Kuo Fakahoko Koe—Anga-Fēfē?

MEI HE TOKOTAHA-TOHI ʻĀ HAKE! ʻI SIAPANI

ʻI SIAPANI, ʻa ia ko ha fonua ʻoku mei lahi tatau pē ai ʻa e telefoní mo e tokolahi ʻo e kakaí, ʻoku laka hake ʻi he 300 miliona ʻa e ngaahi fakahoko telefoni ʻoku fai ʻi he ʻaho taki taha. ʻOku toe tali foki ʻe Siapani ha ngaahi tā telefoni fakaʻaho ʻe taha miliona, mo e meimei lahi tatau ʻo e ngaahi tā telefoni ʻoku fai ki tuʻa puleʻanga.

Ngalingali, ko koe foki ʻokú ke toe ngāueʻaki ʻa e telefoní​​—pe ko e telefoni anga-mahení (laine kuo fokotuʻu maʻu) pe telefoni selulā​​—ʻi he meimei ʻaho kotoa. ʻI he hoko ʻo toe fakaeonopooni ange ʻa e māmaní, ko e tā ki ha taha ʻi ha konitinēniti kehe kuo hoko ia ko ha founga tuʻumaʻu ki he kakai tokolahi. Ka kuó ke fifili nai ki he founga ʻoku fakahoko ai hoʻo telefoní ki he telefoni ʻa e tokotaha ʻokú ke tā ki aí?

Fakahoko Fou ʻi ha Netiueka Telefoni

ʻUluakí pē, ʻoku fiemaʻu ke huka hoʻo telefoní ki ha netiueka telefoni. Kapau te ke hanga ʻo fakatotoloʻi ʻa e uaea ko ia ʻoku fakapipiki ki ha telefoni anga-maheni, ʻe taki atu ai koe ki ha palakiʻanga uaea pe ko ha puha hoko, ʻa ia ʻoku fakahoko ia ki he fakauaea ʻi ho falé.a Kapau ʻe hokohoko atu hoʻo fakatotoló, te ke ʻilo ko e laine ko ení ʻoku fakahoko ia ki ha keipolo, ʻi ha pou ʻuhila pe ʻi lalo fonua, ʻa ia ʻoku ʻalu ki ha fale telefoni ʻi he ʻōfisi telefoni ʻi ho feituʻú. Ko e fale telefoni leva ko ení, ʻoku fakahoko ia ki ha fale telefoni lahi ange, ʻo faʻu leva ai ʻa e netiueka telefoni. Ko ia ʻi he taimi ʻokú ke tā ai ki hao kaumeʻa ʻi he kolo tatau pē, ʻoku faʻu leva ai ha sēketi ʻo e leʻó ʻi he vahaʻa hoʻo telefoní mo ia ho kaumeʻá fakafou ʻi ha netiueka.

Ko e hā ʻoku hoko ʻi he tuʻunga ʻo e ʻū telefoni selulaá? ʻOku anga-fēfē hono fakahoko kinautolú? ʻOku toe pehē pē foki heni, ko e tefitoʻi moʻoni tatau ai pē hangē ko ia ʻi he telefoni anga-mahení. Ko ha “uaea” taʻehāmai, ʻa ia ko ha peau fakaletiō, ʻokú ne hanga ʻo fakahoko hoʻo telefoni selulaá ki ha fale telefoni ofi mai ki he telefoni toʻotoʻó ʻa ia ʻoku fakahoko ia ki ha netiueka telefoni. Kae fēfē ʻa e taimi ʻokú ke talanoa ai ki ha taha ʻi ha konitinēniti kehe?

ʻŪ Keipolo ʻOku Kolosi he Ngaahi ʻŌsení

Ko hono fakahoko ʻaki ko ia ha keipolo ha ongo konitinēniti ʻe ua ʻoku fakamavaheʻi ʻe ha ʻōseni ko ha ngāue kāfakafa ia. ʻOku fiemaʻu heni ke fakatoka ha keipolo ʻi loto tahi ʻoku kilomita ʻe laui afe hono lōloá pea kolosi ʻi he ngaahi luo mo e ngaahi moʻunga ʻi kilisi tahi. Ka neongo ia, ko e anga eni ʻo e kamata ʻa e fetuʻutaki telefoni fakavahaʻakonitinēnití. Ko e fuofua keipolo telefoni ke kolosi fakaʻatalanitiki ʻi loto tahí naʻe kakato ia he 1956.b Naʻá ne fakahoko ai ʻa Sikotilani ki Niufaunileni pea naʻá ne ʻave ʻa e sēketi telefoni ʻe 36. ʻI he 1964 ko e fuofua keipolo ke kolosi fakapasifikí naʻe fakatoka ia ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo Siapani mo Hauaiʻí. Ko e keipolo ko iá naʻá ne ʻave ʻa e sēketi telefoni ʻe 128. Naʻe toki muimui atu ai ha ngaahi keipolo lahi kehe ʻi loto tahi, ʻo fakahoko ai ʻa e ngaahi konitinēniti mo e ngaahi ʻotu motu.

Ko e hā ʻa e faʻahinga keipolo naʻe fakatoka ʻo kolosi he kilisi tahí ki he ngaahi hoko telefoní? ʻI he kamatá, ko e ʻū keipolo tafenga-ua naʻe ngāue anga-maheniʻakí ʻa ia ko e kopa ʻa hono uaea fakatafé pea ko e foila kopa pe ʻalaminiume ʻa hono kofu fakatafé. Ko e taha ʻo e ʻū keipolo tafenga-ua fakamuimui tahá naʻe fakatoka ia ʻi he 1976, pea naʻá ne maʻu ʻa e malava ke ʻave ʻo aʻu ki he sēketi leʻo ʻe 4,200. Kae kehe, ʻi he 1980 tupú naʻe ala maʻu ai ʻa e keipolo faipa-ʻopitikí. Ko e fuofua keipolo fakavahaʻakonitinēniti ʻo e faʻahinga ko ení, ʻa ia naʻe fokotuʻu ʻi he 1988, naʻá ne malava ke ʻave ʻa e fetalanoaʻaki telefoni taimi taha ʻe 40,000, ʻo ngāueʻaki ʻa e tekinolosia fakamataʻifiká. Ko e tuʻunga malava ko ia ʻa e ʻū keipoló kuo fakautuutu ia talu mei ai. Ko e ngaahi keipolo ʻe niʻihi ʻa ia ʻoku falō ʻi he ʻŌseni ʻAtalanitikí ʻoku malava ke nau ʻave ʻa e sēketi telefoni ʻe 200 miliona!

ʻOku anga-fēfē hono taki ʻa e ngaahi keipolo fetuʻutaki telefoní ʻi loto tahí? ʻOku mātuʻaki taki kinautolu ʻi he takele ʻo ʻōsení ʻo muimui ai pē he halanga ʻo kilisi tahí. ʻI he ofi ki ʻutá, ʻoku tuku leva ʻa e keipoló ʻi ha kofu fefeka ʻoku fokotuʻu ʻi ha luo ʻoku keli ʻe ha mīsini ʻoku puleʻi mamaʻo atu. ʻOku hanga ʻe hono kofú ʻo maluʻi ʻa e keipoló mei hono maumauʻi ʻe he ngaahi taulá pe ko e ngaahi kupenga iká. Ko ia ʻi he taimi ʻokú ke tā ai ki hao kaumeʻa ʻi ha konitinēniti kehe, ko e taha ʻo e ngaahi keipolo ko ení ʻokú ne ʻave nai ho leʻó ʻo kolosi he tahi lolotó.

ʻŪ Keipolo Taʻehāmai ʻOku Nau Fakahoko Fakataha ʻa e Ngaahi Feituʻu Mamaʻó

Kae kehe, ʻoku ʻikai ko ha keipolo pē ʻi loto tahi ʻa e founga ʻoku fakahoko ai ʻa e ngaahi konitinēnití mo e ngaahi ʻotu motú. ʻOku toe ngāueʻaki lahi ha “uaea” taʻehāmai​—ko ha peau fakaletiō. Ko e faʻahinga peau ko ení, ʻa ia ʻoku toe ui ko e maikolopeau, ʻokú ne hanga ʻo fakahoko fakataha ʻa e ngaahi feituʻu mamaʻó ki he fetuʻutaki telefoni fakavahaʻapuleʻangá. Koeʻuhí ko e maikolopeaú ʻoku fononga ia ʻi ha laine hangatonu hangē ha huelo fōsiʻi ʻo ha māmá, ʻoku malava pē ke ne fakahoko ʻa e ngaahi tuʻuʻanga hangatonu ʻoku ʻi hono halá. Koeʻuhí ko e ngaofe ʻa e funga ʻo māmaní, ko e ngaahi tuʻuʻanga ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻe taha ʻo e kolopé ʻe ʻikai malava ia ke fakahoko hangatonu. Ke fakahoko ʻa e ngaahi feituʻu mamaʻo peheé ʻoku fiemaʻu ki ai ha fetuʻutaki fakasatelaite ia.

Kapau ʻe fokotuʻu ha satelaite ʻi ʻolunga he ʻekuetá ʻi ha māʻolunga ko e kilomita nai ʻe 35,800, ʻi he tuʻuʻanga ʻoku ʻiloa ko e halanga tuʻumaʻú, ko ʻene vilo takatakai ʻi he foʻi māmaní ʻoku meimei houa ia ʻe 24​—ʻo tatau ia mo e vilo ʻa e foʻi māmaní. Ko ia ai, ʻoku meimei tuʻumaʻu ia ʻi ʻolunga ʻi he feituʻu tatau ʻo e foʻi māmaní. Koeʻuhí ko e satelaite ko ení ʻoku malava ke sio hifo ia ki ha feituʻu ʻokú ne kāpui ʻa e vahe tolu ʻe taha ʻo e māmaní, ko e ngaahi tuʻuʻanga ʻi māmaní​​— ʻa e ngaahi feituʻu ʻokú ne tuku atu mo tali mai ʻa e ngaahi maikolopeaú​​—ʻi he feituʻu ko ení ʻe lava ke fetuʻutaki ia mo e satelaité. ʻE malava fēfē leva, ke fakahoko ha ongo tuʻuʻanga mamaʻo ʻe ua ʻo fou he satelaité?

ʻOku hanga ʻe ha tuʻuʻanga ʻi he feituʻu ʻoku kāpui ʻe he satelaité ʻo tuku atu ha pōpoaki fakamaikolopeau ki he satelaité. ʻOku ui eni ko e fakahoko-hake. ʻI hono maʻu ʻa e peau ko ení, ʻoku hanga leva ʻe ha meʻa tali-mo-ʻave fakaletiō, pe meʻa fakamafola, ʻa ia ʻoku tuʻu ʻi he satelaité ʻo fulihi pē ʻa e ngaahi foʻi peau fakaletioó ke māʻulalo ange pea toe fakamafola atu ia ke lava ʻo maʻu ʻe ha toe tuʻuʻanga kehe ʻi māmani. ʻOku ui eni ko e fakahoko-hifo. ʻI he founga ko ení, ko ha ongo tuʻuʻanga ʻi māmani ʻa ia ʻoku ʻikai lava ke na fetuʻutaki hangatonu ʻiate kinaua ʻe lava ke fakafehokotaki ia ʻe ha uaea taʻehāmai ʻo fou he satelaité.

Ko e fuofua satelaite fetuʻutaki fakakomēsialé, ʻa e INTELSAT 1, ʻa ia naʻe toe ʻiloa ko e Early Bird, naʻe fakapuna hake ia ʻi he 1965. ʻI he taimí ni ʻoku meimei ko e ngaahi satelaite fetuʻutaki eni ʻe 200 ʻoku fakahoko ngāué, ko e lahi taha ʻo kinautolú ʻoku nau halanga tuʻumaʻu, ʻo fakafehokotaki ʻa e ngaahi feituʻu kotoa he māmaní. Ko e ngaahi satelaite ko ení ʻoku ʻikai ngata pē ʻi hono ngāueʻaki ki he fetuʻutaki telefoni fakavahaʻapuleʻangá ka ʻoku toe pehē foki ki he fakamafola televīsoné, vakai matangí, pea mo e ngaahi taumuʻa kehe. ʻI he tuʻu ʻiate kinautolu ʻa e ngaahi meʻa fakamafola lahi, ko e ngaahi satelaite peheé ʻoku lava ke nau tokonaki ʻa e ngaahi sēketi sēnolo lōlahi. Hangē ko ení, ko e Early Bird naʻe malava ia ke ne fakahoko ʻa e sēketi televīsone ʻe taha pe ko e sēketi telefoni ʻi he taimi tatau ʻe 240. Ko e holongā INTELSAT VIII, ʻa ia kuo ngāue mai talu mei he 1997, ʻoku lava ke ne tokonaki ʻa e ngaahi fakamafola televīsone ʻe tolu mo ha tumutumu ʻo e sēketi telefoni ʻe 112,500 ʻi he taimi tatau.

ʻOku Lava Ke Ke Tala?

Kuo hanga ʻe he ngaahi liliu kotoa ko ení ʻo tuku hifo lahi ʻaupito ki lalo ʻa e totongi ʻo e ngaahi tā telefoni fakavahaʻapuleʻangá. Mahalo kuó ke malava he taimí ni ke toutou talanoa lahi ange mo ho ngaahi kaungāmeʻá pe ngaahi mēmipa ko ia ho fāmilí ʻi ha konitinēniti kehe. ʻOku malava fēfē ke ke tala pe ʻoku fakahoko koe ʻe ha keipolo ʻi loto tahi pe ko ha fakahoko fakasatelaite?

ʻI ha fakahoko fakasatelaite, ko e lōloa ʻo e uaea taʻehāmaí (ʻa ia ʻoku kau ki ai ʻa e fakahoko-haké mo e fakahoko-hifó) ʻoku aʻu ia ki ha kilomita nai ʻe 70,000. Ko e meimei tatau ia ʻo e liunga ua ʻo e mamaʻo takatakai he foʻi māmaní. Neongo ko e fononga ʻa e ngaahi maikolopeaú ʻoku vave tatau mo e tapa ʻa e ʻuhilá, ko e taimi ʻoku fiemaʻu ai kinautolu ke kāpui ha mamaʻo mei ha tuʻuʻanga ʻe taha ki ha tuʻuʻanga ʻe taha ʻi māmani ʻo fou he satelaité, ʻoku meimei ko e vahe fā ia ʻe taha ʻo e sekoni. ʻOku ʻuhinga ení ʻoku aʻu ho leʻó ki he tokotaha ʻe tahá hili ʻa e vahe fā ʻe taha ʻo e sekoni, pea ʻoku toe pehē mei he tafaʻaki ʻe tahá. Ko ia ai, ʻoku ʻi ai leva ʻa e taimi tōmui ko e vaeua ʻo e sekoni. ʻI he ʻikai anga ki he toloi ko ení ʻi he fetalanoaʻaki fakaʻahó, te ke ʻilo nai ʻokú ke talanoa mo e tokotaha kehé ʻi he taimi tatau. Kapau kuó ke hokosia eni, ko ha fakaʻilonga nai ia ʻokú ke lea fakafou ʻi ha fakahoko fakasatelaite. Kae kehe, ʻi he taimi ʻokú ke tā ai ki he fika tatau ʻi ha taimi kehe, ʻe ʻikai nai te ke fakatokangaʻi ʻe koe ha taimi tōmui. ʻOku ʻuhinga nai eni ʻoku fakahoko koe he taimí ni fakafou ʻi ha keipolo faipa-ʻopitiki ʻi loto tahi. Ko e fili ki he anga ʻo hono fakahoko koe ki he tafaʻaki ʻe taha ʻo e māmaní ʻoku fai ia ʻe ha netiueka telefoni fihi ʻaupito ʻo ʻikai haʻo ʻilo ki ai.

Ko e pōtoʻi mo e ngāue lahi ʻa e tokolahi ʻoku fiemaʻu ke tokangaʻiʻaki ʻa e sisitemi netiueka telefoni fihi ʻo e ngaahi keipolo ʻi loto tahí, ngaahi tuʻuʻanga ʻi māmaní, mo e ngaahi satelaite ko ia ʻoku nau tokonaki mai kiate kitautolu ʻa e faingamālie ʻo e fetuʻutakí. Ko ia ʻi he taimi hoko mai te ke fai ai haʻo tā telefoni ki hao kaumeʻa, ko e hā ʻoku ʻikai ke ke fakakaukau ai ki he ngaahi meʻa kotoa kuo fai ke fakahoko koé?

[Fakamatala ʻi lalo]

[Taiakalami/Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 18, 19]

(Ki he konga tohi kuo fokotuʻú, sio ki he tohi)

ʻŪ PEAU FAKALETIŌ

Fakahoko-hake

Fakahoko-hifo

[Taiakalami/Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 18, 19]

(Ki he konga tohi kuo fokotuʻú, sio ki he tohi)

ʻŪ KEIPOLO ʻI LOTO TAHI

Telefoni selulā

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 18]

Ko e keipolo faipa-ʻopitiki fakaonopōní ʻoku malava ke ne ʻave ʻa e sēketi telefoni ʻe 200 miliona

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 19]

Fakaleleiʻi ʻo e INTELSAT VI ʻe he kau kauvaka ʻo e Space Shuttle

[Maʻuʻanga]

NASA photo

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 19]

Fakatoka ʻe he ngaahi vaká ʻa e ʻū keipoló pea tokangaʻi kinautolu

[Maʻuʻanga]

Courtesy TyCom Ltd.