Taimi Naʻe Mātuʻaki Hōloa Ai ʻa e Tuʻunga Fakaeʻulungāngá
TE KE pehē ko fē ʻa e taimi naʻe kamata ai ke mātuʻaki hōloa ʻa e tuʻunga fakaeʻulungāngá? ʻI ho taimí pe mahalo ʻi he taimi naʻe moʻui ai ho ngaahi kāinga pe kaungāmeʻa taʻumotuʻá? ʻOku pehē ʻe he niʻihi naʻe kamata ia ʻi he Tau I ʻa Māmaní ʻi he 1914. Ko e palōfesa ʻi he hisitōliá ko Robert Wohl naʻá ne tohi ʻi heʻene tohi ko e The Generation of 1914: “Ko e faʻahinga naʻa nau moʻui lolotonga ʻa e taú naʻa nau tui naʻe fakangata heni ʻa e māmani motuʻá pea kamata ha māmani ʻe taha ʻi ʻAokosi 1914.”
“ʻI he feituʻu kotoa, ko e ngaahi tuʻunga fakaeʻulungāngá—naʻe ʻosi kamata ia ke mātuʻaki hōloa,” ko e lau ia ʻa e faihisitōlia ko Norman Cantor. “Kapau naʻe fakafeangai ʻa e kau politikí mo e kau senialé ki he laui miliona naʻa nau fekauʻi atu ki he taú ʻo hangē ko ha fanga manu naʻe tuku ange atu ke tāmateʻí, pea ko e toe hā ai ha lotu pe matakali te ne lava ʻo taʻofi ʻa e tangatá mei he fefakafeangaiʻaki ʻo hangē ko ha fanga manu fekai ʻi he vaotaá? . . . Ko e tāmate ʻi he Tau ʻUluaki ʻa Māmaní [1914-18] naʻe mātuʻaki tuku hifo ai ʻa e mahuʻinga ʻo e moʻui ʻa e tangatá.”
ʻI he tohi The Outline of History, ko e faihisitōlia Pilitānia ko H. G. Wells naʻá ne pehē ko e hili ko ia hono tali ʻa e fakakaukau ʻo e ʻevalūsioó naʻe hōloa vave ai ʻa e tuʻunga fakaeʻulungāngá. Ko e hā hono ʻuhingá? Naʻe pehē ʻe he niʻihi ko e tangatá ko ha kalasi māʻolunga hake pē ia ʻo e fanga manú. Ko Wells, ko ha ʻevalūsiō, naʻá ne tohi ʻi he 1920: “Ko e tangatá, ʻoku hangē ia ko e fanga kulī tulimanu ʻInitiá . . . , ko ia naʻe anga-maheni leva ʻa e houtamaki mo e fakamālohi ʻa e faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá.”
Ko e moʻoni, hangē ko e fakamatala ʻa Cantor, ko e ʻuluaki tau ʻa māmaní naʻá ne uesia lahi ʻa e vakai ʻa e kakaí ki he tuʻunga fakaeʻulungāngá. Naʻá ne pehē: “Naʻe ʻikai toe tokaʻi ʻe he kakaí ʻa e vakai ʻa e toʻutangata taʻumotuʻa angé ki he meʻa kotoa kau ai ʻa e politikí, ʻai valá mo e fehokotaki fakasinó.” Ko e ngaahi siasí, ʻa ia naʻa nau fakameleʻi ʻa e ngaahi akonaki faka-Kalisitiané ʻi hono tali ʻa e ʻevalūsioó pea fakaʻaiʻai ʻa e kakaí ke nau kau ʻi he taú, naʻe ʻi ai ʻenau kaunga lahi ki he tōlalo fakaeʻulungāngá. Ko e Pilikatia Seniale ko Frank Crozier naʻá ne tohi: “Ko e ngaahi Siasi Kalisitiané ʻa e kau poupou lahi taha ki he lingitotó pea naʻa mau fiefia ke poupou kiate kinautolu.”
Siʻaki ʻe he Kakaí ʻa e Tuʻunga Fakaeʻulungāngá
ʻI he hongofuluʻi taʻu hili ʻa e Tau I ʻa Māmaní—ʻi he 1920 tupú—naʻe siʻaki ai ʻa e ngaahi tōʻonga mo e ʻulungaanga motuʻá ʻo fetongiʻaki ia ha faʻahinga ʻulungaanga pē naʻe ala tali ʻe he kakaí. Ko e faihisitōlia ko Frederick Lewis Allen ʻokú ne fakamatala: “Ko e taʻu ʻe hongofulu hili ʻa e taú naʻe ʻiloa ia ko e Hongofuluʻi Taʻu ʻo e ʻUlungaanga Koví. . . . ʻI he mōlia atu ʻa e tuʻunga fakaeʻulungaanga motuʻá ʻa ia naʻe ʻi ai hono taumuʻa mo leleí, naʻe faingataʻa leva ke ʻiloʻi pe ko e hā ʻa e faʻahinga ʻulungaanga ke muimui ki aí.”
Ko e Tōlalo Fakaʻekonōmika ʻo e 1930 tupú ʻi he māmaní naʻá ne ʻai ai ke masiva ʻa e kakaí. Kae kehe, ʻi he ngataʻanga ʻo e hongofuluʻi taʻu ko iá, naʻe toe hokosia ʻe he māmaní ha toe tau fakamamahi ange—ko e Tau II ʻa Māmaní. Naʻe kamata ke faʻu ʻe he ngaahi puleʻangá ʻa e ngaahi meʻatau fakalilifu, ʻo kiʻi kaka hake ai ʻa e tuʻunga fakaʻekonōmiká ka naʻe faingataʻaʻia lahi ai ʻa e māmaní. Ka ʻi he ngataʻanga ʻo e taú, ko e ngaahi kolo ʻe lauingeau naʻe hoko ko e ngaahi toetoenga maumau; ko ha kolo ʻe ua ʻi Siapani naʻe fakaʻauha ʻe ha pomu ʻātomi! Naʻe mate ʻa e lau miliona ʻi he ngaahi kemi fakamamahí. ʻI hono fakakātoá, ko e taú naʻá ne toʻo atu ʻa e moʻui ʻe 50 miliona nai ʻa e kakai tangata, kakai fefine mo e fānau.
Lolotonga ʻa e taimi fakalilifu ʻo e Tau II ʻa Māmaní, ʻi he ʻikai ke kei muimui ʻa e kakaí ki he ngaahi tuʻunga fakaeʻulungaanga ki muʻá, naʻa nau ohi ʻa e ngaahi tōʻonga pē ʻanautolu. Ko e tohi Love, Sex and War—Changing Values, 1939-45, naʻe pehē ai, lolotonga ʻa e vahaʻa taimi ko ení, naʻe ʻikai toe fakaʻatā ʻe he kakaí ha meʻa ke ne taʻofi kinautolu ʻi he fekauʻaki mo e fehokotaki fakasinó. Koeʻuhi naʻe ʻikai ha meʻa ke ne puleʻi ʻenau tōʻonga ʻi he malaʻe taú, ko e kakaí naʻe ʻikai ke nau fakaʻatā ha meʻa ke ne puleʻi kinautolu ʻi honau ʻapí mo e fāmilí. Naʻe ʻai ʻe he taú ʻa e kakaí ke nau fakakaukau ʻoku fuonounou ʻa e moʻuí pea ʻikai hano mahuʻinga pea ʻi he hili ʻa e taú naʻe kamata ke nau maʻu ʻa e vakai tatau ki he nofo malí mo e fāmilí, ko ha meʻa naʻe ʻikai ke tuʻuloa.
Koeʻuhi ʻe lava ke tāmateʻi ha taha ʻi ha faʻahinga taimi pē, naʻe fiemaʻu ai ʻe he kakaí ke ʻofaʻi kinautolu, neongo kapau ko ha kiʻi taimi nounou pē. Ko ha faʻē tauhi ʻapi Pilitānia, naʻá ne feinga ke fakatonuhiaʻi ʻa e hokolahia ʻa e fehokotaki fakasino taʻetāú ʻi he ngaahi taʻu ko iá, ʻo ne pehē: “Ko hono moʻoní naʻe ʻikai ke mau ʻulungaanga taʻetaau, naʻe lolotonga fai ʻa e tau.” Naʻe pehē ʻe ha sōtia ʻAmelika ʻe taha, “ʻI he vakai mai ʻa e tokolahi taha ʻo e kakaí naʻa mau ʻulungaanga taʻetaau, ka naʻa mau kei talavou pea naʻe malava ke mau mate pē ʻapongipongi.”
Ko e tokolahi ʻo e kau hao moʻuí naʻa nau faingataʻaʻia koeʻuhi ko e ngaahi meʻa fakalilifu naʻa nau sio aí. ʻOku aʻu mai ki he ʻahó ni, ko e niʻihi kau ai ʻa e faʻahinga naʻa nau kei siʻi ʻi he taimi ko iá, ʻoku nau fāinga mo e ngaahi manatu tamaki, ʻo hangē ʻoku nau ongoʻi ʻoku toe hoko pē ʻa e ngaahi meʻa fakalilifu ko iá. Ko e tokolahi naʻe ʻikai ke nau toe tui ki he ʻOtuá pea ʻikai ke nau toe lava ʻo fakafaikehekeheʻi ʻa e tonú mo e halá. ʻI he ʻikai ke toe tokaʻi ʻe he kakaí ha mafai pē ʻokú ne fokotuʻu ʻa e ngaahi tuʻunga ki he tonú mo e halá, naʻe kamata ke nau fai ʻa e ngaahi meʻá ʻo fakatatau pē ki heʻenau tuʻungá.
Tuʻunga Fakaeʻulungaanga Foʻou
Hili ʻa e Tau II ʻa Māmaní, naʻe pulusi ʻa e ngaahi ako fekauʻaki mo e tōʻonga fakaefehokotaki fakasino ʻa e tangatá. Naʻe ʻi ai ha ako ʻe taha ʻi ʻAmelika ʻi he 1940 tupú ko e Kinsey Report, naʻe peesi ʻe 800 tupu. Ko hono olá, ko e kakai tokolahi naʻe kamata ke nau talanoa tauʻatāina fekauʻaki mo e fehokotaki fakasinó, ʻa ia naʻe ʻikai ke faʻa anga-maheni ki muʻa ke talanoaʻi. Neongo ko e ngaahi fika naʻe hā ʻi he līpooti ko iá fekauʻaki mo e faʻahinga naʻa nau kau ʻi he fakasōtomá mo e ngaahi tōʻonga fakaefehokotaki fakasino kehé naʻe toki ʻiloʻi naʻe ʻikai ke fuʻu moʻoni, naʻe fakahaaʻi ʻi he akó naʻe mātuʻaki hōloa ʻa e tuʻunga fakaeʻulungāngá ʻi he hili ʻa e taú.
ʻI ha taimi, naʻe feinga ʻa e kakaí ke hā ngali ʻoku nau fakaʻapaʻapaʻi ʻa e tuʻunga ki he tonú mo e halá. Ko e fakatātaá, ʻi he letioó, ngaahi faivá mo e televīsoné, naʻe toʻo ha meʻa taʻetaau pē naʻe hā ai. Ka naʻe ʻikai ke fuoloa ia. Ko William Bennett, ko ha minisitā ako ki muʻa ʻi ʻAmelika, naʻá ne pehē: “Neongo ia, ʻi he aʻu ki he 1960 tupú, naʻe vave ʻa e mātuʻaki hōloa ʻa e tuʻunga fakaeʻulungāngá.” Pea naʻe tapua mai eni ʻi he ngaahi fonua lahi kehe. Ko e hā naʻe vave ai ʻa e mātuʻaki hōloa ʻa e tuʻunga fakaeʻulungāngá ʻi he 1960 tupú?
ʻI he hongofuluʻi taʻu ko iá naʻe ʻasi ai hono taukaveʻi ʻa e tauʻatāina ʻa e kakai fefiné pea mo e vakai foʻou naʻe ala tali fekauʻaki mo e fehokotaki fakasinó. Pehē foki, naʻe kamata hono faʻu ʻo e ngaahi foʻiʻakau fakavaha. Koeʻuhi ko e malava ko ia ke fehokotaki fakasino ʻo ʻikai feitamá, naʻe anga-maheni ai ki he kakaí ke nau fehokotaki fakasino ʻo ʻikai ke mali.
ʻI he taimi tatau, ko e mītiá, faivá mo e televīsoné naʻe ʻikai ke nau toe toʻo ha meʻa taʻetaau. Ki mui ai ko Zbigniew Brzezinski, ko ha taki ia ki muʻa ʻo e U.S. National Security Council, naʻá ne fai ha fakamatala fekauʻaki mo e ngaahi meʻa naʻe hā ʻi he TV. Ko e ngaahi polokalama ko ení ʻoku fakahaaʻi ai ko e mālié ʻa e meʻa mahuʻinga tahá, ko e fakamālohí ko ha meʻa anga-maheni pea ʻoku lelei pē ʻa e fakaʻaluʻalú.
Lolotonga ʻa e 1970 tupú, naʻe kamata ke manakoa ʻa e tepi vitioó. Ko ia ko e kakai tokolahi naʻe lava ke nau mamata ʻi he ngaahi faiva taʻetāú ʻi ʻapi ʻo ʻikai ke nau toe ʻalu ki ha fale faiva ke mamata ai. Ki muí ni mai, fakafou ʻi he ʻInitanetí, ko e ʻata fakalieliá kuo ala maʻu ia ʻi ha fonua pē ʻi he kolopé ʻe ha taha ʻoku ʻi ai haʻane komipiuta.
Ko hono ngaahi nunuʻá ʻoku fakamanavahē. Ko e fakatātaá, ko ha sela ʻi ha pilīsone naʻá ne pehē ʻi he taʻu ʻe hongofulu kuo maliu atú ʻi he taimi naʻe fakahū pilīsone ai ha tokotaha kei siʻi, naʻe lava ke ne talanoa kiate ia fekauʻaki mo e tonú pe halá, ka ʻi he taimi ní ʻoku ʻikai ke nau toe mahinoʻi ʻa e faikehekehe ʻa e tonú mo e halá.
Ko Fē ʻe Lava ke Hanga ki Ai ha Taha?
Heʻikai lava ke tau hanga ki he ngaahi siasi ʻi he māmaní ki ha tataki fakaeʻulungaanga. ʻI he ʻikai ke nau pouaki ʻa e ngaahi tefitoʻi moʻoni māʻoniʻoní ʻo hangē ko Sīsū pea mo hono kau muimui ʻi he ʻuluaki senitulí, ko e ngaahi siasí kuo nau hoko ko e konga ʻo e māmani ko ení mo hono ngaahi nānunga fulikivanú. Naʻe pehē ʻe ha tokotaha hiki-tohi: “ʻI he tau kotoa pē, ko e faʻahinga kotoa ʻoku kau ki aí ʻoku nau pehē ʻoku tokoniʻi kinautolu ʻe he ʻOtuá.” ʻI he fekauʻaki mo hono pouaki ʻa e ngaahi tuʻunga fakaeʻulungaanga ʻa e ʻOtuá, ko ha faifekau ʻi he ngaahi taʻu kuo maliu atú ʻi he Kolo Niu ʻIoké naʻá ne pehē: “ʻOku siʻisiʻi ange ʻa e ngaahi fiemaʻu ke hoko ai ko ha mēmipa ʻo ha siasi ʻi he ngaahi fiemaʻu ko ia kae lava ke te heka ʻi ha pasi.”
ʻOku hā mahino, ko e mātuʻaki hōloa ʻa e ngaahi tuʻunga fakaeʻulungaanga ʻi he māmani ko ení ʻoku fakahaaʻi mai ai ʻoku fiemaʻu ke fai ha liliu. Ka ko e hā ʻa e liliu ʻoku fiemaʻú? Ko hai ʻe lava ke ne fakahoko iá, pea ʻe anga-fēfē hono fakahoko iá?
[Fakamatala]
“Ko e tāmate ʻi he Tau ʻUluaki ʻa Māmaní [1914-18] naʻe mātuʻaki tuku hifo ai ʻa e mahuʻinga ʻo e moʻui ʻa e tangatá”
[Fakatātā]
Ko e fakafiefia ololaló ʻoku toe faingofua ange hono maʻú