John Foxe n’ibihe bikomeye yanyuzemo

SE abantu bajya bavana isomo ku makosa bakoze? Tekereza kuri icyo kibazo, mu gihe uri bube usuzuma ibyabaye ku Mwongereza witwa John Foxe, wanditse igitabo yiringiye ko abari kuzagisoma bari kuzanga urunuka ubugome bukabije bwari bwogeye mu gihe cye.

Inkuru za John Foxe zanditswe mu gihe cy’Ivugurura, ariko zakomeje kugira uruhare rukomeye mu mibereho y’Abongereza mu gihe cy’ibinyejana byinshi. Kwandika igitabo kirimo izo nkuru (Acts and Monuments of the Church) byamutwaye imyaka irenga 25. Hari abavuga ko uretse Bibiliya y’icyongereza, nta kindi gitabo cyahinduye byinshi ku rurimi rw’icyongereza n’umuco w’icyo gihugu, kurusha icyo gitabo yanditse.

Ibihe biruhije

John Foxe yavukiye mu mugi wa Boston mu Bwongereza, mu mwaka wa 1516 cyangwa 1517, bikaba bivugwa ko muri icyo gihe, ari bwo Martin Luther yamanitse ibirego 95 ku muryango wa Kiliziya yo mu mugi wa Wittenberg mu Budage. Ku bw’ibyo, Foxe wavutse ari Umugatolika, yabayeho mu gihe abaharaniraga Ivugurura, barwanyaga Kiliziya Gatolika n’inyigisho zayo.

Foxe yagiye kwiga muri kaminuza ya Oxford, mu byo yize hakaba harimo ikigiriki n’igiheburayo. Izo ndimi zamufashije gusoma Bibiliya mu ndimi z’umwimerere yanditswemo. Birashoboka ko gusoma Bibiliya muri izo ndimi ari byo byatumye atangira guhakana imyizerere ya Kiliziya Gatolika. Bagenzi be batangiye gukeka ko ashaka kuba Umuporotesitanti, maze bamuregera abayobozi b’ishuri yigagaho, batangira kumukurikiranira hafi.

Mu mwaka wa 1543, igihe Foxe yari amaze kubona impamyabushobozi y’ikirenga, yashoboraga kuba padiri. Icyakora yarabyanze kubera ko atemeraga inyigisho yo guhatira abantu kuba abaseribateri. Ibyo byatumye ibye bijya ahagaragara. Kubera ko iyo icyaha cy’ubuhakanyi kimufata yari gukatirwa urwo gupfa, mu mwaka wa 1545 yaretse amashuri ya kaminuza, yamuhaga icyizere cy’uko yari kuzabaho neza. Yatangiye kujya yigisha abana bo mu muryango wari utuye mu mugi wa Stratford-upon-Avon, muri leta ya Warwickshire, maze aza no kuhashakira umugore witwaga Agnes Randall.

Agnes wari utuye hafi y’ahitwa Coventry, yamubwiye iby’umugore wari umupfakazi witwaga Smith (Smythe), wari warigishije abana be Amategeko Icumi n’isengesho ntangarugero rya Yesu, bakunze kwita Isengesho ry’Umwami. Aho kugira ngo abyigishe abana be mu kilatini, yabibigishije mu cyongereza. Ibyo uwo mugore yakoze byiswe icyaha, bituma amanikwa kandi aratwikwa, we n’abagabo batandatu bashinjwaga icyaha nk’icyo. Kubera ko ako karengane gakabije karakaje abantu, musenyeri wo muri ako gace yakwirakwije igihuha cy’uko abo bantu bazize icyo bitaga icyaha gikomeye cyo kurya inyama ku wa gatanu no ku yindi minsi yo kwiyiriza ubusa.

Abo bahowe Imana bari baramenye bate bimwe mu byari bikubiye muri Bibiliya, mu rurimi rw’icyongereza? Imyaka igera ku 150 mbere yaho, John Wycliffe yari yarahinduye Bibiliya y’ikilatini mu cyongereza, nubwo kiliziya yamurwanyije cyane. Ni na we watoje abavugabutumwa bagendaga babwiriza bazwi ku izina ry’Abalolari.a Bagendaga bafite ibice bimwe na bimwe by’Ibyanditswe bakabisomera abantu. Ibyo byatumye Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ishaka uko yahagarika uwo murimo wo kubwiriza. Mu mwaka wa 1401, yatoye itegeko riha abasenyeri ububasha bwo gufunga abahakanyi, kubica urubozo no kubatwika babamanitse ku giti.

Kubera ko Foxe yatinyaga ko yari kuzafatwa, we n’umuryango we bahungiye i Londres, aho yatangiye gushyigikira Abaporotesitanti. Igihe yari muri uwo mugi, yahinduye mu cyongereza inyandiko zo mu kidage z’abari bashyigikiye Ivugurura, ahindura n’izindi nyandiko zo mu kilatini. Nanone hari izindi nyandiko yiyandikiye.

Nanone Foxe yatangiye kwandika igitabo kivuga amateka y’abo bavugabutumwa bo mu Bwongereza, arangiza kuyandika mu mwaka wa 1554. Icyo gitabo cyanditswe mu kilatini, gisohokera mu mugi wa Strasbourg, ubu akaba ari umugi wo mu Bufaransa, kikaba cyari umubumbe muto w’impapuro 212. Icyo cyari igice cya mbere cy’igitabo yanditse ku birebana n’ibikorwa bya kiliziya (Acts and Monuments of the Church). Nyuma y’imyaka itanu, yanditse ibindi bintu muri uwo mubumbe, maze ugera ku mapaji manini arenga 750.

Ingaruka mbi zo kutihanganirana

Ivugurura ryabaye mu Burayi ryahitanye abagabo, abagore n’abana babarirwa mu bihumbi. Mu mwaka wa 1553, mu Bwongereza himye umwamikazi wari Umugatolika wagiraga ishyaka mu by’idini, abantu bari barahimbye “Mariya w’inkoramaraso.” Kubera ko Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Bwongereza yari yarakajije amategeko abuzanya gushyikirana na Roma kuva mu mwaka wa 1534, uwo mwamikazi yafashe umwanzuro wo gusubizaho ububasha bwa papa mu Bwongereza. Mu myaka itanu uwo mwamikazi yamaze ku ngoma, abagabo n’abagore bagera kuri 300 barimo abayobozi b’Abaporotesitanti, batwitswe bazira ko ari abahakanyi, abandi benshi bapfira muri gereza.

Foxe we yashoboye kurokoka ubwo bwicanyi, kuko we n’umuryango we bahise bahungira i Basel mu Busuwisi uwo mwamikazi akimara kwima. Mu mwaka wa 1559, nyuma y’umwaka umwe Umuporotesitanti witwaga Elizabeth wari murumuna wa Mariya yimitswe, Foxe yasubiye mu Bwongereza ari kumwe n’abandi bantu bari barahunze. Muri uwo mwaka Elizabeth yashubijeho itegeko ryiswe iry’Ubudahangarwa,b ryamwemereraga kuba Umutware w’Ikirenga wa Kiliziya. Ibyo byatumye mu mwaka wa 1570, Papa Piyo wa V aca Elizabeth muri Kiliziya Gatolika. Bidatinze, byaje kumenyekana ko mu mahanga hari umugambi wo kurwanya u Bwongereza, harimo n’uwo kwica Umwamikazi wabwo w’Umuporotesitanti. Ibyo byatumye Abagatolika babarirwa mu magana bahamywa icyaha cy’ubugambanyi, maze Elizabeth ategeka ko bicwa.

Biragaragara ko amwe mu madini yiyita aya gikristo, ari yo Kiliziya Gatolika n’Abaporotesitanti, yari yatandukiriye inyigisho za Yesu Kristo. Yesu yarigishije ati “mukomeze gukunda abanzi banyu kandi musenge musabira ababatoteza” (Matayo 5:44). Kubera ko Abagatolika n’Abaporotesitanti batakurikije iyo nama yumvikana neza, batukishije Ubukristo, ibyo bikaba byari byarahanuwe muri Bibiliya. Intumwa Petero yanditse ko abiyita Abakristo bari ‘kuzatukisha inzira y’ukuri.’—2 Petero 2:1, 2.

Arangiza kwandika igitabo cye

Foxe amaze kugaruka mu Bwongereza, yatangiye kwandika izindi ngingo azongera muri cya gitabo cye, inyinshi muri zo zikaba zivuga ibintu byari byaribonewe n’abari baragisomye. Icyo gitabo cye cyasohotse bwa mbere mu cyongereza mu mwaka wa 1563, kandi cyahise kigurishwa cyane kurusha ibindi. Cyari kigizwe n’amapaji agera ku 1800 n’amashusho atandukanye.

Icyo gitabo cyasohotse bwa kabiri nyuma y’imyaka irindwi. Icyo gihe cyasohotse ari imibumbe ibiri y’amapaji arenga 2.300 n’amashusho 153. Umwaka wakurikiyeho, idini ry’Abangirikani ryashyizeho itegeko rivuga ko igitabo cya Foxe gishyirwa hamwe na Bibiliya muri katederali zose zo mu Bwongereza no mu ngo z’abayobozi b’iryo dini, kugira ngo abakora muri izo ngo n’abahasura bazajye babisoma. Nyuma yaho, paruwasi na zo zabigenje zityo. Abantu batazi gusoma no kwandika na bo bashoboraga kumenya ibikubiye muri icyo gitabo, kuko cyarimo amashusho atarapfaga kwibagirana.

Muri icyo gihe, Foxe yari yarifatanyije n’itsinda ry’Abaporotesitanti b’Abapuritini, bumvaga ko kwitandukanya na Kiliziya Gatolika y’i Roma bidahagije. Iryo tsinda ryigishaga ko ibisigisigi byose bya Kiliziya Gatolika byagombaga kurandurwa mu idini ryabo. Igitangaje ni uko ibyo byatumye bagirana amakimbirane n’idini ry’Abaporotesitanti ryo mu Bwongereza, ryari ryaragumanye imyinshi mu migenzo n’inyigisho za Kiliziya Gatolika.

Kubera ko igitabo cya John Foxe cyashyize ahabona ibyinshi mu bikorwa by’agahomamunwa abanyamadini bakoze mu bihe bikomeye yabayemo, yahinduye uko abaturage b’u Bwongereza babonaga idini na politiki, mu myaka ibarirwa mu magana yakurikiyeho.

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IGITABO CY’ABAHOWE IMANA CYA FOXE

Mu gihe Kiliziya Gatolika yarwanyaga icyo bise Ivugurura, abantu bakoraga urutonde rw’abahowe Imana, urugero nka Jean Crespin, banditse inkuru zirambuye zivuga ibikorwa byakorerwaga mu bihugu byabo byo gutoteza abantu no kubica babaziza ukwizera kwabo.c Ibyo byatumye igitabo Foxe yanditse (Acts and Monuments of the Church), cyitwa Igitabo cy’abahowe Imana cya Foxe. Nyuma yaho, ubwo icyo gitabo cyagendaga kinonosorwa kigakurwamo bimwe mu bintu bitari ngombwa, izina ryacyo ryaje gusimbuzwa iryo Foxe yari yarahisemo.

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© Classic Vision/age fotostock

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John Wycliffe yohereje abavugabutumwa bitaga Abalolari

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From the book The Church of England: A History for the People, 1905, Vol. II

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Byavuye mu Gitabo cy’abahowe Imana cya Foxe