Bibiliya y’Umwami: Ikintu kitazibagirana mu mateka y’ubuhanga

UBWATO bwavuye muri Hisipaniya bwerekeza mu mwigimbakirwa w’u Butaliyani mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya 16. Ubwo bwato bwari butwaye umutungo wari ufite agaciro kenshi cyane. Bwari butwaye kopi hafi ya zose za Bibiliya y’i Complutum yari yaracapwe hagati ya 1514 na 1517. Mu buryo butunguranye, haguye imvura nyinshi ivanze n’inkubi y’umuyaga. Abasare bagerageje kurwana kuri ubwo bwato ngo butarohama ariko biba iby’ubusa. Ubwo bwato bwararohamye, burohamana n’uwo mutungo w’agaciro kenshi cyane bwari butwaye.

Iyo mpanuka yatumye abantu basaba ko hacapwa indi Bibiliya irimo indimi nyinshi. Amaherezo, Christophe Plantin wari warazobereye mu byo gucapa ibitabo yemeye kuzakora uwo murimo wari ugoranye. Kubera ko yari akeneye umuntu w’umukire wo kumutera inkunga amuha amafaranga yo gusohoza iyo nshingano itoroshye, yasabye Philip wa II, umwami wa Hisipaniya, kuba ari we umutera iyo nkunga. Mbere yo kugira umwanzuro umwami afata, yabajije intiti zitandukanye zo muri Hisipaniya, zirimo Benito Arias Montano, wari intiti izwi cyane mu bya Bibiliya. Montano yabwiye Umwami Philip ati “uretse kuba uzaba ukoreye Imana kandi ugafasha Kiliziya Gatolika y’i Roma, bizanahesha ikuzo rikomeye izina ryawe rya cyami Nyagasani kandi wowe ubwawe bizakubahisha.”

Kongera gusubiramo Bibiliya y’i Complutum no kuyicapa, byari kuba ari ikintu kigaragara gikozwe mu rwego rw’umuco; ni yo mpamvu Philip yiyemeje gushyigikira uwo mushinga wa Plantin n’umutima we wose. Yashinze Arias Montano uwo murimo ukomeye wo kunonosora umwandiko w’iyo Bibiliya yaje kwitwa Bibiliya y’Umwami, cyangwa se Bibiliya y’i Anvers iri mu ndimi nyinshi.a

Philip yari ashishikajwe cyane no gukurikirana icapwa ry’iyo Bibiliya, ku buryo yasabye kujya yohererezwa buri rupapuro rumaze gucapwa kugira ngo arukosore. Plantin we yumvaga atishimiye kuzajya ategereza ko urupapuro ruva i Anvers rukajya muri Hisipaniya, umwami akarusoma akanarukosora, hanyuma rukabona kugaruka. Uko byaje kugenda rero, Philip yaje guhabwa urupapuro rumwe gusa rwa mbere rwari ruvuye mu icapiro ngo arukosore, kandi birashoboka ko yaba yarahawe na zimwe mu mpapuro zacapwe bwa mbere. Hagati aho, Montano yakomeje akazi nyako ko gukosora umwandiko abifashijwemo n’abarimu batatu b’i Louvain hamwe n’umukobwa wa Plantin wari umwangavu.

Yakundaga Ijambo ry’Imana

Arias Montano yahise amenyerana n’intiti z’i Anvers. Kuba yari umuntu wemeraga ibitekerezo by’abandi byatumye Plantin amukunda, kandi mu buzima bwabo bwose bakomeje kuba incuti kandi barafatanya. Montano ntiyari azwi cyane kubera ko gusa yari umuhanga ahubwo nanone byaterwaga n’uko yakundaga cyane Ijambo ry’Imana.b Akiri umusore, yumvaga ashaka kurangiza amashuri ye vuba na vuba kugira ngo igihe cye cyose agikoreshe gusa mu kwiga Ibyanditswe.

Arias Montano yumvaga ko ubuhinduzi bwa Bibiliya bwagombye kuba buhinduye ijambo ku ijambo uko bishoboka kose. Yagerageje guhindura neza neza ibyari biri mu mwandiko w’umwimerere, kugira ngo umusomyi azashobore kwisomera Ijambo ry’Imana ry’ukuri. Montano yakurikije intero ya Erasme, wateraga intiti inkunga yo “kubwiriza ibya Kristo bahereye ku mwandiko wo mu ndimi z’umwimerere.” Mu gihe cy’ibinyejana byinshi, abantu bananiwe gusobanukirwa icyo indimi z’umwimerere Bibiliya yanditswemo zashakaga kuvuga kubera ko byari bigoye kumva ubuhinduzi bwa Bibiliya bwari mu Kilatini.

Uko yatunganyijwe kandi igacapwa

Arias Montano yaje kubona imyandiko yose Alfonso de Zamora yari yarateguye akanayisubiramo ayikosora mbere yo gucapa Bibiliya y’i Complutum, maze azikoresha mu kwandika Bibiliya y’Umwami.c

Mu mizo ya mbere batekerezaga ko Bibiliya y’Umwami izaba ari icapwa rya kabiri rya Bibiliya y’i Complutum, ariko yaje kuvamo Bibiliya irenze kure cyane iyari kuba Bibiliya y’i Complutum isubiwemo. Umwandiko w’Igiheburayo ndetse n’uw’Ikigiriki wo muri Septante, yakuwe muri Bibiliya y’i Complutum. Hongewemo n’indi myandiko mishya hamwe n’umugereka urambuye. Amaherezo iyo Bibiliya nshya yaje kugira imibumbe umunani. Gucapa iyo Bibiliya byafashe imyaka itanu, ni ukuvuga kuva mu mwaka wa 1568 kugeza mu mwaka wa 1572. Icyo kikaba cyari igihe gito ugereranyije n’ukuntu ako kazi kari kagoranye. Amaherezo hacapwe kopi 1.213.

N’ubwo Bibiliya y’i Complutum yo mu 1517 yabaye umwe “mu myandiko ikoze neza cyane mu rwego rw’imyandikire,” iyo Bibiliya nshya y’i Anvers yari iyirenze kure haba mu buryo yari ikoze no mu byari biyikubiyemo. Cyari ikindi kintu kitazibagirana mu mateka yo gucapa, ariko by’akarusho, mu gutegura umwandiko unonosoye wari kuzagenderwaho mu guhindura izindi Bibiliya.

Abanzi b’Ijambo ry’Imana barayirwanyije

Abantu bangaga ko iyo Bibiliya yahindurwa bahereye ku nyandiko z’umwimerere ntibatinze kwigaragaza; kandi ibyo ntibyadutangaza. N’ubwo na papa yari yaremeye ko Bibiliya y’i Anvers icapwa kandi Arias Montano akaba yari intiti izwi cyane kandi yubahwa, ntibyabujije ko aregwa mu Rukiko rwa Kiliziya rwaciraga imanza abataravugaga rumwe na yo. Abamurwanyaga bavuze ko iyo Bibiliya yagaragazaga ko umwandiko mushya w’Ikilatini wavuguruwe na Santes Pagninus ari wo urimo Igiheburayo n’Ikigiriki bya kera bihinduye neza kurusha uko bihinduye muri Vulgate, yari imaze ibinyejana byinshi ihinduwe. Nanone kandi, bareze Montano ko yifashishaga indimi z’umwimerere ashaka kugera ku mwandiko wa Bibiliya uhinduye neza; bakaba barabonaga ko ibyo ari ubuhakanyi.

Urwo Rukiko rwanahamije ko ngo “kuba umwami yarateye inkunga uwo murimo nta cyubahiro cyinshi byamuhesheje.” Bagaragaje ko bababajwe no kubona Montano ataribanze cyane kuri Vulgate yari isanzwe yemewe hose. Uretse ibyo birego, ntibabashije kubona ibihamya bihagije byari gutuma Montano acirwa urubanza cyangwa byo guca iyo Bibiliya ye iri mu ndimi nyinshi. Amaherezo, iyo Bibiliya y’Umwami yakiriwe neza kandi yabaye igitabo cyemewe cyagenderwagaho muri za kaminuza.

Igikoresho cy’ingirakamaro mu guhindura Bibiliya

N’ubwo Bibiliya y’i Anvers itari igitabo cyari kigenewe rubanda rwa giseseka, ntibyabujije ko mu gihe gito yaje guhinduka igikoresho cy’ingirakamaro ku bahinduzi ba Bibiliya. Kimwe na Bibiliya y’i Complutum yayibanjirije, Bibiliya y’i Anvers yafashije mu kunonosora imyandiko yo mu Byanditswe yashoboraga kuboneka. Nanone kandi, yafashije abahinduzi kurushaho gusobanukirwa indimi z’umwimerere. Abahinduye Bibiliya mu ndimi nyinshi z’ingenzi zo mu Burayi bifashishije iyo Bibiliya y’i Anvers. Urugero, hari igitabo kivuga ko abahinduye Bibiliya izwi cyane ya King James Version, cyangwa Authorized Version yo mu 1611, bifashishije cyane Bibiliya y’i Anvers mu guhindura indimi za kera (The Cambridge History of the Bible). Bibiliya y’Umwami yanagize uruhare rugaragara mu guhindura Bibiliya ebyiri z’ingenzi zirimo indimi nyinshi, zasohotse mu myaka ya 1600.—Reba agasanduku gafite umutwe uvuga ngo “Bibiliya ziri mu ndimi nyinshi.”

Kimwe mu bintu byiza biranga iyo Bibiliya y’i Anvers, ni uko yatumye intiti zo mu Burayi zishobora kubona ku ncuro ya mbere ubuhinduzi bw’Ibyanditswe bya Kigiriki mu rurimi rw’Igisiriya. Uwo mwandiko w’Igisiriya bawubangikanyije n’umwandiko w’Ikilatini wari uhinduye ijambo ku rindi. Uwo mwandiko w’Igisiriya bongeyemo wari ingirakamaro cyane kubera ko ari umwe mu buhinduzi bwa kera cyane bw’Ibyanditswe bya Kigiriki bya Gikristo. Uwo mwandiko w’Igisiriya wanditswe mu kinyejana cya gatanu I.C., wari ushingiye ku nyandiko z’intoki zari zaranditswe mu kinyejana cya kabiri I.C. Hari igitabo kigira kiti “abantu benshi bemera agaciro Peshitta [ubuhinduzi bw’Ibyanditswe bya Kigiriki bya Gikristo mu Gisiriya] ifite mu gusesengura imyandiko. Ni imwe mu nyandiko za kera kandi z’ingenzi kurusha izindi zivuga iby’imigenzo ya kera.”—The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia.

N’ubwo ubwato bwarimo kopi za Bibiliya y’i Complutum bwarohamye, kandi Urukiko rwa Kiliziya rwo muri Hisipaniya rukaba rwararwanyije abashakaga kunonosora no gucapa iyo Bibiliya bundi bushya, ibyo ntibyabujije ko mu mwaka wa 1572 iyari Bibiliya y’i Complutum ihindukamo Bibiliya y’Umwami. Amateka ya Bibiliya y’i Anvers irimo indimi nyinshi ni urundi rugero rugaragaza imihati ivuye ku mutima abantu bashyizeho mu kurengera Ijambo ry’Imana.

Baba bari babizi cyangwa batari babizi, imihati izira ubwikunde abo bantu bitanze bashyizeho yagaragaje ukuri kw’amagambo yari yarahanuwe na Yesaya. Ubu hashize imyaka igera hafi ku bihumbi bitatu yanditse ati “ubwatsi buraraba uburabyo bugahunguka, ariko Ijambo ry’Imana yacu rizahoraho iteka ryose.”—Yesaya 40:8.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Amagambo yatsindagirijwe yo ku ipaji ya 13]

“Ariko Ijambo ry’Imana yacu rizahoraho iteka ryose”

[Agasanduku/Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 12]

BIBILIYA ZIRIMO INDIMI NYINSHI

Intiti yo muri Hisipaniya yitwa Federico Pérez Castro isobanura ko “Bibiliya irimo indimi nyinshi iba irimo imyandiko yanditse mu ndimi zitandukanye. Icyakora, ubusanzwe iryo jambo ryerekeza kuri Bibiliya zirimo umwandiko uri mu ndimi z’umwimerere. Dukurikije ibyo bisobanuro bya nyuma, Bibiliya zirimo indimi nyinshi ni nkeya.”

1. The Complutensian Polyglot (1514-1517), yatewe inkunga na Cardinal Cisneros, yacapiwe muri Alcalá de Henares ho muri Hisipaniya. Imibumbe yayo itandatu yari irimo umwandiko wa Bibiliya mu ndimi enye: Igiheburayo, Ikigiriki, Icyarameyi n’Ikilatini. Ku bahinduzi bo mu kinyejana cya 16, yari umwandiko w’ibanze w’Ibyanditswe mu Giheburayo n’Icyarameyi.

2. The Antwerp Polyglot (1568-1572), yateguwe na Benito Arias Montano. Muri iyo Bibiliya, ku mwandiko wa Bibiliya y’i Complutum hiyongereyeho umwandiko w’ubuhinduzi bwa Peshitta bw’Ibyanditswe bya Kigiriki bya Gikristo mu Gisiriya hamwe n’Umwandiko w’Icyarameyi witwa Targum Jonathan. Umwandiko w’Igiheburayo wari urimo utumenyetso tugaragaza ubutinde n’imiterere y’amasaku, yawusubiyemo akurikije umwandiko w’Igiheburayo wa Jacob ben Hayyim yari yabonye. Bityo, iyo Bibiliya yabaye umwandiko w’Ibyanditswe bya Giheburayo abahinduzi ba Bibiliya bagenderaho.

3. The Paris Polyglot (1629-1645) yatewe inkunga n’umwavoka w’Umufaransa witwaga Guy Michel le Jay. Bayihinduye bashingiye kuri Bibiliya y’i Anvers n’ubwo yo yari ikubiyemo n’imwe mu myandiko y’Igisamariya n’Icyarabu.

4. The London Polyglot (1655-1657), yakozwe na Brian Walton, na yo yari ishingiye kuri Bibiliya y’i Anvers. Iyo Bibiliya yari ikubiyemo ubuhinduzi bwa Bibiliya bwa kera mu rurimi rw’Ikinyetiyopiya n’Igiperesi, n’ubwo ubwo buhinduzi nta kintu kigaragara bwafashijeho mu kurushaho gusobanura umwandiko wa Bibiliya.

[Aho amafoto yavuye]

Banner and Antwerp Polyglots (two underneath): Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Antwerp Polyglot (on top): By courtesy of Museum Plantin-Moretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen; London Polyglot: From the book The Walton Polyglot Bible, Vol. III, 1655-1657

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 9]

Philip wa II, umwami wa Hisipaniya

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Philip II: Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid

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Arias Montano

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Montano: Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid

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Imashini zacapaga kera i Anvers, mu Bubiligi

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Press: By courtesy of Museum Plantin-Moretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen

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Ibumoso: Christophe Plantin hamwe n’umutwe w’ipaji yo muri Bibiliya y’i Anvers

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Title page and Plantin: By courtesy of Museum Plantin-Moretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 11]

Hejuru: umwandiko wo mu Kuva igice cya 15 mu nkingi enye

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Title page and Plantin: By courtesy of Museum Plantin-Moretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen

[Aho ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 13 yavuye]

Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid