Bibiliya y’i Complutum yabaye igikoresho kitazibagirana cyafashije abahinduzi

AHAGANA mu mwaka wa 1455 habaye ihinduka rikomeye mu birebana no kwandika Bibiliya. Uwitwa Johannes Gutenberg yakoresheje imashini icapa asohora Bibiliya ya mbere yacapwe ku mashini. Ikibazo cy’ibura rya Bibiliya cyaterwaga n’uko inyandiko z’intoki zari ingume cyari kigiye kurangira. Amaherezo noneho Bibiliya zari zigiye kuboneka ari nyinshi kandi zidahenze. Bidatinze, Bibiliya yabaye igitabo cyakwirakwijwe cyane mu isi kurusha ibindi.

Bibiliya Gutenberg yacapye yari mu Kilatini. Ariko intiti z’i Burayi ntizatinze kubona ko zari zikeneye umwandiko wiringirwa wa Bibiliya mu ndimi z’umwimerere, ari zo Igiheburayo n’Ikigiriki. Kiliziya Gatolika yabonaga ko Bibiliya y’Ikilatini yitwa Vulgate ari bwo buhinduzi bwonyine bwari bwemewe. Icyakora yari ifite inzitizi ebyiri zikomeye. Mu kinyejana cya 16, abantu benshi ntibari bazi Ikilatini. Byongeye kandi, mu gihe cy’imyaka igera ku gihumbi, abandukuzi bari baragiye bashyira amakosa menshi mu mwandiko wa Vulgate.

Ari abahinduzi ari n’intiti, bose bari bakeneye Bibiliya iri mu ndimi z’umwimerere, hamwe n’ubuhinduzi bw’Ikilatini bunonosoye. Mu mwaka wa 1502, Karidinali Jiménez de Cisneros wari umujyanama mu bya politiki no mu by’idini w’umwamikazi Isabella wa I wa Hisipaniya, yiyemeje kubaha ibyo bari bakeneye abashakira igitabo kimwe gikubiyemo byose. Icyo gikoresho kitazibagirana mu mateka cyafashije abahinduzi cyiswe Biblia Polyglotta Compluti (Bibiliya irimo indimi nyinshi y’i Complutum). Cisneros yari afite intego yo gusohora Bibiliya irimo indimi nyinshi, ikubiyemo imyandiko myiza kurusha indi y’Igiheburayo, Ikigiriki n’Ikilatini, hamwe n’ibice bimwe na bimwe by’Icyarameyi. Gucapa ni bwo byari bigitangira, akaba ari na yo mpamvu gusohora iyo Bibiliya byari kuba ari ikintu gikomeye cyane mu mateka y’icapa.

Cisneros yatangiye uwo mushinga we uruhije abanza kugura inyandiko za kera zandikishijwe intoki z’Igiheburayo, zikaba zari nyinshi muri Hisipaniya. Nanone yakusanyije inyandiko z’intoki zitandukanye z’Ikigiriki n’Ikilatini. Izo ni zo bahereyeho bandika umwandiko w’iyo Bibiliya irimo indimi nyinshi. Umurimo wo kwegeranya ibigize umwandiko w’iyo Bibiliya Cisneros yawushinze itsinda ry’intiti, abaha aho bakorera muri Kaminuza yari imaze gushingwa i Alcalá de Henares ho muri Hisipaniya. Mu ntiti yasabye kumufasha harimo Érasme w’i Rotterdam, ariko iyo ntiti yari yaraminuje mu by’indimi yarabyanze.

Intiti zamaze imyaka icumi zegeranya ibigize umwandiko uzashyirwa muri icyo gitabo kinini cyane, hanyuma akazi ko gucapa nyir’izina kamara indi myaka ine. Bari bafite ibibazo byinshi bya tekiniki, kubera ko amamashini acapa yari muri Hisipaniya atari afite inyuguti z’Igiheburayo, Ikigiriki cyangwa Icyarameyi. Bityo Cisneros yiyambaje Arnaldo Guillermo Brocario wari ufite icapiro rikomeye kugira ngo amutegurire inyuguti zo muri izo ndimi. Amaherezo abakozi batangiye gucapa mu mwaka wa 1514. Imibumbe itandatu igize iyo Bibiliya yarangiye ku itariki ya 10 Nyakanga 1517, amezi ane gusa mbere y’urupfu rwa Karidinali Cisneros. Hasohowe kopi zigera kuri 600 z’iyo Bibiliya yose. Igitangaje ariko ni uko ibyo byabaye mu gihe Urukiko rwa Kiliziya rwabicikirizaga muri Hisipaniya!a

Uko iyo Bibiliya yari yanditse

Buri paji yo muri iyo Bibiliya yari irimo ibintu byinshi by’agaciro. Mu mibumbe ine yari irimo Ibyanditswe bya Giheburayo, umwandiko wa Vulgate wari hagati kuri buri paji; umwandiko w’Igiheburayo ukaba ku ruhande; naho umwandiko w’Ikigiriki ukaba ahagana mu ruteranyirizo uri kumwe n’ubuhinduzi bw’Ikilatini. Ku mukika wa buri paji hari imizi y’amagambo menshi y’Igiheburayo. Hanyuma ahagana hepfo kuri buri paji yariho ibitabo bya Mose, abanditsi bashyizemo ubuhinduzi bwa Onkelos (ni ukuvuga interuro z’Icyarameyi zo mu bitabo bitanu bya mbere bya Bibiliya zivuzwe mu bundi buryo), hamwe n’ubuhinduzi bwazo mu Kilatini.

Umubumbe wa gatanu muri iyo Bibiliya wari urimo Ibyanditswe bya Kigiriki mu nkingi ebyiri. Inkingi imwe yari irimo umwandiko w’Ikigiriki, indi irimo uw’Ikilatini wo muri Vulgate. Harimo utunyuguti duto tugaragaza interuro zihuye muri buri rurimi twarangiraga umusomyi ijambo rihuye n’irindi muri buri nkingi. Umwandiko w’Ikigiriki wo muri iyo Bibiliya ni wo mwandiko wa mbere wuzuye w’Ibyanditswe bya Kigiriki, cyangwa “Isezerano Rishya,” wacapwe, nyuma y’aho gato ukurikirwa n’umwandiko Érasme yateguye.

Intiti zatunganyije umwandiko wo mu mubumbe wa gatanu, zirawukosora zibyitondeye cyane ku buryo habonetsemo amakosa 50 gusa. Ukuntu izo ntiti zakoze akazi zitonze cyane, byatumye abantu bajora bo muri iki gihe bavuga ko uwo mubumbe ukoze neza cyane kurusha umwandiko w’Ikigiriki wamamaye wa Érasme. Inyuguti z’Ikigiriki zari zikozwe neza cyane zifite ubwiza nk’ubw’inyuguti zo mu nyandiko za kera z’intoki. R. Proctor yanditse mu gitabo cye agira ati “Hisipaniya ikwiriye icyubahiro kubera ko ari yo ya mbere yakoze inyuguti z’Ikigiriki, kandi nta gushidikanya ni zo nyuguti z’Ikigiriki zanditse neza kurusha izindi zose.”—The Printing of Greek in the Fifteenth Century.

Umubumbe wa gatandatu w’iyo Bibiliya wari urimo ibintu binyuranye byafasha umuntu kwiga Bibiliya: harimo inkoranyamagambo y’Igiheburayo n’Icyarameyi; ibisobanuro by’amazina y’Ikigiriki, Igiheburayo n’Icyarameyi; ikibonezamvugo cy’Igiheburayo, n’urutonde rw’amagambo y’Ikilatini yo mu nkoranyamagambo. Ntibitangaje rero kuba iyo Bibiliya irimo indimi nyinshi baravuze ko “iri mu zikoze neza cyane, haba mu rwego rw’imyandikire no kuba yafasha umuntu gusobanukirwa Ibyanditswe.”

Cisneros yifuzaga ko iyo Bibiliya yari irimo indimi nyinshi “yakongera gushishikariza abantu kwiga Ibyanditswe,” ariko ntiyifuzaga na busa ko Bibiliya igera kuri rubanda rwa giseseka. Yatekerezaga ko “Ijambo ry’Imana rigomba guhishwa, rikaba amayobera umuntu wo muri rubanda rwa giseseka adashobora gusobanukirwa.” Nanone kandi, yatekerezaga ko “Ibyanditswe byagombaga kuguma mu ndimi eshatu za kera Imana yemeye ko zandikwa ku cyapa cyashyizwe ku giti Umwana wayo yamanitsweho.”b Kubera iyo mpamvu, iyo Bibiliya y’i Complutum yari irimo indimi nyinshi ntiyari irimo ubuhinduzi bw’Igihisipaniya.

Vulgate uyigereranyije n’indimi z’umwimerere

Imiterere y’iyo Bibiliya ubwayo yakuruye impaka mu ntiti zayanditse. Intiti y’ikirangirire y’Umunyahisipaniya witwaga Antonio de Nebrijac yashinjwe gusubiramo umwandiko wa Vulgate wagombaga gushyirwa muri iyo Bibiliya. N’ubwo Kiliziya Gatolika yabonaga ko Bibiliya ya Vulgate yahinduwe na Jerome ari bwo buhinduzi rukumbi bwemewe, Nebrija yabonye ko ari ngombwa kugereranya Vulgate n’imyandiko y’umwimerere y’Igiheburayo, Icyarameyi n’Ikigiriki. Yashakaga gukosora amakosa agaragara yari yarinjiye muri za kopi za Vulgate zariho.

Kugira ngo Nebrija akemure ibibazo by’aho Vulgate yari itandukaniye n’indimi z’umwimerere, yasabye Cisneros ati “Ongera ucane amatara abiri y’idini ryacu yazimye, ari yo Igiheburayo n’Ikigiriki. Shakira ingororano abantu bazitangira gukora uwo murimo.” Nanone yamugejejeho igitekerezo gikurikira: “igihe cyose tubonye itandukaniro mu nyandiko z’Ikilatini z’Isezerano Rishya zandikishijwe intoki, tugomba kuzigereranya n’inyandiko z’Ikigiriki zandikishijwe intoki. Iteka nitubona inyandiko zinyuranye z’intoki zo mu Kilatini zidahuza, cyangwa inyandiko z’intoki z’Isezerano rya Kera z’Ikilatini zidahuza n’iz’Ikigiriki, tugomba gushakisha ukuri mu nyandiko zemewe z’Igiheburayo.”

Cisneros yabyakiriye ate? Mu ijambo ry’ibanze Cisneros yashyize muri iyo Bibiliya yagaragaje neza igitekerezo cye. Yagize ati “ubuhinduzi bw’Ikilatini bwahinduwe n’umuhire Jerome twabushyize hagati y’ubw’Isinagogi [ni ukuvuga umwandiko w’Igiheburayo] n’ubwa Kiliziya y’i Burasirazuba [ni ukuvuga umwandiko w’Ikigiriki], mbese nka kumwe ibisambo byamanitswe kimwe ibumoso bwa Yesu ikindi iburyo bwe, Yesu akaba ashushanya Kiliziya ya Roma cyangwa ya Kilatini.” Nguko uko Cisneros yangiye Nebrija gukosora ubuhinduzi bw’Ikilatini bwa Vulgate ahuje n’umwandiko wo mu ndimi z’umwimerere. Amaherezo Nebrija yafashe umwanzuro wo kuva mu ikipi yakoze kuri iyo Bibiliya aho kugira ngo izina rye rizashyirwe kuri Bibiliya ikemangwa.

Comma Johanneum

N’ubwo iyo Bibiliya irimo indimi nyinshi y’i Alcalá de Henares yabaye intambwe ikomeye mu birebana no gucapa umwandiko unonosoye w’indimi z’umwimerere za Bibiliya, rimwe na rimwe imigenzo yahabwaga agaciro cyane kurusha ubuhanga. Abanditsi bayo bubahaga ubuhinduzi bwa Vulgate cyane ku buryo incuro nyinshi bumvaga bagomba gukosora umwandiko w’Ikigiriki w’“Isezerano Rishya” kugira ngo uhuze n’Ikilatini aho guhindura ahubwo Ikilatini ngo bagihuze n’Ikigiriki cy’umwimerere. Rumwe mu ngero zibigaragaza, ni amagambo azwi cyane yongewemo bita comma Johanneum.d Mu nyandiko z’intoki z’Ikigiriki za kera, nta na hamwe wasanga iyo nteruro, uko bigaragara yongewemo hashize ibinyejana byinshi nyuma y’aho Yohana yandikiye ibaruwa ye. Ndetse nta n’ubwo iboneka mu nyandiko z’intoki za kera cyane z’ubuhinduzi bw’Ikilatini bwa Vulgate. Ni yo mpamvu Érasme mu “Isezerano Rishya” ry’Ikigiriki yakuyemo iyo nteruro.

Abanditsi b’iyo Bibiliya irimo indimi nyinshi bajijinganyije kuvanamo umurongo wari umaze ibinyejana uri mu mwandiko w’ubuhinduzi bwa Vulgate bemeraga cyane. Ni yo mpamvu barekeyemo iyo nteruro y’Ikilatini yongewemo, kandi bafata umwanzuro wo kuyihindura bakayongera no mu mwandiko w’Ikigiriki kugira ngo izo nkingi zombi zihuze.

Ni yo ubuhinduzi bushya bwa Bibiliya bwashingiyeho

Agaciro k’iyo Bibiliya ntikari gashingiye ku kuba gusa yari irimo umwandiko wuzuye w’Ibyanditswe bya Kigiriki, n’umwandiko w’ubuhinduzi bwa Septente. Nk’uko umwandiko w’Ikigiriki w’“Isezerano Rishya” ryanditswe na Érasme wabaye umwandiko wemewe cyane w’Ibyanditswe bya Kigiriki (ari na wo ubuhinduzi bwinshi mu zindi ndimi bwahereyeho), umwandiko w’Igiheburayo wo muri iyo Bibiliya yari irimo indimi nyinshi wabaye umwandiko w’ibanze w’Ibyanditswe bya Giheburayo n’Icyarameyi.e William Tyndale yashingiye ku mwandiko w’iyo Bibiliya ahindura Bibiliya mu Cyongereza.

Nguko rero uko umurimo w’ubuhanga wakozwe n’ikipi y’abanditse iyo Bibiliya iri mu ndimi nyinshi y’i Complutum, wagize uruhare rugaragara mu gutuma abantu batera imbere mu birebana no kwiga Ibyanditswe. Iyo Bibiliya yasohotse mu gihe mu Burayi hose abantu benshi bagendaga barushaho gushishikarira Bibiliya, ibyo bikaba byarateraga inkunga abashakaga kuyihindura mu ndimi rubanda bavuga. Iyo Bibiliya yabaye indi ntambwe yari itewe yagize uruhare mu kunonosora umwandiko w’Ikigiriki n’Igiheburayo no kuwurinda. Ibyo byose byari bihuje n’umugambi w’Imana w’uko ‘Ijambo ry’Uwiteka ryavugutiwe,’ “Ijambo ry’Imana yacu rizahoraho iteka ryose.”—Zaburi 18:31; Yesaya 40:8; 1 Petero 1:25.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 29]

Karidinali Jiménez de Cisneros

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 30]

Antonio de Nebrija

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid

[Aho ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 28 yavuye]

Biblioteca Histórica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid