Ko e Hā ʻa e Moʻoni Fekauʻaki mo e Ngaahi Takainga Tohi Tahi Maté?

Laka hake ʻi he taʻu ʻe 50 kuo maliu atú, ko ha foʻi maka naʻe tolongi ʻe ha tauhi-sipi ʻAlepea ki ha loto ʻana, naʻe taki atu ia ki he meʻa kuo ui ʻe he niʻihi ko e ʻilo fakaʻāsioloki lahi taha ʻo e senituli hono 20. Naʻe fanongo atu ʻa e ʻAlepeá ki hono fahiʻi ʻe he foʻi maká ha siā ʻumea. ʻI hono fakatotoloʻí, naʻá ne ʻilo ai ʻa e ʻuluaki ʻi he meʻa ko ia naʻe ʻiloa ko e Ngaahi Takainga Tohi Tahi Maté.

KO E ngaahi takainga tohí ni kuo hoko ia ko e meʻa ʻoku fai ki ai ʻa e tokanga pea mo e fakakikihi fakatouʻosi ʻi he kulupu ʻo e kau potó pea ʻi he mītiá fakalūkufua. ʻI he lotolotonga ʻo e kakaí, ʻoku lahi fau ai ʻa e puputuʻu mo e fakamatala hala. Kuo mafola holo ʻa e ngaahi muhumuhu fekauʻaki mo ha fuʻu fakapulipuli lahi, naʻe ueʻi ʻe he manavahē ʻi hano fakahaaʻi ʻe he ngaahi takainga tohí ʻa e ngaahi foʻi moʻoni ʻa ia te ne fakavaivaiʻi lahi ʻa e tui ʻa e kau Kalisitiané pea mo e kau Siú fakatouʻosi. Ka ko e hā ʻa e ʻuhinga moʻoni ʻo e ngaahi takainga tohí ni? Hili ʻa e taʻu lahi hake ʻi he 50, ʻe lava ke ʻiloʻi ʻa e ngaahi foʻi moʻoní?

Ko e Hā ʻa e Ngaahi Takainga Tohi Tahi Maté?

Ko e Ngaahi Takainga Tohi Tahi Maté ko e ngaahi maniusikilipi faka-Siu motuʻa ia, ko honau lahi tahá naʻe tohi ʻi he faka-Hepeluú, ko e niʻihi ʻi he faka-Alameá, pea ko ha konga siʻi ʻi he faka-Kalisí. Ko e lahi ʻo e ngaahi takainga tohí mo e ngaahi kongokonga tohí ʻoku laka hake honau taʻumotuʻá ʻi he taʻu ʻe 2,000, ʻo lau honau taimí ki he ki muʻa ʻi hono ʻaloʻi ʻo Sīsuú. Naʻe ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo e ngaahi ʻuluaki takainga tohi naʻe maʻu mei he kau ʻAlepeá ʻa e ngaahi maniusikilipi lōloa ʻe fitu ʻi he ngaahi tuʻunga fakaʻau ke kovi ange kehekehe. ʻI he lahi ange ʻa e fakatotoloʻi ʻo e ngaahi ʻaná, naʻe maʻu ai ʻa e ngaahi takainga tohi pea mo e laui afe ʻo e fanga kiʻi kongokonga tohi kehe. ʻI he vahaʻa taʻu ʻo e 1947 mo e 1956, naʻe ʻilo ai ha ʻana ʻe 11 fakakātoa ʻa ia naʻe ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi takainga tohí ofi ki Qumran, ʻi he veʻe Tahi Maté.

ʻI he taimi naʻe fili fakafaʻahinga ai ʻa e kotoa ʻo e ngaahi takainga tohí mo e ngaahi kongokonga tohí, naʻe aʻu honau lahí ki he meimei maniusikilipi ʻe 800. Ko e vahe fā nai ʻe taha, pe laka siʻi hake pē ʻi he maniusikilipi ʻe 200, ʻa e ngaahi tatau ʻo e ngaahi konga ʻo e konga Tohitapu faka-Hepeluú. Ko e ngaahi maniusikilipi fakalahi atu ki aí ʻoku nau fakafofongaʻi ʻa e ngaahi tohi faka-Siu ʻikai faka-Tohitapu ʻi he kuonga muʻá, faka-ʻApokalifa mo Siutepikalafa fakatouʻosi.a

Ko e niʻihi ʻo e ngaahi takainga tohi naʻe fakaueʻiloto lahi taha ki he kau mataotaó ko e ngaahi tohi ia naʻe ʻikai ke ʻiloa ki muʻa. ʻOku kau heni ʻa e ngaahi fakaʻuhinga ʻo e ngaahi meʻa fekauʻaki mo e lao faka-Siú, ko e ngaahi tuʻutuʻuni hangatonu ki he feituʻu ʻo e kulupu fakalotu naʻe nofo ʻi Qumran, ngaahi maau mo e ngaahi lotu fakaeouau, pea pehē ki he ngaahi ngāue fakaʻēsikatolosia ʻokú ne fakaeʻa ʻa e ngaahi fakakaukau fekauʻaki mo hono fakahoko ʻo e kikite faka-Tohitapú pea mo e ngaahi ʻaho fakaʻosí. ʻOku toe ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi fakamatala faka-Tohitapu makehe, ko e ngaahi fakamelomelo motuʻa taha ʻo e fakamatala fakafoʻiveesi fakaeonopooni ʻo e ngaahi konga tohi faka-Tohitapú.

Ko Hai Naʻá Ne Tohi ʻa e Ngaahi Takainga Tohi Tahi Maté?

Ko e ngaahi founga kehekehe ʻo hono fokotuʻu fakaʻaho ʻo e ngaahi tohi motuʻá ʻoku fakahaaʻi ai ko e ngaahi takainga tohí naʻe tohi ia pe faʻu ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e senituli hono tolu K.M. pea mo e ʻuluaki senituli T.S. Kuo fokotuʻu mai ʻe he kau mataotao ʻe niʻihi ko e ngaahi takainga tohí naʻe fufū ia ʻi he ngaahi ʻaná ʻe he kau Siu mei Selusalemá ki muʻa ia ʻi hono fakaʻauha ʻo e temipalé ʻi he 70 T.S. Kae kehe, ko e tokolahi taha ʻo e kau mataotao naʻe fekumi ki he ngaahi takainga tohí naʻa nau ʻilo ʻoku ʻikai ke feongoongoi ʻa e fakakaukau ia ko ení mo e meʻa ʻi loto ʻi he ngaahi takainga tohí tonu. Ko e ngaahi takainga tohi lahi ʻoku tapua mei ai ʻa e ngaahi fakakaukau mo e ngaahi anga fakafonua ʻa ia ʻoku tuʻu fehangahangai mo e ngaahi fakakaukau ʻa e kau maʻu mafai fakalotu ʻi Selusalemá. Ko e ngaahi takainga tohí ni ʻoku fakahaaʻi ai ha feituʻu naʻa nau tui kuo talitekeʻi ʻe he ʻOtuá ʻa e kau taulaʻeikí mo e ngāue ʻi he temipale ʻi Selusalemá pea naʻá ne vakai mai ki heʻenau lotu fakakulupu ʻi he toafá ko ha founga fetongi ia ʻo e ngāue ʻi he temipalé. ʻOku ʻikai hā ngalingali naʻe fufū ʻe he kau maʻu mafai ʻi he temipale ʻi Selusalemá ha tānekinga ʻa ia naʻe kau ai ʻa e ngaahi takainga tohi peheé.

Neongo naʻe hā ngalingali naʻe ʻi ai ha kulupu ʻo e kau hiki tatau ʻi Qumran, hangehangē ko e lahi ʻo e ngaahi takainga tohí naʻe tānaki mai ia mei he feituʻu kehe pea ʻomai ki ai ʻe he kau tuí. ʻI ha ʻuhinga, ko e Ngaahi Takainga Tohi Tahi Maté ko ha tānekinga laipeli fakalahi ia. Hangē pē ko ia ʻi ha toe laipeli pē, ʻe fakakau nai ʻi he tānekingá ha fakakaukau lahi kehekehe, ʻo ʻikai ke tapua taʻealataʻofi kotoa meiate kinautolu ʻa e ngaahi fakakaukau fakalotu ʻa hono kau lautohí. Kae kehe, ko e ngaahi konga tohi ko ia ʻoku ʻi ai ʻi he ngaahi tatau lahí ngalingali ʻoku tapua lahi ange mai ai ʻa e ngaahi meʻa mahuʻinga mo e ngaahi tui makehe ʻa e kulupú.

Ko e Kau ʻĪsini ʻa e Kau Nofo ʻi Qumran?

Kapau ko e ngaahi takainga tohí ni ko e laipeli ʻa Qumran, ko hai ʻa e kau nofo ʻi aí? Ko Palōfesa Eleazar Sukenik, ʻa ia naʻá ne maʻu mai ʻa e takainga tohi ʻe tolu ki he ʻUnivēsiti Hepelū ʻi Selusalemá ʻi he 1947, ko e ʻuluaki tokotaha ia ke ne pehē ko e ngaahi takainga tohi eni naʻe kau ki ha feituʻu ʻo e Kau ʻĪsiní.

Ko e kau ʻĪsiní ko ha kulupu Siu ia naʻe lave ki ai ʻa e kau hiki tohi ʻi he ʻuluaki senitulí ko Siosefasi, Filo ʻo ʻAlekisanituliá, mo Pilini ko e Lahí. Ko e tupuʻanga tonu ʻo e kau ʻĪsiní ko ha meʻa ia ʻoku fakamahaloʻi, ka ʻoku hā ngali naʻa nau mahiki hake lolotonga ʻa e vahaʻa taimi ʻo e moveuveu hoko atu ʻi he angatuʻu faka-Makapeó ʻi he senituli hono ua K.M.b Naʻe fakamatala ʻa Siosefasi ki heʻenau ʻi ai lolotonga ʻa e vahaʻa taimi ko iá ʻi heʻene fakaikiiki ʻa e anga ʻo e kehekehe ʻo ʻenau ngaahi fakakaukau fakalotú mei he fakakaukau ko ia ʻa e kau Fālesí pea mo e kau Sātusí. Naʻe lave ʻa Pilini ki he tuʻuʻanga ʻo ha feituʻu ʻo e kau ʻĪsiní ʻi he veʻe Tahi Maté ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo Sielikó mo ʻEniketí.

Ko Palōfesa James VanderKam, ko ha mataotao Takainga Tohi Tahi Mate, ʻokú ne pehē ko e “kau ʻĪsini ko ia naʻa nau nofo ʻi Qumran ko ha konga siʻi pē ia ʻo e ngaʻunu faka-ʻĪsini lahi ange,” ʻa ia naʻe ʻomai ʻe Siosefasi honau tokolahí ko e meimei toko fā afe. Neongo ʻa e ʻikai ke feʻungamālie ʻaupito mo e fakamatala kotoa pē, ko e fakamatala fakakātoa ʻoku ʻasi mai mei he ngaahi konga tohi Qumran ʻoku hā ngali feongoongoi lelei ange ia mo e kau ʻĪsiní ʻi ha toe kulupu faka-Siu pē naʻe ʻiloa ʻi he vahaʻa taimi ko iá.

Kuo taukaveʻi ʻe he niʻihi naʻe maʻu ʻa e ngaahi kamataʻanga ʻo e lotu faka-Kalisitiané ʻi Qumran. Ka neongo ia, ʻoku lava ke fakatokangaʻi ʻa e ngaahi faikehekehe mataʻāʻā lahi ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e ngaahi fakakaukau fakalotu ʻa e kulupu Qumran pea mo e muʻaki kau Kalisitiané. Ko e ngaahi tohi Qumran ʻoku fakaeʻa mai ai ʻa e ngaahi lao faka-Sāpate fefeka tōtuʻa pea mo ha meimei tokanga lahi fau ki he fakamaʻa fakaeouaú. (Mātiu 15:​1-​20; Luke 6:​1-​11) Ko e meʻa lahi tatau ʻoku lava ke leaʻaki fekauʻaki mo e mavahe ʻa e kau ʻĪsiní mei he sōsaietí, ko ʻenau tui ki he ʻosi fakatufakangaʻí mo e taʻefaʻamate ʻa e soulú, pea mo ʻenau fakamamafa ki he fuakava ke taʻemalí pea mo e ngaahi fakakaukau fakamisiteli fekauʻaki mo e kau fakataha mo e kau ʻāngeló ʻi heʻenau lotú. ʻOku fakahaaʻi ʻe he meʻá ni ʻoku nau kehe mei he ngaahi akonaki ʻa Sīsuú pea mo e akonaki ko ia ʻa e muʻaki kau Kalisitiané.​—Mātiu 5:​14-​16; Sione 11:​23, 24; Kolose 2:​18; 1 Timote 4:​1-3.

ʻIkai ha Fakapulipuli, ʻIkai ha Ngaahi Takainga Tohi Fufū

ʻI he ngaahi taʻu hoko atu ʻi he ʻilo ʻo e Ngaahi Takainga Tohi Tahi Maté, naʻe pulusi ai ʻa e ngaahi tohi kehekehe ʻa ia naʻa nau ʻai ʻa e muʻaki meʻa naʻe ʻiló ke faingofua hono ala maʻu ʻe he kau mataotao takatakai ʻi he māmaní. Ka ko e ngaahi kongokonga ʻe laui afe mei he taha ʻo e ngaahi ʻaná, ʻoku ʻiloa ko e ʻAna 4, ʻa ia naʻe fakapuputuʻu lahi ange ia. Ko e ngaahi meʻá ni naʻe ʻi he ngaahi nima ia ʻo ha timi fakavahaʻapuleʻanga siʻisiʻi ʻo e kau mataotao naʻe fokotuʻu ʻi Selusalema Hahake (ko e konga ʻo Sioatani ʻi he taimi ko iá) ʻi he Misiume Fakaʻāsioloki ʻo Pālesitainé. Naʻe ʻikai ke fakakau ha kau mataotao Siu pe ʻIsileli ʻi he timi ko ení.

Naʻe kamata ʻe he timí ha founga ʻo e ʻikai ke fakaʻatā ke sio ki he ngaahi takainga tohí kae ʻoua kuo nau pulusi ʻa e ngaahi ola fakaʻofisiale ʻo ʻenau fekumí. Ko e tokolahi ʻo e kau mataotao ʻi he timí naʻe tauhi fakangatangata pau pē ia. ʻI he taimi naʻe mate ai ha mēmipa ʻo e timí, ko e mataotao foʻou pē ʻe taha naʻe tānaki mai ke ne fetongi iá. Ko e lahi ʻo e ngāué naʻe fiemaʻu ai ha timi mātuʻaki lahi ange, pea ʻi he ngaahi tuʻunga ʻe niʻihi, ko ha pōtoʻi lahi ange ʻi he faka-Hepelū mo e faka-Alamea ʻo e kuonga muʻá. ʻOku fakalea ia ʻe James VanderKam ʻo peheni: “Ko e laui mano ʻo e ngaahi kongokongá naʻe lahi ange ia ʻi he meʻa ʻe lava ke fai ʻe he kau taukei ʻe toko valú, neongo pe ko e hā ʻenau pōtoʻí.”

ʻI he Tau ʻAho Ono ʻi he 1967, ko Selusalema Hahake mo ʻene ngaahi takainga tohí naʻe hoko ia ʻo ʻi he malumalu ʻo e mafai ʻo ʻIsilelí, ka naʻe ʻikai ke fokotuʻu ha liliu ki he timi fekumi ki he takainga tohí. ʻI he toloi ʻa hono pulusi ʻo e ngaahi takainga tohi mei he ʻAna 4 ʻo fakalahi atu mei he ngaahi taʻú ki he laui hongofuluʻi taʻú, naʻe ongona ai ha lea fakafepaki mei ha kau mataotao tokolahi. ʻI he 1977, ko Palōfesa Geza Vermes ʻo e ʻUnivēsiti Oxford naʻá ne ui ia ko e fakamāʻanga fakaeako laulōtaha ʻo e senituli hono 20. Naʻe kamata ke mafola ha ngaahi muhumuhu ʻo pehē naʻe fufū fakahangatonu ʻe he Siasi Katoliká ʻa e fakamatala mei he ngaahi takainga tohí ʻa ē ʻe fakatupu maumau ki he lotu faka-Kalisitiané.

ʻI he 1980 tupú, naʻe faifai pē ʻo fakatokolahi ai ʻa e timí ki he kau mataotao ʻe toko 20. Pea ʻi he 1990 leva, ʻi he malumalu ʻo e tataki ʻa hono ʻētita pule naʻe fakanofo foʻou, ko Emanuel Tov, ʻo e ʻUnivēsiti Hepelū ʻi Selusalemá, naʻe toe fakatokolahi ai ʻa e timí ʻo laka hake ʻi he kau mataotao ʻe toko 50. Naʻe fokotuʻu ha taimi-tēpile fefeka ki hono pulusi ʻa e ngaahi pulusinga fakaeako kotoa ʻo e ngaahi takainga tohi naʻe toé.

Naʻe hoko taʻeʻamanekina ha tutui moʻoni ki loto ʻi he 1991. ʻUluakí, naʻe pulusi ʻa e A Preliminary Edition of the Unpublished Dead Sea Scrolls. Naʻe fakatahaʻi eni ʻaki ʻa e tokoni fakakomipiuta naʻe makatuʻunga ʻi ha tatau ʻo e concordance ʻa e timí. Hoko mai aí, ko e Laipeli Huntington ʻi San Marino, Kalefōniá, naʻa nau fakahaaʻi te nau ʻai ke ala maʻu ʻe ha mataotao pē ʻenau seti kakato ʻo e ngaahi lauʻi tā ʻo e ngaahi takainga tohí. ʻIkai fuoloa mei ai, ʻi hono pulusi ʻo e A Facsimile Edition of the Dead Sea Scrolls, naʻe hoko ai ʻa e ngaahi lauʻi tā ʻo e ngaahi takainga tohi naʻe teʻeki ai ke pulusi ki muʻá ke faingofua hono ala maʻú.

Ko ia ʻi he hongofuluʻi taʻu fakamuimuí, ko e kotoa ʻo e Ngaahi Takainga Tohi Tahi Maté kuo ala maʻu ia ke sivisiviʻi. ʻOku fakahaaʻi ʻi he fekumí naʻe ʻikai ha fakapulipuli; naʻe ʻikai ha ngaahi takainga tohi ne fufū. ʻI hono pulusi ʻa e ngaahi pulusinga fakaʻofisiale fakaʻosi ʻo e ngaahi takainga tohí, ko e taimí ni pē ʻe lava ke kamata ai hono ʻanalaiso kakató. Kuo hoko mai ai ha toʻutangata foʻou ʻo e tuʻunga fakaeako he takainga tohí. Ka ko e hā ʻa e mahuʻinga ʻo e fekumi ko ení ki he kau ako Tohitapú?

[Fakamatala ʻi lalo]

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 3]

Ko ʻení ʻoku ʻi he lotolotonga ia ʻo e ngaahi ʻana ofi ki he Tahi Maté ʻa ia naʻe maʻu ai ʻa e ngaahi takainga tohi ʻi he kuonga muʻá

[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Tā ʻi he peesi 3]

Kongokonga takainga tohi: Peesi 3, 4, mo e 6: Courtesy of Israel Antiquities Authority

[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Tā ʻi he peesi 5]

Courtesy of Shrine of the Book, Israel Museum, Jerusalem