Ko e Tauʻi ʻo e Mahakí mo e Maté​—ʻOku Lolotonga Ikuna Ia?

ʻIKAI ke toe ʻi ai ha mahaki, ʻikai ke toe ʻi ai ha mate! Ki he kakai tokolahi ʻe ongo eni ʻo hangē pē ha fakaʻamú. He naʻe tohi ʻa e toketā faitoʻo mo e palōfesa ʻo e fakatotolo ki he pekitīliá ko Wade W. Oliver: “Talu mei he ʻuluaki hisitōlia kuo hikí, kuo fakafōtunga taʻemafakafuofua mai ʻe he mahakí ʻa e meʻa ʻe hoko ki he faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá . . . Kuo tō vave ʻaupito hifo ʻa e ngaahi mahaki lahi ki he faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá . . . Kuo tuʻukāivi taʻengata ʻa e mahakí ʻi hono angá.”

ʻOku ʻi ai ha ʻuhinga ke tui ai ʻoku tuʻunuku mai ha fuʻu liliu lahi? ʻOku fakaofi atu ʻa e saienisi fakafaitoʻó ke ne toʻo fakaʻaufuli atu ʻa e ngaahi mahaki hono kotoa pea pehē nai ki he maté?

ʻOku ʻikai ke toe fehuʻia, ko e kau toketaá mo e kau fekumí kuo nau fai ha ngāue fakaofo ʻi hono tauʻi ʻa e mahakí. Ko hai ia ʻe ʻikai te ne houngaʻia ki he lavameʻa ʻo e faitoʻo ki he kōlelá, ʻa ia naʻe maʻu ia ʻi he ofi ki he fakaʻosinga ʻo e senituli hono 19, pe ko hono maʻu ʻa e faitoʻo ki he mahaki fakamanavahē ko e simolopōkisí? Ko e faitoʻo ko iá naʻe maʻu ia ʻe Edward Jenner ʻi he 1796 mei he mahaki fakatuʻutāmaki siʻi ange ko e cow-pox. ʻI he 1806, naʻe fakahāhā ʻe he palesiteni ʻo e ʻIunaite Seteté ko Thomas Jefferson ʻa e ongoʻi ʻa e tokolahi ʻi heʻene tohi kia Jenner: “ʻE lava ke ke ʻilo pau ʻe ʻikai ke ngalo ia ʻi he faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá naʻá ke moʻui; ʻe ʻilo pē ʻi he hisitōliá ʻe he ngaahi puleʻanga ʻi he kahaʻú naʻe ʻi ai ʻa e mahaki fakalielia ko e simolopōkisi.”

ʻIkai ko ia pē, ka ko e lavameʻa ʻa e fekumi fakaefaitoʻo ʻo fekauʻaki mo e ngaahi mahaki ʻo hangē ko e ngaloʻafú mo e polioó kuo pau ke fai ha lave lelei ki ai mo e houngaʻia. Pea ko e tokolahi taha ʻo e kakai ʻi he ʻaho ní ʻoku nau fakamālō ki he toe fakalaka ki mui mai ʻi hono faitoʻo ʻo e mahaki mafú mo e kanisaá. Ka neongo ia, ʻoku kei mate pē ʻa e kakai ia mei he mahaki mafú mo e kanisaá. Ko e taumuʻa ko ia ke toʻo fakaʻaufuli atu ʻa e mahaki hono kotoa kuo hoko ʻo ʻiloʻi ʻoku maʻungataʻa.

Ko e Ngaahi Mahaki “Foʻou”

ʻOku ngali vale, ka ʻoku moʻoni pē, ʻi he kuongá ni ʻa ia kuo aʻu mai ʻa e CAT scan (misini fakaʻata) mo e ngaahi tafa fakasanisani, kuo nau toe sio foki ki he fanauʻi mai ʻo ha ngaahi mahaki “foʻou”, ʻo hangē ko e mahaki Legionnaires’, toxic shock syndrome, pea mo e mahaki tāmate ʻiloa kuo fakahingoa ko e ʻEITISÍ.

Ko e moʻoni, ʻoku fehuʻia ʻe he tokolahi pe ʻoku foʻou ʻa e ngaahi mahaki ko ʻení. ʻI ha kupu ʻi he U.S.News & World Report ʻokú ne fakamatala ʻo pehē, ʻi he taimi ʻe niʻihi, ko e ngaahi mahaki kuo fuoloa ʻa hono ʻilo ka kuo toki fakafuofuaʻi totonu pea fakahingoa foʻou kinautolu. Ko e fakatātā, ko e mahaki legionnaires’ naʻe ʻuluaki ʻiloʻi ia ʻi he 1976, ka naʻe fakafuofua halaʻi nai ia ki muʻa atu ko e niumōnia fakavailasi. ʻOku meimei tatau pē mo e toxic shock syndrome naʻe maʻu hala nai ki muʻa atu ko e mofi kulokula.

Ka neongo ia, ko e ngaahi mahaki ʻe niʻihi ʻoku ngalingali taʻe toe fehuʻia ʻenau foʻoú. ʻOku ʻikai ha toe veiveiua ko e ʻEITISÍ ʻi he faʻahingá ni ʻoku ʻiloa lahi tahá. Ko e mahaki fakamate ko ʻení naʻe ʻuluaki ʻiloʻi pea fakahingoa ʻi he 1981. Ko ha toe mahaki “foʻou” ʻoku siʻi ʻa hono ʻilo ʻo kau ki aí ko e mofi purpuric faka-Pelēsila. Naʻe toki ʻiloʻi ia ʻi Pelēsila ʻi he 1984 pea ʻoku fakafuofua ʻoku mate ʻa e peseti ʻe 50 ʻo kinautolu ʻoku maʻu ʻa e mahakí ni.

ʻIkai ʻAmanekina ke Maʻu ha Faitoʻo

Ko ia, neongo ʻa e ngaahi feinga lelei taha ʻa e tangatá, ko ha faitoʻo kakato mo tuʻumaʻu ki he ngaahi mahaki ʻo e faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá ʻoku ʻikai ʻamanekina ke maʻu ia. Ko e moʻoni ko e ʻavalisi ʻo e fuoloa ʻa e moʻui ʻa e faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá kuo fakalaka hake ʻaki ʻa e taʻu nai ʻe 25 mei he 1900. Ka ko e liliu ia ko ʻení kuo fakatefito pē ia ki he ngaahi founga fakafaitoʻo ʻa ia kuó ne fakasiʻisiʻi ʻa e fakatuʻutāmaki ʻo e mate lolotonga ʻo e kei pēpē pe kei taʻu siʻí. Ko e fuoloa ʻa e moʻui ʻa e tangatá ʻoku kei ofi pē ia ki he lau ʻa e Tohitapú “ko e taʻu ʻe fitungofulu.”​—Sāme 90:10.

Ko ia naʻe kau ki he ongoongó ʻa e mate ko ia ʻa Anna Williams ʻi Tīsema 1987 ʻi hono taʻu 114. ʻI he fakamatala ʻo kau ki he mate ʻa Anna Williams naʻe tohi ʻe ha tokotaha ʻoku faʻa tohi ʻi ha nusipepa ʻo pehē: “ʻOku fakakaukau ʻa e kau saienisí ko e taʻu 115 ki he 120 ko e fakangatangata taupotu ia ki he moʻui fuoloa fakaetangatá. Ka ko e hā ʻoku pehē aí? Ko e hā ʻoku mate ai ʻa e sino ʻo e tangatá ʻi he ʻosi ʻa e taʻu ʻe 70, 80, pea naʻa mo e 115?”

ʻI he ngaahi taʻu ʻo e 1960 tupu, naʻe ʻilo ʻe he kau saienisi fakaefaitoʻó ko e ngaahi sela ʻi he tangatá ʻoku ngalingali ʻoku nau malava ke mavahevahe ʻo aʻu ki he tuʻo 50 pē. ʻI he aʻu pē ki he fakangatangata ko ʻení, ʻoku ngalingali ʻoku ʻikai ke toe lava ke fai ha meʻa ke kei moʻui ai pē ʻa e ngaahi selá. ʻOku ngali fepaki eni mo e lau fakafuofua fakasaienisi ki muʻa atu ʻo pehē ko e ngaahi sela ʻi he faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá ʻe lava ke ne aʻu atu ʻo moʻui taʻengata ʻo kapau ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi tuʻunga totonu.

Tānaki atu ki ai mo e ʻiloʻi ko e lahi ʻo e faingataʻaʻia ʻa e faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá ko e ʻai pē ʻe he tangatá. Hangē ko ia naʻe fakatokangaʻi ʻo fakaʻosiʻaki ʻe ha tokotaha fekumi: “Kuo ʻikai ke lavaʻi ʻa e ngaahi mahakí ia ʻi he founga fakaefaitoʻó pē. Ko e hisitōlia ʻo e mahakí ʻoku fekauʻaki ia mo e ngaahi meʻa fakasōsialé mo fakaeʻulungaangá.”

Naʻe fakahā ʻe he Kautaha Moʻui ʻa Māmaní ʻo pehē: “Kuo tau fakatupu ha ngaahi lavea kiate kitautolu, ʻi he tui ko e saienisí, kau toketaá mo e ngaahi fale mahakí te nau maʻu ha faitoʻo, kae ʻikai ke ʻuluaki taʻofi pē ʻa e ngaahi tupuʻanga ʻo e puké. Ko e moʻoni ʻe ʻikai te tau lava ʻo fai pehē taʻe ʻi ai ha ngaahi tauhi fakaefaitoʻo ʻa ia ʻokú ne fakahaofi moʻoni ʻa e moʻuí, ka tau ʻai ke mahino ko e ngaahi meʻá ni ʻoku ʻikai te nau fakalahi mai ʻa ʻetau ‘moʻui fakasinó’​—ke nau taʻofi kitautolu ke ʻoua te tau mate. . . . Ko e fakaʻaiʻai ʻo e fakaʻauha pē kita ʻoku fai ʻe he tokotaha ifi tapaká mo e tokotaha faʻa inú, ko e ngaahi uesia ʻi he fakakaukaú mo e sinó ʻoku fai ʻe he taʻe maʻu ngāué​—ko e niʻihi ʻeni ʻo e ‘ngaahi mahaki foʻoú.’ Ko e hā ʻoku tau fakangofua ai ʻa e ‘mahaki tō ko e ngaahi fakatuʻutāmaki ʻi he halá,’ ʻa ia ʻokú ne ʻave ʻa e ngaahi moʻui mo mole atu ai ʻa ʻetau ngaahi maʻuʻanga ivi fakaepaʻangá?”

Ko ia ʻoku kei fuʻu lahi ʻiate kitautolu ʻa e mahaki, puke, faingataʻaʻia, mo e mate. Ka neongo ia, ʻoku tau maʻu ha ʻuhinga ke tau fakatuʻamelie atu ki he taimi ʻi he kahaʻú ʻa ia ʻe ʻikai ke toe ʻi ai ha mahaki pea ʻikai ke toe ʻi ai ha mate. Ka ko e meʻa lelei tahá, ʻoku ʻuhinga lelei ke tui ʻoku panaki mai ʻa e taimi ko iá.

[Puha ʻi he peesi 4]

KO E “NGAAHI MAHAKI ʻA ʻISIPITE”

ʻOku fakahā ʻe he Tohitapú kuo taʻeʻaonga ʻa e tauʻi ʻa e mahakí ʻe he tangatá talu mei he kuonga muʻá. Ko e fakatātā, ko Mōsese naʻá ne lave ki he “ngaahi mahaki kovi ʻa Isipite.”​—Teutalōnome 7:15.

ʻOku hā mahino naʻe kau ki ai ʻa e fua, tuʻutuʻu toto, simolopōkisi, mahaki tupu mei he fanga kumā, mo e mahaki-mata. Naʻe hao ʻa e kakai ʻo Mōsesé mei he ngaahi alangāmahaki pehē koeʻuhi ko ʻenau angaʻaki ʻa e ngaahi founga fakamaʻa fakasino lelei ange naʻe tuku kiate kinautolu ʻe he fuakava ʻo e Laó.

Kaekehe, ʻi hono fai ha sivi fakaʻaufuli ʻo e ngaahi ʻangaʻanga kuo fakatolonga ʻi ʻIsipité, kuo iku ia ʻo ʻilo ai ʻa e toe “ngaahi mahaki ʻa ʻIsipite” ʻoku toe lahi ange. Naʻe kau ai ʻa e ngaahi mahaki ko eni ko e mahaki-hui, ko e kulokula ʻo e ngaahi hokoʻanga fakafoʻikupu ʻo e hui-tuʻá, ngaahi mahaki ʻo e nifó mo e kaungaó, ʻapenitiki, mo e kauti. Ko ha muʻaki tohi fakaefaitoʻo māmani, ʻoku ui ko e Ebers Papyrus, naʻe toe lave ki he ngaahi mahaki ʻo hangē ko e hangatāmaki, ngaahi mahaki ʻo e keté mo e ʻaté, suka, kilia, mata-kovi, mo e tuli.

Naʻe fai ʻe he kau toketā faitoʻo ʻi ʻIsipite ʻo e kuonga muʻá ʻa honau lelei tahá ke tauʻi ʻa e ngaahi mahaki ko ʻení, pea ko ha niʻihi ʻonautolu naʻa nau hoko ʻo mataotao ʻi heʻenau malaʻe fakafaitoʻó. Naʻe tohi ʻe he faihisitōlia Kalisi ko Helototusi ʻo pehē: “Ko e fonua [ʻIsipite] ʻoku fonu ʻi he kau toketā faitoʻo; ko ha tokotaha ʻokú ne faitoʻo pē ʻa e ngaahi mahaki ʻo e matá; ko ha tokotaha kehe ki he ngaahi mahaki ʻo e ʻulú, ki he nifó, ki he keté, pe ki he ngaahi ʻōkani ʻi lotó.” Kaekehe, ko e konga lahi ʻo e ngaahi “faitoʻo” ʻi ʻIsipité ko hono moʻoní ko ha faitoʻo kākā fakalotu pē pea ʻikai ʻaupito ke fakasaienisi.

Ko e kau toketā faitoʻo fakaeonopooní kuo nau maʻu ha lavameʻa lahi ange ʻi heʻenau tauʻi ʻa e mahakí. Ka neongo ia, ko e tokotaha fekumi fakafaitoʻo ko Jessie Dobson naʻá ne aʻu ki he fakamulituku fakatupunga fakakaukau ko ʻení: “Ko ia, ko e hā kuo ʻilo mei he ako ʻo kau ki he ngaahi mahaki ʻi he ngaahi kuonga ʻo e kuo hilí? Ko e fakamulituku fakalūkufua mei ha savea ki ha ngaahi fakamoʻoni ʻoku hā mei ai ko e ngaahi mahaki mo e ngaahi faingataʻaʻia ʻo e kuo hilí ʻoku ʻikai ke fuʻu ʻilonga haʻane kehekehe mo ia ʻi he lolotonga ní . . . ʻOku hā mahino ko e ngaahi poto mo e ngaahi feinga ʻo e ngaahi fekumi fakamākukanga ki he mahakí kuo siʻi pē heʻene ʻaonga ke taʻaki-fuʻu atu ʻa e mahakí.”—​Disease in Ancient Man.