Alhambra—Sebaka Seo Mamosleme a Ikhantšang ka Sona Granada

KA MONGOLI OA TSOHA! SPAIN

“Ke litšomo le lineano tse kae, ebang ke ’nete kapa li inahanetsoe; ke lipina le lithoko tse kae tsa lerato, tsa ntoa le tsa bahale, ebang ke tsa Maarabo kapa Masepanishe, tse amahanngoang le mehaho ee e hlollang ka botle ea bochabela!”—WASHINGTON IRVING, MONGOLI OA LEAMERIKA OA LILEMONG TSA BO-1800.

SEBAKA se tummeng se entseng hore ho buuoe mantsoe ana ke Alhambra, ntlo e ikhethang ea borena e khabisitseng motse oa Spain oa Granada. Alhambra ke mohlala oa seo u tla se bona Arabia kapa Persia ka boroa ba Europe. Qhobosheane ea teng e ile ea hahoa ka mokhoa o hlollang ka botle ke Maarabo a Bo-hloma-u-hlomole ba Mamosleme, a ileng a ba le tšusumetso e khōlō Spain ka lilemo tse makholo-kholo.a

’Musi oa Moarabia ea bitsoang Zawí ben Zirí o ile a theha ’muso o ikemetseng oa Granada lilemong tsa bo-1000. O bile teng ka lilemo tse ka bang 500, ’me ka nako eo o ile oa atleha haholo linthong tsa bonono le tsa setso. O ile oa oa ha Morena Ferdinand le Mofumahali Isabella ba Mak’hatholike ba felisa puso ea Mamosleme Spain ka 1492.

Granada ea Maarabo a Bo-hloma-u-hlomole e ile ea tuma ka ho fetisisa ka mor’a hore motse oa Córdoba o haptjoe ka 1236 ke mabotho a naha e ipitsang ea Bokreste. Granada e ile ea fetoha motse-moholo oa Mamosleme Spain ’me babusi ka tlhahlamano ea bona ba ile ba haha ntlo ea borena—e leng Alhambra—eo ho neng ho se e tšoanang le eona Europe. Ha mongoli e mong ea nkehileng maikutlo a e hlalosa o ile a re ke “mohaho o motle ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng lohle.”

Alhambra e ntle joaloka sebaka seo e hahiloeng ho sona. Ka mor’a eona ho hlahella mekoloko ea lithaba tse phahameng tsa Sierra Nevada, tse koahetsoeng ke lehloa tlhōrōng ea tsona e bophahamo ba limithara tse 3 400. Alhambra e leralleng la Sabika le sabaletseng le apereng lifate, le okametseng motse ka limithara tse 150. Ho latela seroki sa lilemong tsa bo-1300 se bitsoang Ibn Zamrak, leralla lena le shebile Granada joalokaha eka ke monna ea bohetseng mosali oa hae ka ho hlolloa ho hoholo.

Motse ka Har’a Motse

Lebitso Alhambra, le bolelang “bofubelu” ka Searabo, mohlomong le hlalosa ’mala oa litene tseo Maarabo a Bo-hloma-u-hlomole a ileng a li sebelisa ha a haha marako a ka ntle. Leha ho le joalo, ba bang ba rata tlhaloso ea bo-rahistori ba Maarabo ba bolelang hore Alhambra e ile ea hahoa ho sebelisoa “khanya ea lirumula.” Ba re khanya ena ea bosiu e ne e etsa hore marako a bonahale a le mafubelu joalokaha lebitso leo le bolela.

Alhambra hase feela ntlo ea borena. E ka hlalosoa e le motse o ka har’a motse oa Granada. Ka har’a marako a eona a maholo ho na le lirapa, mehaho e kang litente, ntlo ea borena, Alcazaba (kapa, qhobosheane), esita le medina kapa toropo e nyenyane. Polane ea Alhambra e entsoeng ke Maarabo a Bo-hloma-u-hlomole le se ekelitsoeng hamorao ho eona se hlahisitse bonono bo ikhethang ba Maarabo bo tsamaisanang le mekhabiso e batlang e le meholoanyane, e metle ea Europe lilemong tsa bo-1300 ho ea ho bo-1600.

Alhambra e ntle ka lebaka la mokhoa o ileng oa sebelisoa ke Maarabo a Bo-hloma-u-hlomole esita le Magerike a boholo-holo. Tabeng ea pele, ba ile ba sebelisa ’mala oa lejoe le boleng ba lona ho hlahisa ntho e lumellanang, e lekantsoeng hantle le e sa rarahanang. Ha ba qeta ba ile ba khabisa mohaho oa bona o motle. Joalokaha setsebi se seng se bolela, “Ka linako tsohle Maarabo a Bo-hloma-u-hlomole a ne a sebelisa molao-motheo oo litsebi tsa kaho li nkang e le oona oa pele—e leng ho khabisa mohaho, eseng ho haha mokhabiso.”

Ho Hlahloba Alhambra

Motho o kena Alhambra ka monyako o shebahalang joaloka tlhako ea pere, o bitsoang Heke ea Toka. Lebitso la oona le hopotsa motho ha Mamosleme a neng a lula sebakeng sena a kenya lekhotla hore ho mameloe linyeoe tse fokolang. Ho sebelisa toka hekeng ea motse ke mokhoa o neng o tloaelehile sebakeng sohle sa Bochabela bo Hare ’me ho buuoa ka hona hangata ka Bibeleng.b

Mokhabiso o motle, o bonoang matlong a borena a Maarabo a kang Alhambra, ke mokhabiso oa leboteng o entsoeng ka polasetere. Polasetereng ena litsebi tsa mosebetsi oa matsoho li betlile litema tse kang leisi, tse pheta-phetiloeng. Mabota a mang a majabajaba a tšoana le majoe a betlehileng hantle le a hlophisitsoeng hantle a leketlileng holimo ka lehaheng. Ntho e ’ngoe ntlong ena ea borena ke zillij—e leng lithaele tse benyang tse sehiloeng ka bokhabane ho etsa mekhabiso e rarahaneng. Mekhabiso ena e tlaase leboteng ’me e mebala-bala e tsamaisanang hantle le ’mala o thothofa oa polasetere ea lebota e holimo.

Se ikhethang mabaleng a Alhambra ke Lekhotla la Litau, le hlalosoang hore ke “mohlala o phethahetseng oa bonono ba Maarabo bo fumanehang Spain.” Buka e ’ngoe e fanang ka boitsebiso bakeng sa baeti e hlalosa tjena: “Ho na le ntho eo ho seng motho ea ka khonang ho e etsisa kapa ho e kopitsa mosebetsing o entsoeng ka bokhabane oa bonono. . . . Ke boikutlo boo re bang le bona ha re le ka pel’a lekhotla lena la Granada.” Liphaseje tsa eona tse lekantsoeng hantle le lipilara tsa teng tse tšesaane li pota-potile lejoe le khakelelitseng metsi a kopotsang le tšehelitsoeng ke litau tse 12 tsa ’mabole. Ke se seng sa libaka tse nkoang foto haholo Spain.

Lirapa Tse Khathollang

Alhambra e boetse e na le lirapa tse ntle, metsi a kopotsang, le matamo.c Enrique Sordo, bukeng ea hae e bitsoang Moorish Spain, o re “serapa sa Maarabo se tšoantšetsa paradeise hantle.” Tšusumetso ea Bomosleme e hohle. Mongoli oa Lesepanishe ea bitsoang García Gómez o ile a re: “Paradeise ea Mamosleme e hlalositsoe ka ho qaqileng ho Koran hore ke serapa se nonneng . . . se nosetsoang ke melatsoana e metle.” Alhambra, metsi a sebelisoa haholo—e leng ntho e thabeloang haholo ke batho ba tloaetseng bophelo ba lehoatateng le omileng. Batho ba ileng ba rala serapa sena ba ile ba lemoha hore metsi a ka pholisa moea ’me molumo oa ’ona oa ba monate tsebeng ha a shesha ka tsela e khathollang. Ka matamong a likhutlo li ’nè u bona leholimo le hlakileng la Spain ’me a etsa hore ho bonahale eka sebaka sena se seholo ebile sea khanya.

Haufi le Alhambra ho na le Generalife, e leng ntlo e khōlō e majabajaba sebakeng se thōko, ea Maarabo a Bo-hloma-u-hlomole e nang le serapa se leralleng la Cerro del Sol, le pel’a Sabika. Generalife, eo e leng mohlala o phethahetseng oa kamoo lirapa tsa Maarabo li hlophisoang kateng, e ’nile ea bitsoa “se seng sa lirapa tse bohehang ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng.”d Qalong e ne e hokahantsoe le ntlo ea borena ea Alhambra ke borokho, ’me ho bonahala e ne e le ntlo e ka thōko eo babusi ba Granada ba neng ba ikhatholla ho eona. Lebala le leba Litepising Tse Phallang Metsi. Mona baeti ba ka thabela khanya, mebala le menko e monate e fapa-fapaneng.

Ho Feheloa ha Moarabo oa Hloma-u-hlomole

Ha morena oa ho qetela oa Granada, Boabdil (Muḥammad XI), a hlōloa ’me a tlameha ho nehelana ka motse ho Ferdinand le Isabella, o ile a tlameha ho tsoa naheng eo ka ntšoe-li-sa-fohloa hammoho le lelapa la hae. Ha ba tsoa motseng, ho bonahala eka ba ile ba khefutsa qhooeng eo hona joale e bitsoang El Suspiro del Moro (Ho Feheloa ha Moarabo oa Hloma-u-hlomole). Ha ba hetla hore ba bone ntlo ea bona ea borena e ntle e khubelu lekhetlo la ho qetela, ho thoe ’mè oa Boabdil o ile a re ho mora oa hae: “Lla joaloka mosali u llele seo u sitiloeng ho se sireletsa joaloka monna!”

Kajeno, ba bang ba baeti ba limilione tse tharo ba tlang Alhambra selemo le selemo ba ntse ba e-tla sebakeng sena. Mona, le bona joaloka Boabdil, ba ka bona motse oa Granada o nammeng tlaase pel’a ntlo ea oona ea borena ea Maarabo—sebaka se setle ka ho fetisisa motseng oo. Haeba ho ka etsahala hore u etele Granada, le uena u tla utloisisa mesarelo ea morena oa ho qetela oa Moarabo oa hloma-u-hlomole.

[Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe]

[Setšoantšo se leqepheng la 15]

Alcazaba

[Setšoantšo se leqepheng la 16]

Lekhotla la Litau

[Setšoantšo se leqepheng la 16, 17]

Lirapa tsa Generalife

[Setšoantšo se leqepheng la 17]

Litepisi Tse Phallang Metsi

[Tlhaloso ea Moo Setšoantšo se Nkiloeng Teng e leqepheng la 14]

Line art: EclectiCollections

[Tlhaloso ea Moo Setšoantšo se Nkiloeng Teng e leqepheng la 15]

All except top photo: Recinto Monumental de la Alhambra y Generalife

[Tlhaloso ea Moo Setšoantšo se Nkiloeng Teng e leqepheng la 16]

All photos: Recinto Monumental de la Alhambra y Generalife

[Litlhaloso Tsa Moo Litšoantšo li Nkiloeng Teng tse leqepheng la 17]

Above photos: Recinto Monumental de la Alhambra y Generalife; bottom photo: J. A. Fernández/San Marcos