ʻUniveesi Fonu Meʻa Fakaʻohovale
ʻIHA senituli pē ʻi he kuohilí, naʻe tui ai ʻa e kau saienisí ko e ʻunivēsí fakakātoa naʻe ʻi loto ia ʻi hotau kanivá, ʻa e Milky Way. Kae kehe, ʻi he lolotonga ʻa e senituli hono 20, ko e fakalakalaka lahi ʻi he ʻasitalōnomá, fīsikí mo e tekinolosiá naʻe fakaeʻa ai ʻa e tuʻunga lahi fakaofo ʻo e ʻunivēsí. Ko e niʻihi ʻo e ngaahi meʻa naʻe ʻiló kuo toe fakamaaʻi ai kinautolu. Ko e fakatātaá, ʻi he ngaahi hongofuluʻi taʻu ki mui ní kuo lāuʻilo ai ʻa e kau ʻasitalōnomá ki he ʻikai ke nau ʻiloʻi ʻa e meʻa ʻoku faʻuʻaki ʻa e peseti ʻe 90 tupu ʻo e ʻunivēsí. ʻIkai ko ia pē, ko e ngaahi meʻa naʻe ʻiloʻi ʻo taki atu ai ki he fakamulituku ko iá kuo fakatupunga ai ʻa e kau saienisí ke nau fehuʻia ʻa ʻenau mahinoʻi ʻo e ngaahi meʻa tefito ʻi he fīsikí tonu. Ko e moʻoni, ʻoku ʻikai ko ha meʻa foʻou ʻa e ngaahi fehuʻia ko iá.
Hangē ko ení, ʻi he ofi ki he ngataʻanga ʻo e senituli hono 19, naʻe siofi ai ʻe he kau faifīsikí ʻa e meʻa ngalikehe ʻo fekauʻaki mo e vave ʻo e māmá. Naʻa nau ʻiloʻi ʻi he vakai ʻa ha tokotaha mamata, ʻoku fononga maʻu pē ʻa e māmá ʻi he vave tatau ʻo tatau ai pē pe ko e hā e vave ʻo e ngaʻunu holo ʻa e tokotaha mamatá. Ka naʻe ʻikai hā ngali totonu ia! Naʻe fakahanga ʻa e tokanga ki he palopalemá ʻi he 1905 ʻi he foʻi fakakaukau makehe ʻo e felāveʻiʻakí ʻa ʻAlipate ʻAinisitainé, ʻa ia naʻe fakahaaʻi ai ko e mamaʻó (lōloa), taimí, mo e lahí ʻoku nau felāveʻiʻaki. ʻI he 1907 leva, hili haʻane maʻu ha foʻi fakakaukau foʻou naʻá ne ui ko e “fakakaukau fakafiefia taha ʻi heʻeku moʻuí,” naʻe kamata ai ke fakatupulekina ʻe ʻAinisitaine ʻa ʻene fakakaukau fakalūkufua ʻo e felāveʻiʻakí, ʻa ia naʻá ne pulusi ʻi he 1916. ʻI he foʻi fakakaukau foʻou ko ení, naʻe fakamatalaʻi ai ʻe ʻAinisitaine ʻa e anga ʻo e ngāue fakataha ʻa e kalāvité, vavaá mo e taimí ʻo ne fakaleleiʻi ai ʻa e tui fakafīsiki ʻa ʻAisake Niutoní.
ʻUniveesi Kāfakafa
Makatuʻunga ʻi he fakamoʻoni naʻe maʻu ʻi he taimi ko iá, naʻe tui ʻa ʻAinisitaine ko e ʻunivēsí ʻoku tuʻumaʻu—ʻo ʻikai tupu pe holo hifo. Kae kehe, naʻe ʻomai ʻi he 1929 ʻe he ʻasitalōnoma ʻAmelika ko Edwin Hubble ʻa e fakamoʻoni ʻo fakahaaʻi ai ʻoku tupu ʻa e ʻunivēsí.
Naʻe toe fakamahino ʻe Hubble ha misiteli fuoloa ʻo fekauʻaki mo e fanga kiʻi ʻotu ulo nenefu ʻi he langí he poʻulí, ʻa ia naʻe ui ko e nebulae koeʻuhi naʻa nau ʻasi mai ko e ngaahi konga ʻao kasa. Ka ko e ngaahi konga ʻao kasa kotoa ko ení ʻoku nau ʻi loto ʻi hotau kanivá, pe ʻoku nau ʻi tuʻa ai, ʻo hangē ko ia ko e fakahuʻunga ʻa e ʻasitalōnoma Pilitānia ko Sir William Herschel (1738-1822) ʻi ha senituli ki muʻa ange?
ʻI he ʻuluaki fakafuofua ʻe Hubble ʻa e mamaʻo ki he taha ʻo e ngaahi konga ʻao kasa ko ení, ʻa e Great Nebula ʻi he pupunga fetuʻu Andromeda, naʻá ne fakaʻosiʻaki ai ko e konga ʻao kasá ko hono moʻoní ko ha kaniva ia ko hono mamaʻó ko e taʻu maama ʻe miliona. ʻOku ʻuhinga moʻoni iá ko e konga ʻao kasá ʻoku toe mamaʻo ange ia ʻi he ngataʻanga ʻo e Milky Way, ʻa ia ko hono taiamitá ko ha taʻu maama “pē” ʻe 100,000. ʻI hono fua ʻe Hubble ʻa e mamaʻo ki he ngaahi konga ʻao kasa kehé, naʻe kamata ai ke ne ʻiloʻi ʻa e tuʻunga lahi fakaʻulia ʻo e ʻunivēsí pea kamata ai ha foʻi fakakaukau foʻou ʻi he ʻasitalōnomá mo e kosimolosií.a
Naʻe taimi nounou pē mei ai mo hono ʻiloʻi ʻe Hubble ʻoku tupu ʻa e ʻunivēsí, he naʻá ne ʻilo ko e ngaahi kaniva mamaʻó kuo nau ʻalu ʻo toe mamaʻo ange meia kitautolu. Naʻá ne toe fakatokangaʻi ko e mamaʻo ange ʻa e kanivá, ko e toe vave ange ia ʻene ʻalu ke toe mamaʻo angé. Ko e ngaahi fakamatala ko iá ʻoku fakahuʻunga ai ko e ʻuniveesi ʻo e ʻaneafí naʻe siʻisiʻi ange ia ʻi he ʻuniveesi ʻo e ʻaho ní. ʻI hono pulusi ʻe Hubble ʻa ʻene fakakaukau foʻoú ʻi he 1929, naʻá ne tofa ai ʻa e hala ki he tupulekina ʻa e fakakaukau ki he fuʻu foʻi pā ʻa e tupuʻanga ʻo e ʻunivēsí, ʻa ia ʻoku fakahaaʻi ai naʻe tupu ʻa e ʻunivēsí ʻi ha fuʻu foʻi pahū fakafuofua ki he taʻu ʻe 13 piliona kuohilí. Ka ʻoku kei teʻeki ai pē kakato ʻa e meʻa ke akó.
ʻOku Vave Fēfē ʻa e Tupú?
Talu mei he taimi ʻo Hubble, kuo feinga ai ʻa e kau ʻasitalōnomá ke fakafuofua ʻi he tonu taha ʻe ala lavá ʻa e vave ʻo e tupú, ʻa ia ʻoku ui ia ko e foʻi fakakaukau ʻo e “tupu hokohoko ʻa Hubble.” Ko e hā ʻoku mātuʻaki mahuʻinga ai ʻa e fakafuofua ko ení? Kapau ʻe lava ʻe he kau ʻasitalōnomá ʻo fikaʻi ʻa e vave ʻo e tupu ʻa e ʻunivēsí, ʻe lava ke nau ngāueʻaki ʻa e fika ko iá ke fakafuofuaʻi ʻaki ʻa hono motuʻá. ʻIkai ngata aí, ko e vave ʻo e tupú ʻe lava ke ʻi ai hono ngaahi nunuʻa mafatukituki ki he kahaʻú. ʻO anga-fēfē? Hangē ko ení, ʻoku fakaʻuhinga ʻo pehē kapau ʻoku fuʻu māmālie ʻa e tupu ʻa e ʻunivēsí, ʻe iku pē ʻo mālohi ʻa e kalāvité peá ne fakatupunga ke holafa ʻa e meʻa kotoa pē ʻi ha “fuʻu haʻulu” fakaʻosi! Ka ʻo kapau ʻoku fuʻu vave ʻa e tupú, ʻe tupu nai ai ʻa e ʻunivēsí ʻo taʻengata pea movete fakaʻaufuli.
Lolotonga kuo ʻomai ʻe he ngaahi fakafuofua tonu ange ʻa e tali ki he ngaahi fehuʻi ʻe niʻihi, kuo langaʻi hake ai ha toe ngaahi fehuʻi kehe—ko e ngaahi fehuʻi ʻoku ʻai ai ke tau veiveiua fekauʻaki mo ʻetau mahino lolotonga ki he ngaahi meʻá pea mo e ngaahi mālohi tefito ʻo natulá.
Ivi Taʻeʻiloa mo e Meʻa Taʻeʻiloa
ʻI he 1998, kuo maʻu ai ʻe he kau fakatotoló ʻa e fakamoʻoni ʻoku tupu vave moʻoni ʻa e ʻunivēsí, ʻi heʻenau sivisiviʻi ʻa e maama mei ha faʻahinga makehe ʻo e supernova pe fetuʻu ʻoku paá!b ʻI he ʻuluaki taimí, naʻe veiveiua ʻa e kau saienisí, ka naʻe vave hono maʻu ʻa e fakamoʻoni lahi. Ko hono moʻoní, naʻa nau loto ke ʻiloʻi ʻa e faʻahinga ivi naʻá ne fakatupunga ʻa e tupu vavé. Ko e taha, naʻe hā ngali ngāue ia ʻo fakafepaki ki he kalāvité; pea ko e toe meʻa ʻe tahá, naʻe ʻikai fehoanaki ia mo ʻenau ngaahi fakakaukau lolotongá. Fakatatau ki ai, ko e faʻahinga ivi fakamisiteli ko ení kuo ui ia ko e ivi taʻeʻiloa, pea ʻoku faʻuʻaki nai ia ʻa e meimei peseti ʻe 75 ʻo e ʻunivēsí!
Kae kehe, ko e ivi taʻeʻiloá, ʻoku ʻikai ko e meʻa “taʻeʻiloa” pē ia kuo ʻiloʻi ki mui ní. Naʻe toe fakapapauʻi ha meʻa ʻe taha ʻi he 1980 tupú ʻi hono sivisiviʻi ʻe he kau ʻasitalōnomá ʻa e ngaahi kaniva kehekehe. Ko e ngaahi kanivá ni, pea pehē ki hotau kanivá tonu, ne hā ʻoku nau vilo ʻo fuʻu oma ke pukepuke fakataha. ʻOku hā mahino leva, ʻoku pau pē ʻoku ʻoange ki ai ʻe ha faʻahinga meʻa ʻa e fāʻūtaha fakakalāvite ʻoku fiemaʻú. Ka ko e hā ʻa e faʻahinga meʻa ko iá? Koeʻuhi ʻoku ʻikai ha ʻilo ki ai ʻa e kau saienisí, kuo nau ui ia ko e meʻa taʻeʻiloa, koeʻuhi ʻoku ʻikai te ne mimisi, tukuange atu, pe tapua atu ha lahi ʻo e huelo ʻoku lava ke maʻú.c Ko e hā hono lahi ʻo e meʻa taʻeʻiloa ʻoku ʻi tuʻa māmaní? ʻOku fakahaaʻi ʻi he ngaahi fiká ʻoku lava ke faʻuʻaki ia ʻa e peseti ʻe 22 pe lahi ange ʻo e lahi ʻo e ʻunivēsí.
Fakakaukau ki heni: Fakatatau ki he ngaahi fakafuofua ki mui ní, ko e ngaahi meʻa anga-mahení ʻoku faʻuʻaki ia ʻa e peseti nai ʻe 4 ʻo e lahi ʻo e ʻunivēsí. Ko e ongo meʻa lalahi ʻoku ʻikai ʻiloʻí—ʻa e meʻa taʻeʻiloá mo e ivi taʻeʻiloá—ʻoku hā ʻoku faʻuʻaki ia ʻa e toengá. Ko ia ai, ko e peseti nai ʻe 95 ʻo e ʻunivēsí ʻoku kei hoko pē ia ko ha misiteli fakaʻaufuli!d
Fekumi ʻIkai ʻAupito Toe Ngata
ʻOku kumi ʻe he saienisí ʻa e talí, ka ʻoku faʻa iku atu ha ʻotu tali ki ha toe ʻotu fehuʻi. ʻOku fakamanatu mai ʻi he moʻoniʻi meʻa ko ení ha fakamatala mahino naʻe hiki ʻi he Tohi Tapú ʻi he Koheleti 3:11. ʻOku pehē ai: “[Ko e ʻOtuá] kuo ne ngaohi kotoa ke fakaʻofoʻofa ʻi hono kuonga; kaeʻumaʻa kuo ne ʻai ʻa itaniti ki honau loto, ko ia ai ʻoku ʻikai lava ʻe he tangata ke mahakulea ʻa e ngaue ʻoku fai ʻe Elohimi mei he kamataʻanga ki he ngataʻanga.”
Ko e moʻoni, ʻi he lolotonga ní ʻe lava ke tau maʻu ai ha ʻilo fakangatangata pē koeʻuhi ko e nounou ʻa e taimi ʻo ʻetau moʻuí, pea ko e lahi ʻo e ʻilo ko iá ko e fakamahamahalo, ʻoku malava ke liliu. Ka ʻoku fakataimi pē ʻa e tuʻunga ko iá, he kuo fakataumuʻa ʻe he ʻOtuá ke ne foaki ki he faʻahinga faitōnunga ʻo e tangatá ʻa e moʻui taʻehanongataʻanga ʻi Palaitaisi ʻi he māmaní, ʻa ia ʻe lava ke nau sivisiviʻi ai ʻa ʻene ngāué ʻo aʻu ki ʻitāniti pea maʻu ai ʻa e ʻilo moʻoní.—Sāme 37:11, 29; Luke 23:43.
Ko ia ai, ʻoku ʻikai fiemaʻu ke tau manavahē ki he ngaahi fakamahamahalo ʻo e tui fekauʻaki mo e ʻaho fakaʻauha ʻo e ʻunivēsí. He ko ē, ʻoku ʻiloʻi ʻi he saienisí ʻa e konga siʻisiʻi ʻaupito ʻo e meʻa ʻoku ʻi ai moʻoní, lolotonga ia ko e Tokotaha-Fakatupú ʻokú ne ʻafioʻi ʻa e meʻa kotoa pē.—Fakahā 4:11.
[Fakamatala ʻi lalo]
a Ko e ʻasitalōnomá ko e ako ia ki he ngaahi meʻa ʻi tuʻa māmaní. Ko e kosimolosií, ko ha vaʻa ʻo e ʻasitalōnomá, “ko e ako ia ki he faʻunga mo e tupu ʻa e ʻunivēsí mo e ngaahi mālohi ʻoku ngāue ʻi aí,” ko e lau ia ʻa e World Book Encyclopedia. “ʻOku feinga ʻa e kau ako ki he kosimolosií ke fakamatalaʻi ʻa e founga ʻo hono faʻu ʻo e ʻunivēsí, meʻa kuo hoko ki ai talu mei hono faʻú, pea mo e meʻa nai ʻe hoko ki ai ʻi he kahaʻú.”
b Ko e ngaahi fetuʻu ʻoku paá ʻoku ui ia ko e kalasi 1a supernova, pea ʻoku lava ke nau ulo ʻo ngingila tatau mo e foʻi laʻā ʻe piliona ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi nounou. ʻOku ngāueʻaki ʻe he kau ʻasitalōnomá ʻa e ngaahi fetuʻu ko eni ʻoku paá ko ha tuʻunga ia ki he fakafuofuá.
c Ko e meʻa taʻeʻiloá naʻe fokotuʻu mai ʻi he 1930 tupú pea fakapapauʻi ʻi he 1980 tupú. ʻI he ʻahó ni ʻoku fakafuofuaʻi ai ʻe he kau ʻasitalōnomá ʻa e lahi ʻo e meʻa taʻeʻiloa ʻoku maʻu nai ʻi ha pupunga kaniva ʻaki ʻenau siofi ʻa e anga ʻo e afeʻi ʻe ha pupunga kaniva ʻa e māmá mei he ngaahi meʻa mamaʻo angé.
d Ko e taʻu 2009 kuo ui ia ko e “Taʻu Fakavahaʻapuleʻanga ʻo e ʻAsitalōnomá,” pea ʻoku fakaʻilongaʻi ai ʻa e ʻaho fakamanatu hono 400 ʻo hono ʻuluaki ngāueʻaki ʻo ha meʻa fakaʻata fetuʻu fakaʻasitalōnoma naʻe faʻu ʻe Kalileo Kalilei.
[Puha ʻi he peesi 25]
Hanga Hake Pea Anga-fakatōkilalo
ʻI he taimi naʻe hanga hake ai ʻa e sevāniti ʻa e ʻOtuá ʻi he kuonga muʻá ki he langi tafitonga mo maʻa ʻi he poʻulí, naʻá ne ongoʻi manavahē anga-ʻapasia, ʻo ne fakahaaʻi ia ʻi he vēsí. ʻOku pehē ʻi he Sāme 8:3, 4: “Kau ka vakai ho ngaahi langi na, ko e ngaue ʻa ho louhiʻinima, ʻa e mahina mo e ngaahi fetuʻu, ʻa ia kuo ke fokotuʻu; ko e ha ʻa e tangata ke ke manatu ai kiate ia? mo e hako ʻo Atama, ʻoku ke aʻahi ai ia?” Kae kehe, naʻe ʻikai ha meʻa fakaʻata fetuʻu pe meʻa faitā makehe ʻa e tokotaha-tohi-sāmé. Huanoa ange ai ʻa e totonu ke tau ongoʻi ʻapasiá!
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 26]
(Ki he fakamatala kakato, sio ki he tohí)
Ivi taʻeʻiloa 74%
Meʻa taʻeʻiloa 22%
Meʻa anga-maheni 4%
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 24]
Fakatātā: Based on NASA photo
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 26]
Fakatātā: Based on NASA photo