A Kereke ya Pele E Ne E Ruta Gore Modimo Ke Tharonngwe?
Karolo 2—A Borara Ba Seaposetoloi Ba ne Ba Ruta Thuto ya Tharonngwe?
Mo go Tora ya Tebelo ya November 1, 1991, Karolo 1 ya motseletsele ono e ne ya tlotla kaga gore a Jesu le barutwa ba gagwe ba ne ba ruta thuto ya Tharonngwe—kgopolo ya gore Rara, Morwa, le moya o o boitshepo ke batho ba bararo ba ba lekanang mme e le Modimo o le mongwe fela. Bosupi jo bo phepafetseng go tswa mo Bibeleng, mo go boraditiragalo, le eleng go tswa mo baithuting bo bontsha gore ba ne ba sa e rute. Go tweng ka baeteledipele ba dikereke bao ba neng ba latela moragonyana—a ba ne ba ruta Tharonngwe?
“BORARA BA SEAPOSETOLOI” ke leina le le dirisediwang baruti bao ba neng ba kwala kaga Bokeresete jwa kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la ntlha la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bobedi la dingwaga la Motlha wa Rona O O Tlwaelegileng. Bangwe ba bone e ne e le Clement wa Roma, Ignatius, Polycarp, Hermas, le Papias.
Gatwe ba ne ba tshela nako e le nngwe fela le bangwe ba baaposetoloi. Ka jalo, ba tshwanetse ba bo ba ne ba itse dithuto tsa baaposetoloi. Malebana le seo banna bao ba se kwadileng, The New Encyclopædia Britannica ya re:
“Fa e kopanngwa yotlhe mekwalo ya Borara ba Seaposetoloi e botlhokwa thata mo ditiragalong go feta dibuka dipe fela tsa Bokeresete kwantle ga Kgolagano E Ntšha.”1
Fa e le gore baaposetoloi ba ne ba ruta thuto ya Tharonngwe, he Borara bao ba Seaposetoloi le bone ba tshwanetse gore ba bo ba ne ba e ruta. E ne e tshwanetse go ka bo e ne e tlhomologile mo thutong ya bone, ereka go ne go sena sepe se se botlhokwa go feta go bolelela batho gore Modimo ke mang. Ka jalo a ba ne ba ruta thuto ya Tharonngwe?
Mafoko A Pele A Tumelo
Mangwe a mafoko a pelepele a tumelo ya Bokeresete a a seng mo Bibeleng a fitlhelwa mo bukeng nngwe e e nang le dikgaolo tse dikhutshwane di le 16 e e bidiwang The Didache, kana Teaching of the Twelve Apostles. Boraditiragalo bangwe ba re e kwadilwe pele ga ngwaga wa 100 C.E. kana nako nngwe moragonyana fela ga one ngwaga oo. Mokwadi wa yone ga a itsiwe.2
Buka ya The Didache e bua kaga dilo tse batho ba neng ba ka tlhoka go di itse gore e nne Bakeresete. Mo kgaolong ya yone ya bo 7, ya re motho a kolobediwe “mo leineng la Rara le la Morwa le la Moya o o Boitshepo,” one mafoko a a dirisitsweng ke Jesu mo go Mathaio 28:19.3 Mme ga e bue sepe kaga gore boraro jono bo lekana ka go tshelela ruri, ka thata, ka maemo, le ka botlhale. Mo kgaolong ya yone ya bo 10, buka ya The Didache e akaretsa boipolelo jo bo latelang jwa tumelo e le thapelo:
“Re a go leboga, Rara yo o Boitshepo, re lebogela Leina la gago le le boitshepo le o dirileng gore le age mo dipelong tsa rona; le kitso le tumelo le bosasweng tseo o re di neetseng ka Jesu Motlhanka wa gago. A kgalalelo e ye go wena ka bosakhutleng! Wena, Mong wa Mothatayotlhe, o bopile dilo tsotlhe ka ntlha ya leina la gago . . . Mme ka bopelotshweu o re neetse dijo le dino tsa semoya, le botshelo jo bo sa khutleng ka Jesu Motlhanka wa gago.”4
Ga go umakiwe Tharonngwe fano. Mo go The Influence of Greek Ideas on Christianity, Edwin Hatch o tsopola serapa se se fa godimo go tswa foo a bo a re:
“Go ya kafa dilo di neng di ntse ka teng pele ga Bokeresete ga go lebege go ne go na le sepe se se fetang dithuto tseno tse di motlhofo go tlhaloganngwa. Thuto eo e neng e gatelelwa e ne e le ya gore, Modimo o teng, gore O mongwe fela, gore O na le thata yotlhe ebile ke wa bosakhutleng, gore O dirile lefatshe, gore o pelotlhomogi mo dibopiweng tsa Gagwe tsotlhe. Ba ne ba sa sekamela mo go tlotleng ka dilo tse di kwa thoko tsa matlhajana.”5
Clement wa Roma
Clement wa Roma, yo go akanngwang gore e ne e le “mobishopo” wa toropo eo, le ene o kwadile mongwe wa mekwalo ya bogologolo kaga Bokeresete. Go dumelwa gore o sule ka bo 100 C.E. Mo mekwalong e go tweng e kwadilwe ke ene, ga a umake sepe kaga Tharonngwe, e ka tswa e le ka tlhamalalo kana e se ka tlhamalalo. O bolela jaana go First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians:
“A kgalalelo, le kagiso tse di yang go lona di tswa go Modimo Mothatayotlhe, ka Jesu Keresete di totahale.”
“Baaposetoloi ba ile ba re rerela Efangele e tswa mo go Morena Jesu Keresete; Jesu Keresete o dirile jalo go tswa mo Modimong. Ka jalo Keresete o ne a romilwe ke Modimo, mme baaposetoloi ba ne ba romilwe ke Keresete.”
“Ekete Modimo, yo o bonang dilo tsotlhe, ebile a le Molaodi wa mewa yotlhe le Morena wa nama yotlhe—yo o tlhophileng Morena wa rona Jesu Keresete le rona ka Ene gore re nne batho ba ba kgethegileng—a ka naya motho mongwe le mongwe yo o bitsang Leina la Gagwe le le galalelang ebile le le boitshepo, tumelo, poifo, kagiso, boitshoko, bopelotelele.”6
Clement ga a bolele gore Jesu kana moya o o boitshepo o lekana le Modimo. O bua ka Modimo Mothatayotlhe (eseng “Rara” fela) a farologane le Morwa. Go buiwa ka Modimo jaaka ene yo mogolo, ereka Keresete a “romilwe” ke Modimo, mme Modimo o ‘tlhophile’ Keresete. A bontsha gore Modimo le Keresete ke batho ba babedi ba ba farologaneng ebile ba sa lekane, Clement o bolela jaana:
“Re tla kopa re rapela ka tlhoafalo le kokotlelo gore Mmopi wa lobopo a tswelele a bolokile palo e e tlhomameng ya ba a ba itlhophetseng mo lefatsheng lotlhe, ka Ngwana wa gagwe yo o rategang ebong Jesu Keresete. . . . Re lemoga gore wena [Modimo] ke wena fela ‘yo o kwa godimo ga botlhe’ . . . Ke wena fela motlhokomedi wa mewa le Modimo wa nama yotlhe.”
“A merafe yotlhe e lemoge gore ke wena fela Modimo, le gore Jesu Keresete ke Ngwana wa gago.”7
Clement o bitsa Modimo (eseng “Rara” fela) “yo o kwa godimo ga botlhe,” a bo a bitsa Jesu “Ngwana” wa Modimo. Gape o akgela jaana kaga Jesu: “Ereka a bontsha kgalalelo ya Modimo, o kwa godimo ga baengele fela jaaka sereto sa gagwe se tlhomologile go feta tsa bone.”8 Jesu o bontsha kgalalelo ya Modimo, mme ga a bontshe e e lekanang le yone, fela jaaka ngwedi o phatsimisa lesedi le le tswang mo letsatsing mme o sa lekane le motswedi wa lesedi leo eleng letsatsi.
Fa Morwa Modimo a ne a lekana le Modimo, yo e leng Rara wa selegodimo, go ka bo go se ka ga tlhokega gore Clement a bolele gore Jesu o ne a feta baengele, ereka seo se ne se tla bo se le mo pepeneneng. Gape mafoko a gagwe a bontsha gore o lemoga gore le mororo Morwa a feta baengele, [Morwa] o mmotlana mo go Modimo Mothatayotlhe.
Tsela eo Clement a lebang dilo ka yone e phepafetse sentle: Morwa o mmotlana go Rara mme o tla fa morago ga gagwe. Clement ga a ise a ko a lebe Jesu jaaka mongwe yo o leng karolo ya modimo o o gararo le Rara. O bontsha gore Morwa o ikaega ka Rara, ke gore, Modimo, mme o bolela a sa tikatike gore Rara ke ‘Modimo a le esi,’ boemo jwa Gagwe ga bo lekane le jwa ga ope. Mme ga go na gope koo Clement a bontshang gore moya o o boitshepo o lekana le Modimo teng. Ka jalo, ga go na Tharonngwe gotlhelele mo mekwalong ya ga Clement.
Ignatius
Ignatius, mobishopo wa kwa Antioka o ne a tshela mo e ka nnang go tloga mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la ntlha la dingwaga C.E. go fitlha mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bobedi la dingwaga. Fa re tsaya gore mekwalo yotlhe e go tweng e kwadilwe ke ene e ne e le boammaaruri, ga go na gope mo go yone koo go bolelwang gore Rara, Morwa, le moya o o boitshepo, ba a lekana.
Lefa Ignatius a ka bo a ne a rile Morwa o lekana le Rara ka go nna wa bosakhutleng, ka maatla, ka maemo, le ka botlhale, o ne a ntse a ka se nne Tharonngwe ka gonne ga go na gope koo a rileng moya o o boitshepo o lekana le Modimo ka ditsela tseo. Mme lefa go ntse jalo Ignatius ga a ka a re Morwa o lekana le Modimo Rara ka ditsela tseo kana ka tse dingwe di sele. Go na le moo, o ne a bontsha gore Morwa o kafa tlase ga Ene yo mogolo, Modimo Mothatayotlhe.
Ignatius o bitsa Modimo Mothatayotlhe “Modimo o o osi wa boammaaruri, yo o sa tsalwang ebile a sa atamelwe, Morena wa botlhe, Rara le Motsadi wa Morwa yo o tsetsweng a le esi,” go bontsha pharologanyo fa gare ga Modimo le Morwawe.9 O bua kaga “Modimo Rara, le Morena Jesu Keresete.”10 Mme o bolela jaana: “Go na le Modimo o le mongwe fela, Mothatayotlhe, yo o iponaditseng ka Jesu Keresete Morwawe.”11
Ignatius o bontsha gore Morwa e ne e se motho wa bosakhutleng mme o ne a bopilwe, ka gonne a re Morwa o bolela jaana: “Morena [Modimo Mothatayotlhe] o bopile Nna, tshimologo ya ditsela tsa Gagwe.”12 Ka tsela e e tshwanang, Ignatius o ne a re: “Go na le Modimo o le mongwe fela wa lobopo, Rara wa ga Keresete, ‘yo dilo tsotlhe e leng tsa gagwe,’ le Morena Jesu Keresete a le mongwe fela, Morena wa rona, ‘yo dilo tsotlhe di leng ka ene.’”13 Gape o kwala jaana:
“Moya o o Boitshepo ga o bue dilo tsa One, mme o bua tsa ga Keresete, . . . fela jaaka Morena le ene a re boleletse dilo tse A di amogetseng mo go Rara. Ka gonne, [Morwa] o bolela jaana, ‘lefoko le o le utlwang ga se la Me, mme ke la ga Rara, yo o Nthomileng.’”14
“Go na le Modimo o le mongwe fela yo o iponaditseng ka Jesu Keresete Morwawe, yo o leng Lefoko la gagwe le le duleng mo tidimalong mme a itumedisa mo go sengwe le sengwe ene [Modimo] yo o mo romileng. . . . Jesu Keresete o ne a le kwa tlase ga Rara.”15
Ke boammaaruri, Ignatius o bitsa Morwa a re “Modimo o e leng Lefoko.” Mme lefa go ntse jalo go dirisa lefoko “Modimo” go lebisitswe go Morwa ga se gore go kaya gore o lekana le Modimo Mothatayotlhe. Bibela le yone e bitsa Morwa e re “Modimo” mo go Isaia 9:6. Yohane 1:18, (NW) e bitsa Morwa e re “modimo o o tsetsweng o le osi.” Morwa o ne a ka bidiwa sentle ga twe “mothata,” e leng seo tota lefoko “modimo” le se kayang, gonne o neilwe thata le taolo ke Jehofa Modimo, Rara.—Mathaio 28:18; 1 Bakorintha 8:6; Bahebera 1:2.
Lefa go ntse jalo, a dikwalo tse 15 tse go tweng di kwadilwe ke Ignatius di amogelwa jaaka tse di ikanyegang? Mo go The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Bolumo I, bakwadi Alexander Roberts le James Donaldson ba bolela jaana:
“Batshwayadiphoso botlhe jaanong ba setse ba dumela gore, mekwalo ya ntlha e robedi e go tweng ke ya ga Ignatius ga e boammaaruri. E na le bosupi jo bo sa belaetseng jwa gore e kwadilwe mo dinakong tsa moragonyana . . . mme jaanong botlhe ba dumetse gore e seegelwe kwa thoko jaaka e e ikwaletsweng fela ka tsietso.”
“Mo gare ga Mekwalo e supa e Eusebius a dumelang gore e boammaaruri . . . , re na le e le mebedi ya yone ka Segerika eo bakanoki ba e sekasekileng ka kelotlhoko, o mongwe o le mokhutshwane o mongwe o le moleele. . . . Le mororo o mokhutshwane . . . o ne o amogetswe ke botlhe go feta o moleele, bontsi jwa bakanoki ba ne ba santse ba na le kgopolo ya gore, le one o ka se ke o tsewe gore gotlhelele ga o na mafoko a a itsenyeditsweng fela, kana gore kwantle ga pelaelo o boammaaruri.”16
Fa re amogela gore mokwalo wa gagwe o mokhutshwane ke one o boammaaruri, gone ga o na dipolelwana dingwe (tse di mo mokwalong o moleele) tse di bontshang gore Keresete o mmotlana go Modimo, mme lefa go ntse jalo se se salang mo mokwalong o mokhutshwane se ntse ga se supe Tharonngwe. Mme go sa kgathalesege gore ke ofe mo mekwalong ya gagwe o o boammaaruri, fa e lejwa ka tsela e e tshwanetseng e bontsha gore Ignatius o ne a dumela gore Modimo le Morwawe ke batho ba babedi. Kwantle ga pelaelo e ne e se batho ba babedi ba ba lekanang, ka gonne ka metlha go buiwa ka Morwa a le mmotlana go Modimo ebile a le kwa tlase ga gagwe ka maemo. Ka jalo, go sa kgathalesege gore motho o leba mekwalo ya ga Ignatius jang, thuto ya Tharonngwe ga e yo mo go yone.
Polycarp
Polycarp wa kwa Semerena o tsetswe mo karolong ya boraro e e kwa bofelong ya lekgolo la ntlha la dingwaga mme a swa mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bobedi la dingwaga. Gatwe o ne a kile a kopana le moaposetoloi Johane, ebile gatwe o kwadile Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians.
A go ne go na le sengwe mo mekwalong ya ga Polycarp seo se neng se ka supa Tharonngwe? Nnyaa, ga go umakwe sepe ka yone. Ebile tota, seo a se buang se dumalana le seo Jesu le barutwa ba gagwe le baaposetoloi ba gagwe ba neng ba se ruta. Ka sekai, go Epistle ya gagwe, Polycarp o ne a re:
“Ekete Modimo le Rra Morena wa rona Jesu Keresete, le Jesu Keresete ka boene, yo o leng Morwa wa Modimo, . . . ba ka lo agelela mo tumelong le mo boammaaruring.”17
Ela tlhoko gore, fela jaaka Clement, Polycarp ga a bue kaga kamano ya “Rara” le “Morwa” ba ba lekanang ba modimo o o ditlhogo di tharo wa Tharonngwe. Go na le moo, o bua kaga “Modimo le Rra Morena” Jesu, eseng ‘Rraagwe Jesu’ fela. Ka jalo o farologanya Modimo le Jesu, fela jaaka bakwadi ba Bibela ba dira kgapetsakgapetsa. Mo go 2 Bakorintha 1:3 Paulo a re: “A go bakwè Modimo le Rra Morèna oa rona Yesu Keresete.” Ga a re ‘A go bakwe Rraagwe Jesu’ fela, mme a re, “A go bakwè Modimo le Rra Morèna” Yesu.
Gape, Polycarp a re: “Kagiso e e tswang go Modimo Mothatayotlhe, le go Morena Jesu Keresete, Mmoloki wa rona.”18 Le fano gape, Jesu o farologane le Modimo Mothatayotlhe, ga se motho a le mongwe fela wa Modimo o o ditlhogo di tharo tse di lekanang.
Hermas le Papias
Rara yo mongwe wa Seaposetoloi ke Hermas, yo a neng a kwala mo karolong ya ntlha ya lekgolo la bobedi la dingwaga. Mo mokwalong wa gagwe wa Shepherd, kana Pastor, a go na le sengwe se a se bolelang seo se ka dirang gore motho a dumele gore o ne a tsaya gore Modimo ke Tharonngwe? Ela tlhoko dingwe tsa dikai tsa seo a se buileng:
“Lefa motho a ka batla gore moya o bue, Moya o o Boitshepo ga o bue, mme o bua fela fa Modimo o batla gore o bue. . . . Modimo o lemile tshimo ya mofine, ke gore, O bopile batho, mme a ba naya Morwa wa Gagwe; mme Morwa a tlhoma baengele ba Gagwe gore ba ba tlhokomele.”19
“Morwa wa Modimo o mogolo mo lobopong lotlhe lwa gagwe.”20
Fano Hermas o bolela gore fa Modimo (eseng Rara fela) a batla gore moya o bue, o a bua, se se bontshang gore Modimo o mogolo go feta moya. Gape a re Modimo o neetse Morwawe tshimo ya mofine, se se bontshang gore Modimo o mogolo go feta Morwa. Gape o bolela gore Morwa Modimo o mogolo go feta dibopiwa tsa Gagwe, tse ene Morwa, ke gore, tseo Morwa wa Modimo a di bopileng jaaka Tlhogo ya Tiro ya Modimo, ka “gonne dilō cotlhe di bopilwe [ka] èna, tse di kwa magodimoñ, le tse di mo lehatshiñ.” (Bakolosa 1:15, 16) Boammaaruri ke gore Morwa ga se wa bosakhutleng. O bopilwe jaaka sebopiwa sa moya sa maemo a a kwa godimo, pele ga dibopiwa tse dingwe tsa semoya, jaaka baengele, bao ba bopilweng ka ene.
Mo bukeng ya gagwe ya Early Christian Doctrines, J. N. D. Kelly o kwala jaana kaga tsela eo Hermas a neng a leba Morwa Modimo ka yone:
“Mo dirapeng di le mmalwa re bala kaga moengele mongwe yo o fetang baengele ba barataro bao ba bopang lekgotla la Modimo, ebile e le yo ka metlha a tlhalosiwang a ‘tlotlega tota’, a le ‘boitshepo thata’, ebile a ‘galalela’. Moengele yono o bidiwa Mikaele, mme go thata go tila tshwetso ya gore Hermas o ne a mo tsaya e le Morwa Modimo mme a mmaya mo boemong bo le bongwe fela le Mikaele moengele yo mogolo.”
“Gape go na le bosupi . . . jwa gore o ne a leka go mo tlhalosa e le moengele yo mogolo thata ka tsela nngwe . . . Ga go na sesupo sepe gotlhelele sa thuto ya Tharonngwe.”21
Papias le ene gatwe o ne a itse moaposetoloi Johane. O ka tswa a ile a kwala kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bobedi la dingwaga, mme gompieno go setse dikarolwana fela tsa mekwalo ya gagwe. Ga a bue sepe mo go yone kaga thuto ya Tharonngwe.
Dithuto Tse Di Tshwanang
Malebana le kgang ya bogolo jwa Modimo le kamano ya gagwe le Jesu, thuto ya Borara ba Seaposetoloi e tshwana le thuto ya ga Jesu, ya barutwa, le ya baaposetoloi, jaaka fa e kwadilwe mo Bibeleng. Botlhe ba bua ka Modimo, e se Tharonngwe, mme e le Mongwe yo o farologaneng, wa bosakhutleng, mothatayotlhe, ebile e le yo o itseng dilo tsotlhe. Mme ba bua ka Morwa Modimo e le sebopiwa sa semoya se se farologaneng, se se kwa tlase, sa maemo a a kwa tlase seo Modimo o se bopetseng gore se Mo direle jaaka a diragatsa thato ya Gagwe. Mme ga go gope koo moya o o boitshepo o akarediwang gone o lekana le Modimo.
Ka jalo, mo mekwalong eo ya Borara ba Seaposetoloi eo e kwadilweng kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la ntlha la dingwaga le eo e kwadilweng mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bobedi la dingwaga, ga go na sepe seo se tshegetsang Tharonngwe ya Labokeresete. Ba ne ba bua ka Modimo, Jesu, le moya o o boitshepo fela jaaka Bibela e bua ka bone. Ka sekai, bona Ditihō 7:55, 56:
“Setefane, a tletse Moya o o Boitshepo, a lelalela legodimong mme a bona kgalalelo ya Modimo, le Jesu a eme kafa letsogong le legolo la Modimo. ‘Ke bona magodimo a atlhamologile,’ a rialo, ‘le Morwa Motho a eme kafa letsogong le legolo la Modimo.’”—Jerusalem Bible ya Katoliki.
Setefane o ne a bona ponatshegelo ya Modimo a le kwa legodimong a na le Jesu a eme fa thoko ga Gagwe. Morwa o ne a eme fa thoko ga Ene yo o sa bidiwang “Rara” fela, mme a biditswe “Modimo,” mongwe yo o farologaneng gotlhelele le Jesu. Mme go ne go sena motho ope wa boraro mo go se se bonweng ke Setefane. Moya o o boitshepo ga o a ka wa bonwa kwa legodimong o na le Jesu le Rraagwe.
Mafoko ao a tshwana le a Tshenolō 1:1, eo e reng: “Eno ke tshenolo e Modimo o e neetseng Jesu Keresete.” (The Jerusalem Bible) Gape, Keresete yo o tsositsweng kwa legodimong o bontshiwa a farologane gotlhelele le Modimo, mme moya o o boitshepo ga o umakiwe. Fa Jesu e ne e le motho wa bobedi wa Tharonngwe, a itse dilo tsotlhe, go ne go ka tla jang gore a ‘neelwe’ tshenolo?
Dikwalo tse di tshwanang le tseno di bontsha ka phepafalo gore ga go na Tharonngwe. Mme ga go na temana epe mo Bibeleng yotlhe eo e bolelang gore Modimo ke Tharonngwe. Mekwalo ya Borara ba Seaposetoloi e ne e bontsha seno. Kwantle ga pelaelo ba ne ba sa rute Tharonngwe ya Labokeresete.
Setlhopha se se latelang sa botlhokwa sa mekwalo ya Bokeresete se ne sa tla mo lekgolong la bobedi la dingwaga. Eno e ne e le mekwalo ya baruti ba ba bidiwang gore ke basireletsatumelo. A ba ne ba ruta Tharonngwe? Mo tokololong eo e tla tlang mo isagweng, Karolo 3 ya motseletsele ono e tla akgela ka dithuto tsa bone.
Ditshupiso:
1. The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Tokololo ya bo 15, ya 1985, Micropædia, Bolumo 1, tsebe 488.
2. A Dictionary of Christian Theology, eo e kwadilweng ke Alan Richardson, 1969, tsebe 95; The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Tokololo ya bo 15, 1985, Micropædia, Bolumo 4, tsebe 79.
3. The Apostolic Fathers, Bolumo 3, e e kwadilweng ke Robert A. Kraft, 1965, tsebe 163.
4. Ibid., 166-7.
5. The Influence of Greek Ideas on Christianity, e e kwadilweng ke Edwin Hatch, 1957, tsebe 252.
6. The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Alexander Roberts le James Donaldson, ke bakwadi, American Reprint of the Edinburgh Edition, 1885, Bolumo I, ditsebe 5, 16, 21.
7. The Library of Christian Classics, Bolumo 1, Borara ba Pele ba Bakeresete, e ranotswe ya bo ya kwalwa ke Cyril C. Richardson, 1953, ditsebe 70-1.
8. Ibid., tsebe 60.
9. The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Bolumo I, tsebe 52.
10. Ibid., tsebe 58.
11. Ibid., tsebe 62.
12. Ibid., tsebe 108.
13. Ibid., tsebe 116.
14. Ibid., tsebe 53.
15. The Apostolic Fathers, Bolumo 4, e e kwadilweng ke Robert M. Grant, 1966, tsebe 63.
16. The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Bolumo I, ditsebe 46-7; Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature, e e kwadilweng ke John McClintock le James Strong, e gatisitswe gape ke Baker Book House Co., 1981, Bolumo IV, ditsebe 490-3; The Catholic Encyclopedia, 1910, Bolumo VII, ditsebe 644-7.
17. The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Bolumo I, tsebe 35.
18. Ibid., tsebe 33.
19. The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Bolumo II, ditsebe 27, 35.
20. The Apostolic Fathers (Loeb’s Classical Library) e na le Thanolo ya Seesemane e kwadilwe ke Kirsopp Lake, 1976, tsebe 249.
21. Early Christian Doctrines, e e kwadilweng ke J. N. D. Kelly, Kgatiso ya Bobedi, 1960, ditsebe 94-5.