Ko e Faitau Fuoloa ki he Moʻui Lelei Angé

NAʻE nofo ʻa Joanne ʻi Niu ʻIoke pea naʻá ne maʻu ʻa e tīpií. Ka ko hono mahakí naʻe ʻikai ko ha keisi anga-maheni ia ʻo e tīpií. Naʻá ne maʻu ʻe ia ha kalasi ʻo e tīpií naʻe liliu mei he tuʻunga anga-mahení ʻa ia ʻokú ne talitekeʻi ʻa e meimei faitoʻo kotoa pē peá ne tāmateʻi ʻa e vaeua ʻo e faʻahinga ʻokú ne maʻukoviá. Kae kehe, naʻe ʻikai ke kumi tuʻumaʻu ʻa Joanne ki ha faitoʻo, pea naʻá ne ʻosi fakatupunga tuʻo taha ke pipihi ʻa e tīpií ki he niʻihi kehé. ‘ʻOku totonu ke lokaʻi ia,’ ko e lau ia ʻa ʻene toketā loto-mamahí.

Ko e tīpií ko ha mahaki tāmate motuʻa ʻaupito ia. Ko hono moʻoní, kuo faingataʻaʻia pea mate ʻa e kakai ʻe laui miliona ʻi he tīpií. Ko e fakamoʻoni ʻo e mahakí kuo maʻu ia ʻi he ngaahi sino fakatolonga mei ʻIsipite mo Pelū ʻo e kuonga muʻá. ʻI he ʻahó ni, ko e toe ʻasi ʻa e ngaahi kalasi ʻo e tīpií ʻoku tāmateʻi ai ʻa e kakai nai ʻe toko ua miliona ʻi he taʻu kotoa pē.

Ko Carlitos, ʻi heʻene tokoto ʻi ha kiʻi mohenga ʻi ha kiʻi fale ʻi ʻAfilika, naʻe pupuhaʻia ʻa hono foʻi laʻé. Naʻe ʻai ia ʻe he malēliá ke ne fuʻu vaivai ke tangi. Ko ʻene ongo mātuʻa loto-hohaʻá naʻe ʻikai haʻana paʻanga ki ha faitoʻo, pea naʻe ʻikai ha kilīniki ofi mai ʻa ia naʻe lava ke na maʻu ai ha tokangaʻi fakafaitoʻo ki heʻena kiʻi tamá. Naʻe ʻikai holo hifo ʻa e mofí, pea ʻi loto ʻi ha houa ʻe 48 naʻá ne mate.

ʻOku tāmateʻi ʻe he malēliá ʻa e meimei fānau ʻe toko taha miliona hangē ko Carlitos ʻi he taʻu kotoa pē. ʻI he ngaahi kolo ʻAfilika Hahaké, ko e fakaʻavalisi ʻo e fānau ʻoku uʻu ʻe he fanga kiʻi namu fetuku malēliá ʻoku ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e toko 50 mo e toko 80 ʻi he māhina. Ko e fanga namu ko ení ʻoku nau mafola ki he ngaahi feituʻu foʻou, pea ko e ngaahi faitoʻo fakafepakiʻi ʻo e malēliá kuo hoko ia ʻo ʻikai loko ola lelei. ʻI he taʻu kotoa pē, ʻoku puke ai ʻa e kakai ʻoku fakafuofua ki he toko 300 milioná ʻi he ʻoho ʻa e malēliá.

Ko Kenneth, ko ha tangata taʻu 30 ʻoku nofo ʻi San Francisco, Kalefōnia, naʻá ne ʻuluaki ʻalu ki heʻene toketaá ʻi he 1980. Naʻá ne talatala ange ʻene fakalele mo e tāvaivaia. ʻI ha taʻu ʻe taha ki mui ai naʻá ne mate. Neongo ʻa hono tokangaʻi fakafaitoʻo mataotaó, naʻá ne fakaʻauʻausino pea iku ai pē ʻo ne mate ʻi he niumōniá.

ʻI he taʻu ʻe ua ki mui ai pea ʻi he kilomita ʻe 16,000 mei San Francisco, naʻe kamata ai ke puke ha finemui ʻi he fakatokelau ʻo Tenisaniá ʻi he ngaahi fakaʻilonga meimei tatau. ʻI ha ngaahi uike siʻi, naʻe ʻikai kei lava ke ne luelue, pea ʻikai fuoloa mei ai naʻá ne mate. Naʻe ui fakatenetene ʻe he kakai ʻo e koló ʻa e mahaki faikehé ni ko e mahaki Juliana koeʻuhi ko ha tangata naʻá ne fakatau atu ʻa e tupenu naʻe ʻi ai ʻa e hingoa Juliana ʻoku ngalingali naʻá ne pihia ai pea mo e kakai fefine kehe ʻi he koló.

Ko Kenneth fakatouʻosi mo e fefine Tenisaniá naʻá na maʻu ʻa e mahaki tatau: Ko e ʻeitisí. ʻI he kamataʻanga ʻo e 1980 tupú, ʻi heʻene hā ngali kuo mapuleʻi lelei ʻe he saienisi fakafaitoʻó ʻa e ngaahi siemu fakatuʻutāmaki tahá, ko e mahaki pipihi foʻou ko ení kuo ʻasi hake ia ʻo fakahohaʻasi tuʻumaʻu ʻa e tangatá. ʻI loto ʻi ha hongofuluʻi taʻu ʻe ua naʻe kamata ai ke māʻolunga tatau ʻa e lahi ʻi he mate he ʻeitisí mo e mate ko ia ʻi he mahaki fakaʻauha naʻe mafola ʻi he kotoa ʻo ʻIulope-ʻĒsia ʻi he senituli hono 14—ko ha mahaki fakaʻauha ʻe ʻikai ʻaupito ngalo ʻi ʻIulope.

Ko e Mate ʻUliʻulí

Ko e mapuna hake ʻa e mahaki fakaʻauha naʻe ui ko e Mate ʻUliʻulí ʻe lava ke fakatotoloʻi ia ʻo maʻu ki he 1347, ʻi he taimi naʻe tau ai ha vaka mei Kulimia ki Mesina, ʻi he motu ko Sisilií. Tuku kehe ʻa ʻene uta anga-mahení, naʻe toe fetuku foki ʻe he vaká mo e mahaki fakaʻauhá.a Naʻe vave ʻa e mafola ʻa e Mate ʻUliʻulí ʻi he kotoa ʻo ʻĪtalí.

ʻI he taʻu hokó naʻe fakamatalaʻi ai ʻe Agnolo di Tura, ʻo Siena, ʻĪtalí, ʻa e fakalilifu ʻi hono kolo tupuʻangá: ‘Ko e mate fakatokolahi ʻi Siena naʻe kamata ia ʻi Mē. Ko ha meʻa fakamamahi mo fakalilifu ia. Naʻe mate ʻi he meimei taimi pē ko iá ʻa e faʻahinga naʻe maʻukoviá. Naʻa nau mate ʻi he laui teau, fakatouʻosi ʻi he poʻulí mo e ʻahó.’ Naʻá ne tānaki mai: ‘Naʻá ku tanu ʻe au tonu ʻa ʻeku fānau ʻe toko nimá, pea naʻe pehē mo e tokolahi kehe. Naʻe ʻikai ke tangi ha taha ʻo tatau ai pē pe ko hai naʻe molé koeʻuhi naʻe ʻamanekina ʻe he meimei tokotaha kotoa ʻa e maté. Naʻe mate ʻa e fuʻu tokolahi ʻo tui ai ʻa e tokotaha kotoa ko e ngataʻanga ia ʻo e māmaní.’

ʻI loto ʻi ha taʻu ʻe fā, ko e lau ia ʻa ha kau faihisitōlia ʻe niʻihi, naʻe mafola ai ʻa e mahaki fakaʻauhá ʻi ʻIulope kotoa pea ko e vahe tolu nai ʻe taha ʻo e tokolahi ʻo e kakaí naʻe mole ʻenau moʻuí—ʻi he vahaʻa nai ʻo e kakai ʻe toko 20 milioná mo e 30 milioná. Naʻa mo ʻAisileni mamaʻo naʻe ʻauha ai honau tokolahi. ʻOku pehē tokua ʻi he Hahake Mamaʻó, ko e tokolahi ʻo Siainá naʻe tō ia mei he toko 123 milioná ʻi he kamataʻanga ʻo e senituli hono 13 ki he 65 milioná ʻi he lolotonga ʻo e senituli hono 14, ngalingali ko ha tupu ia mei he mahaki fakaʻauhá pea mo e honge naʻe hoko ʻi he taimi tatau.

ʻOku ʻikai ha mahaki fakaʻauha, tau, pe honge ki muʻa naʻe faifai ange peá ne fakatupunga ha mafolalahia pehē ʻo e faingataʻá. “Ko ha fakatamaki ia ʻoku taʻehanotatau ʻi he hisitōlia ʻo e tangatá,” ko e fakamatala ia ʻa e tohi ko e Man and Microbes. “Naʻe ʻauha ʻa e kakai ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e vahe fā ʻe tahá mo e vahe ua ʻe tahá ʻi ʻIulope, ʻAfilika Tokelau mo e ngaahi konga ʻo ʻĒsia.”

Naʻe hao ʻa e ʻOtu ʻAmeliká mei he fakaʻauha ʻa e Mate ʻUliʻulí, koeʻuhi ko ʻenau mavahe mei he toenga ʻo e māmaní. Ka ko e ngaahi vaka folau tahí naʻe vave ʻenau fakangata ʻa e mavahe ko iá. ʻI he senituli hono 16, naʻe fakaʻauha ai ʻa e Hemisifia Hihifó ʻe ha peautā ʻo e ngaahi mahaki tō ʻa ia naʻe fakamoʻoniʻi ʻa ʻene fakatupu mate lahi ange ʻi he mahaki fakaʻauhá.

Ikuʻi ʻe he Simolopōkisí ʻa e ʻOtu ʻAmeliká

ʻI he taimi naʻe tūʻuta ai ʻa Kolomupusi ʻi he Uesi ʻInitesí ʻi he 1492, naʻá ne fakamatalaʻi ʻa e kakai tuʻufonuá ʻoku nau ‘hā matamatalelei ʻo sino lelei mo lōloa feʻunga pea mo sino uouaʻia.’ Kae kehe, ko ʻenau hā moʻui leleí, naʻá ne fakapuliki ʻenau pukengofua ʻi he ngaahi mahaki ʻo e Hemisifia Hahaké.

ʻI he 1518 naʻe tō ai ʻa e simolopōkisí ʻo mafola ʻi he motu ko Hisipaniolá. Ko e kau ʻAmelika tuʻufonuá naʻe teʻeki ai ʻaupito ke nau fetaulaki mo e simolopōkisí, pea ko e olá naʻe ʻi he tuʻunga fakatuʻutāmaki ʻaupito. Naʻe fakafuofua ʻe ha tokotaha Sipeini siotonu, ko e kakai pē ʻe toko taha afe naʻe hao moʻui ʻi he motú. Naʻe vave ʻa e mafola ʻa e mahaki toó ki Mekisikou mo Pelū fakataha mo e ngaahi nunuʻa meimei tatau.

ʻI he senituli hokó, ʻi he taimi naʻe tūʻuta ai ʻa e kau nofo Pilikimí ʻi he feituʻu ko Massachusetts ʻi ʻAmelika Tokelaú, naʻa nau ʻiloʻi ai kuo meimei tāmateʻi kotoa ʻa e kau nofo aí ʻe he simolopōkisí. “Ko e kakai tuʻufonuá, ʻoku nau meimei mate kotoa ʻi he simolopōkisí,” ko e tohi ia ʻa e taki Pilikimi ko John Winthrop.

Naʻe hoko mai ha ngaahi mahaki tō kehe ʻi he simolopōkisí. Fakatatau ki ha maʻuʻanga fakamatala ʻe taha, ʻi ha meimei senituli hili ʻa e tūʻuta ʻa Kolomupusí, ko e ngaahi mahaki naʻe hake maí naʻá ne toʻo ʻa e meimei peseti ʻe 90 ʻo e tokolahi ʻo e Hemisifia Hihifó. Ko e tokolahi ʻo Mekisikoú naʻe holo ia mei he toko 30 milioná ki he toko 3 milioná, ko e tokolahi ko ia ʻo Peluú naʻe holo ia mei he toko 8 milioná ki he toko taha miliona. Ko e moʻoni, ko e kau ʻAmelika tuʻufonuá naʻe ʻikai ko e faʻahinga pē ia naʻe maʻukovia ʻe he simolopōkisí. “ʻI he kotoa ʻo e hisitōlia ʻo e tangatá, naʻe toʻo ai ʻe he simolopōkisí ʻa e moʻui ʻe laui teau miliona, ʻo tokolahi mamaʻo ange ia ʻi he mahaki fakaʻauhá . . . mo hono fakatahaʻi ʻo e ngaahi tau kotoa ʻo e senituli hono 20,” ko e fakamatala ia ʻa e tohi ko e Scourge​—The Once and Future Threat of Smallpox.

Kuo Teʻeki Ai ke Ikunaʻi ʻa e Faitaú

ʻI he ngaahi ʻahó ni, ko e ngaahi mahaki tō fakalilifú mo e simolopōkisí ʻoku hā ngali nai ko e ngaahi fakatamaki pē ia ʻo e kuohilí. Lolotonga ʻa e senituli hono 20, kuo ikunaʻi ai ʻe he faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá ʻa e ngaahi faitau lahi ʻi he tau ʻo fakafepakiʻi ʻa e ngaahi mahaki pipihí, tautefito ʻi he ngaahi fonua fakalakalaká. Kuo ʻiloʻi ʻe he kau toketaá ʻa e ngaahi tupuʻanga ʻo e lahi taha ʻo e ngaahi mahakí pea kuo nau toe ʻiloʻi mo e ngaahi founga ke faitoʻo ai kinautolú. (Sio ki he puha ʻi he peesi 6.) Ko e ngaahi huhu mo e ngaahi ʻenitipaiōtiki foʻoú naʻe hangē ia ha ngaahi foʻi mahafu faimana naʻe malava ke ne fakaʻauhamālie naʻa mo e mahaki faitoʻongataʻa tahá.

Kae kehe, hangē ko ia ʻoku fakahaaʻi ʻe Dr. Richard Krause, ko e talēkita ki muʻa ʻo e Akoʻanga Fakafonua U.S. ki he Ngaahi Mahaki Kovi ki he Sinó mo Pipihí, “ko e ngaahi mahaki fakaʻauhá ʻoku pau tatau ia mo e maté pea mo e ngaahi tukuhaú.” Kuo ʻikai ke mavahe atu ʻa e tīpií mo e malēliá. Pea ko e hoko lahia ki muí ni ʻa e mahaki ʻeitisí kuo ʻomai ai ha fakamanatu fakalotomamahi ʻoku kei fakamanamanaʻi pē ʻe he mahaki fakaʻauhá ʻa e foʻi kolopé. “ʻOku kei hoko pē ʻa e ngaahi mahaki pipihí ko e tupuʻanga muʻomuʻa ia ʻo e mate ʻi he māmaní; te nau pehē ai pē ʻi he taimi fuoloa ka hoko maí,” ko e fakamatala ia ʻa e tohi ko e Man and Microbes.

ʻOku manavahē ʻa e kau toketā ʻe niʻihi he neongo ʻa e fakalakalaka lahi fakaʻulia ʻi hono tauʻi ʻo e mahakí, ko e ngaahi lavameʻa ʻi he ngaahi hongofuluʻi taʻu siʻi fakamuimuí ʻe fakataimi pē nai. “Ko e fakatuʻutāmaki ʻoku ʻomai ʻe he ngaahi mahaki pipihí kuo ʻikai ke mavahe ia—ʻoku ʻalu ia ki he kovi ange,” ko e fakatokanga ia ʻa e toketā kili ko Robert Shope. ʻE fakamatalaʻi ʻe he kupu hoko maí ʻa e ʻuhingá.

[Fakamatala ʻi lalo]

[Fakamatala ʻi he peesi 5]

ʻI loto ʻi ha hongofuluʻi taʻu ʻe ua naʻe kamata ai ke māʻolunga tatau ʻa e lahi ʻi he mate he ʻeitisí mo e mate ko ia ʻi he mahaki fakaʻauha naʻe mafola ʻi he kotoa ʻo ʻIulope-ʻĒsia ʻi he senituli hono 14

[Puha/Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 6]

Kehe ʻa e ʻIló mei he Tui Taʻeʻuhingá

ʻI he senituli hono 14, ʻi he taimi naʻe fakamanamanaʻi ai ʻe he Mate ʻUliʻulí ʻa e fale ʻo e tuʻitapú ʻi Avignon, naʻe fakahaaʻi ange ʻe heʻene toketaá kiate ia ko e tuʻu matatatau ʻo e palanite ʻe tolu—ʻa Sātuna, Siupita mo Maʻasí—ʻi he fakaʻilonga ʻo ʻAkualiasí ʻa e tupuʻanga tefito ʻo e mahaki fakaʻauhá.

ʻI ha senituli nai ʻe fā ki mui ai, naʻe tokoto ai ʻa George Washington ko e mamahi ʻa hono kiá. Naʻe faitoʻo ʻe he kau toketā ʻiloa ʻe toko tolu ʻa e mahakí ʻaki hono fakatafe ki tuʻa ʻa e toto lita ʻe 2 mei hono ngaahi kālavá. ʻI loto ai ʻi ha ngaahi houa siʻi, naʻe mate ʻa e mahakí. Ko hono tukuange ʻo e totó ko e tuʻunga fakafaitoʻo anga-maheni ia ʻo feʻunga pea mo e taʻu ʻe 2,500—mei he taimi ʻo Hipokeletisí ʻo aʻu mai ki he vaeuaʻanga ʻo e senituli hono 19.

Neongo naʻe fakatuaiʻi ʻe he tui taʻeʻuhingá mo e talatukufakaholó ʻa e fakalakalaka fakafaitoʻó, naʻe ngāue mālohi ʻa e kau toketā līʻoá ke ʻiloʻi ʻa e ngaahi tupuʻanga ʻo e ngaahi mahaki pipihí pea mo ha ngaahi faitoʻo ki ai. ʻOku ʻi lalo ha ngaahi ʻilo fakalakalaka mahuʻinga naʻa nau fai.

◼ Simolopōkisi. ʻI he 1798, naʻe faʻu lavameʻa ai ʻe Edward Jenner ha faitoʻo ki he simolopōkisí. Lolotonga ʻa e senituli hono 20, naʻe fakamoʻoniʻi ai ʻa e ola lelei ʻa e ngaahi faitoʻo ʻi hono taʻofi ʻa e ngaahi mahaki kehe, hangē ko e polioó, mofi engeengá, mīselé pea mo e lūpelá.

◼ Tīpií. ʻI he 1882, naʻe ʻiloʻi ai ʻe Robert Koch ʻa e pekitīlia tīpií pea faʻufaʻu ha sivi ki he mahakí. ʻI ha taʻu nai ʻe 60 ki mui ai, naʻe ʻiloʻi ai ʻa e sitelepitomisiní, ko ha ʻenitipaiōtiki ʻaonga ki hono faitoʻo ʻo e tīpií. Ko e faitoʻo ko ení naʻe toe ʻaonga lahi ia ki hono faitoʻo ʻa e mahaki kumaá.

◼ Malēlia. Mei he senituli hono 17 ʻo faai mai ai, ko e kūniné—naʻe maʻu mei he kili ʻo e ʻakau ko e sinikoná—naʻá ne fakahaofi ʻa e moʻui ʻa e laui miliona ʻo e kau puke ʻi he malēliá. ʻI he 1897, naʻe ʻiloʻi ai ʻe Ronald Ross ʻa e fanga namu ko e Anopheles ko kinautolu ʻoku nau fetuku holo ʻa e mahakí, pea naʻe tokoniʻi ai ki mui ʻa hono fakasiʻisiʻi ʻo e fanga namú ke holoki ai ʻa e mate ʻi he ngaahi fonua fakatalopikí.

[Fakatātā]

Saati Sōtiaka (ʻi ʻolungá) mo hono tukuange ʻo e totó

[Maʻuʻanga]

Fakatouʻosi: Biblioteca Histórica “Marqués de Valdecilla”

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 3]

ʻI he ʻahó ni, ko e toe ʻasi ʻa e ngaahi kalasi ʻo e tīpií ʻoku tāmateʻi ai ʻa e kakai ʻe toko ua miliona nai ʻi he taʻu kotoa pē

[Maʻuʻanga]

Fakaʻata: New Jersey Medical School–National Tuberculosis Center; tangata: Tā: WHO/Thierry Falise

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 4]

Ko ha tā tongitongi Siamane mei he 1500 nai, ʻoku fakahaaʻi ai ha toketā ʻokú ne tui ha pūlou ke maluʻi ia mei he Mate ʻUliʻulí. Naʻe ʻi he konga ki he ngutú ha meʻa fakanamulelei

[Maʻuʻanga]

Godo-Foto

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 4]

Ko e pekitīlia naʻá ne fakatupunga ʻa e mahaki kumaá

[Maʻuʻanga]

© Gary Gaugler/Visuals Unlimited