Abamakabe​—Bari bantu ki?

Ku bantu bwnshi, igihe cy’Abamakabe ni isoko y’amakuru arebana n’ibyabaye kuva aho ibitabo bya nyuma by’Ibyanditswe bya Giheburayo bimariye kwandikwa kugeza ku kuza kwa Yesu Kristo. Kimwe n’uko nyuma y’impanuka y’indege hari ibintu runaka bisobanuka neza iyo agasanduku kayo kagenda gafata amajwi gasuzumwe, hari ubumenyi runaka bwimbitse bushobora kuboneka binyuriye mu gusuzumana ubwitonzi ibyabaye mu gihe cy’Abamakabe​—icyo gihe kikaba cyari icy’izibacyuho n’ihinduka ku ishyanga rya Kiyahudi.

Abamakabe bari bantu ki? Ni gute bagize uruhare mu birebana n’idini rya Kiyahudi mbere y’uko Mesiya wari warahanuwe aza?​—Daniyeli 9:25, 26.

Inkubi yo Gucengeza Ururimi n’Umuco bya Kigiriki

Alexandre le Grand yigaruriye intara zose zari mu karere gaturuka mu Bugiriki kakagera mu Buhindi (336-323 M.I.C). Ubwami bwe bugari bwagize uruhare rukomeye mu ikwirakwira rya Hellénisme​—ni ukuvuga ururimi n’umuco bya Kigiriki. Abatware ba Alexandre n’ingabo ze, bashakanye n’abagore bo muri utwo turere, ibtyo ibyo bituma umuco wa Kigiriki wivanga n’imico y’abanyamahanga. Alexandre amaze gupfa, abagaba b’ingabo ze, biganyije ubwami bwe. Mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya kabiri M.I.C, Antiyokusi (Antiochos) III Umwami w’i Siriya wo mu muryango w’Abagiriki bitwaga Abaselewuside, yigaruriye Isirayeli ayigobotoye mu maboko y’Abagiriki bo mu muryango w’abitwaga Abaputolemeyi bategekaga mu Misiri. Ni gute ubutegetsi bw’abagiriki bwagize ingaruka ku Bayahudi bo muri Isirayeli?

Umuhanga mu by’amateka umwe yanditse agira ati “kubera ko Abayahudi batashoboraga kwirinda gushyikirana n’abaturanyi babo bari baracengewe n’umuco wa Kigiriki, ibyo kwirinda gushyikirana n’abavandimwe babo babaga mu mahanga byo rero bikaba byari birushijeho kugorana, ntibashoboraga kwirinda gucengerwa n’umuco hamwe n’imitekerereze bya Kigiriki. . .Kubaho muri icyo gihe cyo gucengeza umuco wa Kigiriki byonyine, na byo ubwabyo byatumaga umuntu acengerwa na wo!” Abayahudi batangiye gufata amazina y’Abagiriki. Mu rugero rutandukanye, bagiye bafata imigenzo n’imyambarire bya Kigiriki. Imbaraga zififitse zabasunikiraga kubyitabira, zagendaga zirushaho kwitongera.

Ukononekara kw’Abatambyi

Mu Bayahudi, bashoboraga gucengerwa n’umuco wa Kigiriki cyane kurusha abandi, ni abatambyi. Abenshi muri bo babonaga ko kwemera umuco wa Kigiriki byari kuzatuma idini rya Kiyahudi rikomeza kujya mbere, uko ibihe bigenda bisumburana. Umwe muri bene abo bayahudi ni Yasoni (witwaga Yosuwa mu Giheburayo), murumuna w’umutambyi mukuru Oniyasi III. Mu gihe Oniyasi yari yaragiye muri Antiyokiya, Yasono yahaye ruswa abategetsi b’Abagiriki. Kubera iki? Kugira ngo abumvishe ko bakwiriye kumugira umutambyi mukuru mu mwanya wa Oniyasi. Antiochos Épiphane, umutegetsi w’Umugiriki (175-164 M.I.C) wo mu muryango w’Abaselewuside, yahise abyemera. Mbere y’aho, abategetsi b’Abagiriki ntibari barigeze bivanga muri gahunda y’ubutambyi bukuru bwa Kimesiya, ariko noneho Antiyokusi yari akeneye amafaranga yo gukoresha mu ngamba z’ibya gisirikare. Nanone kandi, yari ashimishijwe no kugira umuyobozi w’Umuyahudi, wari kuzashyigikira ibyo gucengeza umuco wa Kigiriki mu buryo bugira ingaruka nziza. Antiyokusi abisabwe na Yasoni, yatunganyije Yerusalemu ku buryo igira isura y’umujyi w’u Bugiriki. Yasoni na we yubatse inzu y’imikino, aho urubyiruko rw’Abayahudi ndetse n’abatambyi bajyaga kurushanirizwa mu mikino.

Ubugambanyi bwabyaye ubundi. Nyuma y’imyaka itatu, Menelasi ushobora kuba atari uwo mu muryango w’abatambyi, yatanze ruswa itubutse kurushaho, maze Yasoni arahunga. Kugira ngo Menelasi yishyure Antiyokusi, yafashe akayabo k’amafaranga avuye mu mutungo w’urusengero. Kubera ko Oniyasi III (wari warahungiye muri Antiyokiya) yabyamaganye ku mugaragaro, Menelasi yaramwicishije.

Igihe hakwirakwizwaga inkuru z’ibihuha zivuga ko Antiyokusi yari yapfuye, Yasoni yagarutse i Yerusalemu ari kumwe n’abantu igihumbi, kugira ngo ahirike Menelasi ku mwanya w’ubutambyi bukuru. Ariko kandi, Antiyokusi ntiyari yapfuye. Akimara kumva ibyo Yasoni yakoze n’imidugararo yadutse mu Bayahudi, ibyo bikaba byari binyuranyije na politike ye yo gucengeza ururimi n’umuco bya Kigiriki, Antiyokusi yahise abihagurukira.

Antiyokusi Agira Icyo Akora

Mu gitabo cye cyitwa The Maccabees, Moshe Pearlman yanditse agira ati “n’ubwo inyandiko zitasobanura neza, Antiyokusi asa n’aho yageze ku mwanzuro w’uko kuba yararekeye Abayahudi mu by’idini, ariko, ari ikosa yakoze mu bihereranye na politiki. Kuri we, ubwigomeke bwari buherutse kubera muri Yerusalemu ntibwari bwarakomotse ku mpamvu zishingiye ku by’idini, ahubwo bwari bwarakomotse ku mitekerereze y’Abanyamisiri yari yarashinze imizi i Yudaya, kandi ibyo bitekerezo bya gipolitiki byari byarahawe isura mbi, bitewe mu by’ukuri n’uko mu baturage b’igihugu cye bose, Abayahudi ari bo bonyine bari barashatse uburenganzira bwo kwitandukanya cyane n’abandi bantu mu by’idini bakabuhabwa. . .Yafashe umwanzuro w’uko ibyo byagombaga kuvaho.”

Uwitwa Abba Eban, akaba umunyapolitiki n’inti yo muri Isirayeli, yavuze mu magambo make ibyakurikiyeho agira ati “mu buryo bw’uruhererekane rwihuse, mu myaka ya168 na 167 [M.I.C], Abayahudi barishwe urusengero rurasahurwa kuyoboka idini rya Kiyahudi birabuzanywa. Gukebwa, kimwe no kuziririza isabato byahindutse ibyaha bihanishwa igihano cy’urupfu. Ishyano rikomeye cyane ryaguye mu kwezi k’Ukoboza 167, igihe mu Rusengero hubakagwa igicaniro cya Zewu biturutse ku itegeko rya Antiyokusi, kandi Abayahudi bagasabwa gutamba inyama z’ingurube​—nta gushidikanya nyine zabonwaga ko zihumanye mu mategeko y’Abayahudi​—bakazitambira imana y’Abagiriki.” Muri icyo gihe, Menelasi n’abandi Bayahudi bari baracengewe n’umuco wa Kigiriki bakomeje imigenzereze yabo, bakomeza gukorera mu rusengero rwari rwarahumanye.

N’ubwo Abayahudi benshi bemeye umuco wa Kigiriki, itsinda rishya ry’abiyitaga Abahasidimu​—ni ukuvuga abakomeye ku mategeko y’Imana ryateraga abantu inkunga yo kurushaho gukurikiza Amategeko ya Mose uko yakabaye. Rubanda rumaze kuzinukwa ababtambyi bacengewe n’umuco wa Kigiriki, buhoro buhoro rwatangiye kwifatanya n’Abahasidimu. Igihe cyo kuziza abantu imyizerere yabo, cyageze ubwo Abayahudi bo mu mpande zose z’igihugu bahatirwaga guhitamo gukurikiza imigenzo no gutamba ibitambo bya gipagani cyangwa gupfa. Ibitabo by’Abamakabe bitabarirwa mu rutonde rw’ibitabo bya Bibiliya, birimo inkuru nyinshi z’abagabo, abagore n’abana bahisemo gupfa aho gutatira ukwizera kwabo.

Abamakabe Bafata Ingamba

Ibikorwa bikabije kurengera bya Antiyokusi, byateye Abayahudi besnhi kurwanirira idini ryabo. Ahitwa i Modini, mu majyaruguru y’uburengerazuba bwa Yerusalemu hafi y’umujyi muri iki gihe witwa Lod, umutambyi witwaga Matatiyasi yahamagajwe mu mujyi rwagati. Kubera ko Matatiyasi yubahagwa na rubanda rwa giseseka rwo muri ako karere, umutware uhagarariye umwami yagerageje kumweza ko agomba kujya mu muhango wa gipagani wo gutamba igitambo​—kugira ngo akunde arokore ubuzima bwe bwite kandi abere icyitegererezo rubanda rusigaye. Matatiyasi amaze kubyanga, ahri undi Muyahudi we wari witeguye gutatira imyizerere ye y’idini. Matatiyasi yahise azabiranywa n’umujinya, maze abatura intwaro aramwica. Abo basirikare b’Abagiriki bumvise bakubiswe n’inkuba bitewe n’iyo myifatire y’urugomo y’uwo musaza, maze babura icyo bakora n’icyo bareka. Mu masogonda mak, Matatiyasi yari amaze kwica n’uwo mutware w’Umugiriki. Abahungu batanu ba Matatiyasi n’abaturage bo muri uwo mujyi bahise bahorahoza izo ngabo z’Abagiriki mbere y’uko zishobora kwirwanaho.

Nuko Matatiyasi avuga mun ijwi rirenga ati ‘umuntu wese ufite ishyaka ry’Amategeko nankurikire.’ Kugira ngo badafatwa bagahanwa, we n’abahungu be bahungiye mu karere k’imisozi. Kandi kubera ko inkuru y’ibyo bakoze yamamaye hose, Abayahudi (hakubiyemo n’Abahasidimu besnhi) bagiye kwifatanya na bo.

Matatiyasi yashyizeho umuhungu we Yuda, ngo ajye ayobora ibitero by’ingabo. Kubera ko Yuda yari umuhanga mu bya gisirikare, bishobora kuba ari byo byatumye yitwa Makabe, bisobanurwa ngo “inyundo.” Matatiyasi n’abahungu be, bitwaga Abahasimonayo, izina rikomoka ku mujyi witwaga Heshimoni cyangwa ku mukurambere witwaga atyo (Yosuwa 15:27). Ariko kandi, kubera ko yuda Makabe ari we wabaye icyatwa muri iyo mirwano yo kwigomeka, abagize uwo muryango bose baje kwitwa Abamakabe.

Urusengero Rwongera Guharanirwa

Mu mwaka wa mbere w’iyo myivumbaganyo, Matatiyasi n’abahungu be bashoboye gushinga umutwe w’ingabo nke. Incuro nyinshi, ingabo z’Abagiriki zagiye zigaba ibitero ku matsinda y’ingabo z’Abahasidimu ari ku Isabato. N’ubwo babaga bafite ubushobozi bwo kwirwanaho, bangaga kwica amategeko agenga Isabato. Ibyo byatumaga hapfa abantu benshi. Matatiyasi​—icyo gihe wari usigaye afatwa nk’umuyobozi w’idini​—yashyizeho itegekoteka ryemereraga Abayahudi kwirwanaho ku Isabato. Iryo tegekoteka ntiryatumye abari barigometse bagarura ubuyanja gusa, ahubwo ryanatanze urugero mu idini rya Kiyahudi, rwo kwemerera abayobozi b’idini kujya bagira icyo bahindura ku mategeko ya Kiyahudi, bahuje n’ihinduka ry’imimerere. Iyo myifatire yaje kugaragara no muri Talmud, mu magambo abonekamo agira ati “bajye bica umunsi umwe w’Isabato kugira ngo bazashobore kweza Amasabato mesnhi.”​—Yoma 85b.

Nyuma y’urupfu rwa se wari ugeze mu za bukuru, burumvikana ko Yuda Makabe ari we wahise aba umuyobozi w’abigometse. Amaze kubona ko adafite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya imbona nkubone abanzi be ngo abatsinde, yahimbye uburyo bushya, bumeze nk’intambara y’inyeshyamba zo muri iki gihe. Yanesheje ingabo za Antiyokusi mu turere zitashoboraga kwirwanaho zikoresheje uburyo zari zisanzwe zikoresha. Bityo rero, uko Yuda yagendaga atsinda urugamba rumwe rumwe yikurikiranya, amaherezo yaje kunesha ingabo zikabije kuba nyinshi cyane kurusha ize.

Kubera ko abayobozi b’Ubwami bw’Abaselewude b’Abagiriki bari bahanganye n’Abavandimwe babo bamaraniraga ubutware, hamwe n’ubutegetsi bw’Abaroma bwagendaga bugira imbaraga byatumye batita cyane ku bihereranye no gukomeza gushyira mu bikorwa ya mategeko akandamiza Abayahudi. Ibyo byahaye Yuda urwaho rwo kugaba igitero ku marembo ya Yerusalemu. Mu kwezi k’Ukuboza 165 M.I.C (cyangwa wenda 164 M.I.C), we n’ingabo ze bafashe urusengero, beza ibikoresho byarwo, maze barutaha bundi bushya​—ubwo hakaba hari hashize imyaka itatu yuzuye kuva ruhumanyijwe. Buri mwaka, Abayahudi bizihiza icyo gikorwa mu birori bya Hanukkah, ni ukuvuga umunsi mukuru wo gutaha urusengero.

Uko Ibitekerezo bya Gipolitiki Byarutishijwe Ibyo Kubaha Imana

Intego zateye abantu kwigomeka zari zaragezweho. Amategeko yabuzanyaga kuyoboka idini rya Kiyahudi yari yarakuweho. Gahunda yo gusengera mu rusengero no kuhatambira ibitambo yari yarashubijweho. N’uko Abahasidimu bumvise banyuzwe, bava mu ngabo za Yuda Makabe maze basubira iwabo. Ariko kandi, Yuda yari afite indi migambi. Ko yarik afite ingabo zatojwe neza, kuki atashoboraga kuzikoresha kugira ngo ashyireho leta yigenga y’Abayahudi? Icyo gihe noneho, impamvu zishingiye ku idini zari zarateye abantu kwivumbagatanya, zari zisimbuwe n’impamvu za politiki. Bityo rero, intambara yarakomeje.

Mu gushakisha aho yavana inkunga mu ntambara yarwanaga n’ubutegetsi bw’Abaselewuside, Yuda Makabe yagiranye amasezerano n’Abaroma. N’ubwo yaguye ku rugamba mu mwaka wa 160 M.I.C., abavandimwe be bakomeje intambara. Uwitwaga Yonatani, umuvandimwe wa Yuda, yakoze uko ashoboye ku buryo abategetsi b’Abaselewuside bemeye ko aba umutambyi mukuru akaba n’umutare i Yudaya, n’ubwo yari akigengwa n’ubutegetsi bwabo. Igihe Yonatani yashukashukagwa, agafatwa maze akicwa biturutse ku kagambane k’ abasiriya, umuvandimwe we Simoni​—ari na we wa nyuma muri ba bavandimwe ba Makabe​—yaramusimbuye. Mu gihe cy’ubutegetsi bwa Simoni​—ari na we wa nyuma muri ba bavandimwe ba Makabe​—yaramusimbuye. Mu gihe cy’ubutegetsi bwa Simoni, isigisigi by’Ubutegetsi bw’Abaselewuside byavanyweho (mu mwaka wa 141 M.I.C). Simoni yavuguruye ya masezerano bari baragiranye n’Abaroma, akndi abari mu myanya y’ubuyobozi bw’Abayahudi bamwemera ko ari umutegetsi akaba n’umutambyi. Bityo rero, hashinzwe ubwami bwigenga bwo mu muryango w’Abahasimonayo  bushinzwe n’Abamakabe.

Abamakabe bashubijeho gahunda yo gusengera mu rusengero mbere y’uko Mesiya aza. (Gereranya na Yohana 1:41, 42; 2:13-17.) Ariko kandi, nk’uko icyizere abantu bagiriraga umuryango w’abatambyi cyari cyarayoyotse bitewe n’ibikorwa by’abatambyi bari baracengewe n’umuco wa Kigiriki, ni nako cyarushijeho guhungabana mu gihe cy’ubutegetsi bw’Abahasimonayo. Koko rero, gutegekwa n’abatambyi bafite ibitekerezo bishishikajwe na politiki, aho gutegekwa n’umwami wo mu muryango wizerwa wa Dawidi, ntibyahesheje ubwoko bw’Abayahudi imigisha nyayo.​—2 Samweli 7:16; Zaburi 89:4, 5, 36, 37, umurongo wa 3, 4, 35 n’uwa 36 muri Biblia Yera.

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 21]

Matatiyasi, se wa Yuda Makabe, yavuze mu ijwi rirenga ati ‘umuntu wese ufite ishyaka ry’Amategeko nankurikire’

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

Matatiyasi yifashisha impunzi z’Abayahudi/The Doré Bible Illustrations/ Dover Publications