Uko Alfonso de Zamora yahinduye umwandiko uhuje n’ukuri urimo izina ry’Imana

MU MWAKA wa 1492, umwami wa Esipanye witwaga Ferdinand hamwe n’umwamikazi Isabella, baciye iteka rigira riti “dutegetse Abayahudi n’Abayahudikazi bose . . . ko mu mpera z’ukwezi kwa Nyakanga uyu mwaka, bagomba kuba bavuye mu bwami bwacu bwose n’aho butegeka hose, bo n’abahungu babo n’abakobwa babo n’abagaragu babo n’abaja babo n’abandi Bayahudi bose babana mu muryango, baba abakomeye n’aboroheje, imyaka baba bafite yose, kandi ko batazahirahira bongera kugaruka mu bwami bwacu.”

Bitewe n’iryo tegeko ryo kubirukana, buri muryango w’Abayahudi wose wagombaga guhitamo guhunga cyangwa kureka idini ryabo. Umwigishamategeko w’Umuyahudi witwaga Juan de Zamora, ashobora kuba yarabonye ko ibyiza ari uguhindura idini akaba Umugatolika bityo akaguma muri Esipanye, aho ba sekuruza bari bamaze imyaka myinshi cyane. Kubera ko Juan yari Umuyahudi, ashobora kuba yarohereje umuhungu we Alfonso kujya kwiga mu ishuri rizwi cyane ry’i Zamora ryigisha igiheburayo. Alfonso yaje kunonosora neza ikilatini, ikigiriki n’icyarameyi. Amaze kurangiza amashuri ye, yatangiye kwigisha igiheburayo muri Kaminuza y’i Salamanca. Nyuma yaho gato, yakoresheje ubwo buhanga yari afite mu ndimi afasha intiti mu bya Bibiliya zo hirya no hino mu Burayi.

Mu wa 1512, kaminuza yari ikimara gushingwa (University of Alcalá de Henares) yatoye Alfonso de Zamora ngo abe ari we uhagararira ishami ryigisha igiheburayo. Kubera ko Zamora yari umwe mu ntiti zikomeye cyane zo mu gihe cye, Karidinali Jiménez de Cisneros, washinze iyo kaminuza, yamusabye kumufasha mu murimo ukomeye cyane wo guhindura Bibiliya irimo indimi nyinshi yiswe Bibiliya y’i Complutum. Iyo Bibiliya y’imibumbe itandatu yari ikubiyemo ibyanditswe byera mu giheburayo, ikigiriki, ikilatini n’ibice by’icyarameyi.a

Mariano Revilla Rico, intiti mu bya Bibiliya, yagize icyo avuga kuri uwo mushinga wo guhindura iyo Bibiliya, ati “mu Bayahudi bahinduye idini bafashije Karidinali [Cisneros] muri uwo mushinga, uzwi cyane ni Alfonso de Zamora. Yari umuhanga mu kibonezamvugo no muri filozofiya, akaba inzobere muri Talmudi (urutonde rw’amategeko yagengaga iby’idini n’imibereho isanzwe y’Abayahudi), tutibagiwe ko yari n’intiti mu kilatini, ikigiriki, igiheburayo n’icyarameyi.” Ubushakashatsi Zamora yakoze bwamwemeje ko kugira ngo abantu bahindure Bibiliya mu buryo buhuje n’ukuri, bagomba kuba basobanukiwe neza indimi z’umwimerere Bibiliya yanditswemo. Mu by’ukuri, ari mu bantu b’ingenzi batumye abahanga bakora ubushakashatsi ku ndimi z’umwimerere Bibiliya yanditswemo. Ubwo bushakashatsi bwatangiye mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya 16.

Ariko kandi, Zamora yariho mu gihe kibi kandi ari ahantu hashoboraga gutuma agerwaho n’akaga, ku buryo gukora ubushakashatsi ku mwandiko wa Bibiliya bitari bimworoheye. Icyo gihe urukiko rwa Kiliziya Gatolika yo muri Esipanye rwari rukomeye cyane, kandi kiliziya yubahaga cyane Bibiliya yo mu kilatini ya Vulgate, ikavuga ko ari bwo buhinduzi bwonyine bwa Bibiliya bwemewe. Icyakora, hagati y’umwaka wa 500 n’uwa 1500, intiti z’Abagatolika zari zaramaze kubona ko umwandiko w’ikilatini wa Vulgate warimo amakosa. Mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya 16, Alfonso de Zamora hamwe n’abandi batangije umushinga wo kuwukosora.

“Kugira ngo amahanga akizwe bisaba ko Bibiliya ihindurwa mu zindi ndimi”

Mu myandiko itandukanye Zamora yakosoye, umwandiko w’igiheburayo w’igice bakunze kwita “Isezerano rya Kera” ndetse n’ubuhinduzi bwawo bw’ikilatini, ni wo wari ufite agaciro cyane kuruta iyindi. Birashoboka ko yateganyaga ko uwo mwandiko wazakoreshwa cyane mu mushinga wo guhindura Bibiliya y’i Complutum. Umwe mu myandiko yahinduye uri mu nzu y’ibitabo yitwa El Escorial, iri hafi y’umugi wa Madrid muri Esipanye. Uwo mwandiko witwa G-I-4, ukubiyemo igitabo cyose cy’Intangiriro cyanditswe mu giheburayo, ndetse n’umwandiko wahinduwe ijambo ku rindi mu kilatini.

Mu ijambo ry’ibanze handitse amagambo yo gushimira agira ati “kugira ngo amahanga akizwe bisaba ko Bibiliya ihindurwa mu zindi ndimi. . . . Twabonye ko . . . ari ngombwa rwose kugira Bibiliya ihinduye neza ijambo ku rindi, ku buryo buri jambo ry’igiheburayo riba rifite iryo rihuye na ryo mu kilatini.” Alfonso de Zamora ni we wari wujuje ibisabwa kugira ngo ahindure uwo mwandiko mushya mu kilatini, kubera ko yari intiti yemewe mu rurimi rw’igiheburayo.

‘Numva nta mutekano mfite’

Mu rugero runaka, muri Esipanye ni ho hantu heza intiti nka Zamora zashoboraga gukorera mu kinyejana cya 16. Hagati y’umwaka wa 500 n’uwa 1500, muri Esipanye hari harabaye ihuriro ry’Abayahudi benshi. Hari igitabo cyagize icyo kibivugaho kigira kiti “kubera ko hagati y’umwaka wa 500 n’uwa 1500 muri Esipanye hari Abisilamu n’Abayahudi benshi cyane, ni cyo gihugu cyo mu burengerazuba bw’u Burayi cyari gituwe n’amoko atandukanye kirimo n’amadini atandukanye. Ibyo ni byo ahanini byatumye isanzuramuco ryo muri Esipanye ritera imbere mu birebana n’idini, ubwanditsi, ubugeni n’ubwubatsi.”—The Encyclopædia Britannica.

Kubera ko muri Esipanye habaga Abayahudi benshi, inyandiko za Bibiliya zandikishije intoki zabonekaga ari nyinshi mu rurimi rw’igiheburayo. Mu duce twinshi two muri Esipanye, abanditsi b’Abayahudi bakoranye umwete bandukura inyandiko za Bibiliya zandikishijwe intoki, kugira ngo rubanda bajye basomera Ibyanditswe mu masinagogi. Mu gitabo L. Goldschmidt yanditse, yaravuze ati “intiti z’Abayahudi zubahaga cyane ibitabo bitanu bya Mose byacapwe mu rurimi rw’igiporutugali n’icyesipanyoli kubera ko zabonaga ko bihuje n’ukuri. Nanone zahaga agaciro inyandiko za Bibiliya zandikishijwe intoki zakuwemo ibyo bitabo bitanu bya Mose, kandi izo nyandiko ni na zo intiti zifashishije zicapa Bibiliya y’i Complutum.”—The Earliest Editions of the Hebrew Bible

Nubwo Esipanye yabafashaga kubona uburyo bwo gucapa, byagaragaraga ko abo bahinduzi bari kuzibasirwa n’ababarwanya. Mu mwaka wa 1492, ingabo z’Abagatolika ziyobowe n’Umwami Ferdinand n’Umwamikazi Isabella, zigaruriye agace ko muri Esipanye kari gasigaye mu twari twarigaruriwe n’Abisilamu. Nk’uko twigeze kubivuga, muri uwo mwaka ibwami baciye iteka ko abayoboke b’idini rya kiyahudi bose birukanwa muri Esipanye. Nyuma y’imyaka icumi, hashyizweho itegeko nk’iryo ryibasira Abisilamu. Kuva ubwo, Kiliziya Gatolika yabaye idini rya leta ya Esipanye, ku buryo nta rindi dini ryari ryemewe.

Ese iyo midugararo yo mu rwego rw’idini yari kugira izihe ngaruka ku murimo wo guhindura Bibiliya mu zindi ndimi? Ibyabaye kuri Alfonso de Zamora birabigaragaza. Nubwo uwo Muyahudi w’intiti yari yarahinduye idini akaba Umugatolika, abategetsi ba Esipanye ntabamushiraga amakenga. Bamwe mu bamurwanyaga batonganyije Karidinali Cisneros kuba yarifashishije intiti z’Abayahudi bahindutse Abagatolika, ngo bamufashe gutegura Bibiliya y’i Complutum. Ibyo byatumye Zamora agira agahinda kenshi. Mu nyandiko yandikishijwe intoki iri muri Kaminuza y’i Madrid, Zamora yanditsemo ati “incuti zanjye zose zarantereranye ziranyanga, zihinduka abanzi banjye ku buryo numva nta mutekano mfite kandi ntanyuzwe.”

Umwe mu banzi be bakomeye yari musenyeri w’i Toledo witwaga Juan Tavera, waje no kuba umuyobozi mukuru w’urukiko rwa Kiliziya. Tavera yaburabuje Zamora ku buryo byatumye ajuririra papa. Yamwandikiye ibaruwa igira iti “Nyir’ubutungane, turakwinginze ngo udufashe . . . kandi uturinde umwanzi wacu Don Juan Tavera, musenyeri w’i Toledo. Buri munsi ntasiba kuduteza imibabaro . . . Dufite agahinda kenshi, kuko we abona turi nk’inyamaswa zikwiriye kubagwa. . . . Nyir’ubutungane, niba wumvise gutakamba tukugejejeho, ‘Yahweh azaguha umutekano, kandi azarinda ikirenge cyawe ngo kidasitara ku kintu icyo ari cyo cyose’ (Imigani 3:23).b

Umurage Alfonso de Zamora yadusigiye

Zamora yahuye n’ibibazo byinshi; ariko ibyo yanditse byakomeje kugirira akamaro abantu benshi bigaga Bibiliya. Nubwo atigeze ahindura Ibyanditswe mu zindi ndimi zakoreshwaga mu gihe cye, yakoze umurimo ukomeye wagiriye akamaro kenshi abandi bahinduzi. Kugira ngo twiyumvishe umusanzu yatanze mu bijyanye n’ibyo, tugomba kuzirikana ko kugira ngo Bibiliya ihindurwe mu zindi ndimi, hari ibintu bibiri intiti zigomba kwitaho. Mbere na mbere, bisaba ko intiti ziga kopi z’Ibyanditswe byera mu rurimi rw’umwimerere rw’igiheburayo, icyarameyi n’ikigiriki, kugira ngo muri izo ndimi haboneke umwandiko unoze uhuje n’ukuri. Iyo ibyo birangiye, umuhinduzi ashobora kubiheraho ahindura mu rundi rurimi.

Alfonso de Zamora ni we by’umwihariko wateguye kandi akanoza umwandiko w’igiheburayo waje gusohoka mu mwaka wa 1522 muri Bibiliya y’i Complutum. (Kuba muri iyo Bibiliya amagambo y’igiheburayo yarasobanurwaga mu kilatini hakabamo n’ikibonezamvugo cyo mu rurimi rw’igiheburayo, na byo byafashije abahinduzi.) Érasme, na we wabayeho mu gihe kimwe na Zamora, yagize uruhare runini mu buhinduzi bw’Ibyanditswe bya Kigiriki bya Gikristo, bikunze kwitwa Isezerano rishya. Igihe umwandiko wo mu giheburayo no mu kigiriki wari umaze kuboneka, abandi bahinduzi bashoboraga kuwuheraho bahindura Bibiliya mu rurimi rwumvwa na rubanda. Igihe William Tyndale yahinduraga Bibiliya mu cyongereza, yabaye umwe mu bahinduzi ba mbere bakoresheje neza umwandiko w’igiheburayo wa Bibiliya y’i Complutum.

Kuba ubu Bibiliya yarasakaye hose tubikesha abantu bakoranye umwete nka Zamora, bitangiye kudufasha kurushaho gusobanukirwa Ibyanditswe. Nk’uko Zamora yari yabivuze, gusobanukirwa Ijambo ry’Imana no kurikurikiza ni byo bizatuma abantu babona agakiza (Yohana 17:3). Ibyo kandi bisaba ko Bibiliya ihindurwa mu ndimi rubanda rushobora kumva, kuko ari bwo ubutumwa bwayo bushobora kugera ku mitima y’abantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Agasanduku/​Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 19]

Izina ry’Imana mu zindi ndimi

Birashishikaje cyane kubona uburyo Alfonso de Zamora, intiti yari yarakuriye mu muco w’Abayahudi, yandukuye uko izina ry’Imana ryavugwaga. Nk’uko ushobora kubyibonera kuri iyi foto, impuzamirongo iri mu gitabo cy’Intangiriro muri Bibiliya irimo umwandiko w’igiheburayo ubangikanye n’uw’ikilatini, yerekana ko izina ry’Imana ryanditse ritya: “jehovah.”

Biragaragara ko Zamora na we yemeraga ko izina bwite ry’Imana ari uko rihindurwa mu kilatini. Mu kinyejana cya 16, igihe abahinduzi benshi ba Bibiliya bahinduraga Bibiliya mu ndimi z’ingenzi zivugwa mu Burayi, bakomeje kwandika izina ry’Imana muri ubwo buryo cyangwa ubujya gusa cyane na bwo. Muri abo harimo William Tyndale (mu cyongereza, 1530), Sebastian Münster (mu kilatini, 1534), Pierre-Robert Olivétan (mu gifaransa, 1535) na Casiodoro de Reina (mu cyesipanyoli, 1569).

Bityo rero, Zamora yabaye uwa mbere mu ntiti nyinshi mu bya Bibiliya zo mu kinyejana cya 16 zagize uruhare mu kumenyekanisha izina ry’Imana. Kuba izina ry’Imana ritaramenyekanye, byabanje guterwa n’imiziririzo y’Abayahudi batemeraga ko izina ry’Imana rivugwa. Abahinduzi ba Bibiliya bo mu madini yiyita aya gikristo, urugero nk’uwitwa Jerome wahinduye Bibiliya y’ikilatini yitwa Vulgate, basimbuje izina ry’Imana “Umwami” cyangwa “Imana.”

[Ifoto]

Inyuguti enye z’igiheburayo zigize izina ry’Imana Zamora yahinduyemo “Yehova”

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 18]

Iteka ryaciwe n’umwami n’umwamikazi bo muri Esipanye mu wa 1492

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

Decree: Courtesy of the Archivo Histórico Provincial, Ávila, Spain

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 18]

Kamimuza ya Alcalá de Henares

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Urupapuro rubanza rwa Bibiliya yahinduwe na Zamora