, iy’idini rya Shinto ndetse n’iy’idini ry’Ababuda—yigisha ibintu bigenda binyurana kuri iyo ngingo imwe.
11. Ni gute intiti zimwe na zimwe zibona igitekerezo kivuga ko ubugingo budapfa?
11 Hari bamwe bafite igitekerezo kinyuranye n’icyo, cy’uko ubuzima burimo ubwimenye, burangirana no gupfa. Kuri bo, igitekerezo cy’uko ibyiyumvo n’ubwenge bikomeza kuba bizima mu bugingo budafite kamere kandi budafite ishusho butandukanye n’umubiri, gisa n’aho kidahuje n’ubwenge. Umwanditsi umwe witwa Miguel de Unamuno, akaba ari n’intiti yo muri Hisipaniya yo mu kinyejana cya 20, yanditse agira ati “kwizera ko ubugingo budapfa, ni ukwifuza ko ubugingo bwashobora kudapfa, ariko umuntu akabyifuza amaramaje, ku buryo ibyo bituma igitekerezo gihuje n’ubwenge gipfukiranwa kandi kikirengagizwa.” Mu banze kwemera ko umuntu adapfa, harimo abahanga mu bya filozofiya ba kera bazwi cyane, urugero nka Aristote na Epicure, Hippocrate wari muganga, umuhanga mu bya filozofiya wo muri Ecosse witwaga David Hume, intiti y’Umwarabu yitwaga Averroës hamwe na Jawaharlal Nehru wahoze ari minisitiri w’intebe wa mbere w’Ubuhindi nyuma y’ubwigenge.
12, 13. Ni ibihe bibazo by’ingenzi bivuka ku bihereranye n’inyigisho yo kudapfa k’ubugingo?
12 Noneho rero, ikibazo ni iki: mbese koko dufite ubugingo budapfa? Niba se ubugingo bupfa rwose, ni gute noneho iyo nyigisho y’ikinyoma yaje kuba imwe mu nyigisho z’amadini menshi yo muri iki gihe? Ni hehe icyo gitekerezo cyatangiriye? Kandi se koko niba ubugingo budakomeza kubaho nyuma yo gupfa, haba hari ibihe byiringiro ku bapfuye?
13 Mbese, dushobora kubona ibisubizo by’ukuri kandi bitunyuze by’ibyo bibazo? Yego rwose! Ibyo bibazo hamwe n’ibindi, biri busubizwe mu mapaji akurikiraho. Mbere na mbere ariko, reka tubanze dusuzume uko inyigisho yo kudapfa k’ubugingo yavutse.