ʻIukaliti—Kolo Motuʻa ʻi he Malumalu ʻo Pēalí

ʻI HE taʻu 1928, naʻe tau ai ʻa e palau ʻa ha tangata faama Sīlia ʻi ha maka tāpuni ʻo ha fonualoto naʻe ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi nāunau ʻumea motuʻa. Naʻe ʻikai lava ke ne fakaʻuta atu ki he mahuʻinga ʻo e meʻa naʻá ne ʻiló. ʻI he fanongo fekauʻaki mo e meʻa naʻe ʻilo taʻeʻamanekina ko ení, naʻe folau ai ha timi ʻāsioloki Falanisē naʻe taki ʻe Claude Schaeffer ki he feituʻú ni ʻi he taʻu hono hokó.

Naʻe ʻikai fuoloa kuo maʻu hake ha lea kuo tongi ʻa ia naʻe malava ai ki he timí ke nau ʻiloʻi pau ʻa e ngaahi toetoenga naʻe ʻasi hake mei heʻenau keli ʻaki ʻenau ngaahi tulelé. Ko ʻIukaliti ia, “ko e taha ʻo e ngaahi kolo motuʻa mahuʻinga taha ʻo e Hahake Ofí.” Naʻe aʻu ʻo pehē ʻe he faʻutohi ko Barry Hoberman: “Kuo ʻikai ha meʻa kuo ʻilo fakaʻāsioloki, naʻa mo ia ʻo e Ngaahi Takainga Tohi Tahi Maté, kuo ʻi ai haʻane laveʻi loloto ange ʻetau mahinoʻi ʻa e Tohitapú.”—The Atlantic Monthly.

Kolosi Ai ʻa e Ngaahi Halá

ʻI heʻene tuʻu ʻi ha foʻi tafungofunga ʻoku ʻiloa ko Ras Shamra, ʻi he Matāfonua Metiteleniane ʻo ia ʻoku hoko ko Sīlia fakatokelau he taimi ní, ko ʻIukalití ko ha kolo lakalakaimonū fakaemāmani lahi ʻi he mileniume hono ua K.M. Ko hono vahefonuá naʻá ne kāpui ha ʻēlia naʻe lele ʻi he kilomita nai ʻe 60 mei he Moʻunga Casius ʻi he tokelaú ki he Sia ko Sukas ʻi he tongá pea kilomita ʻe 30 ki he 45 mei he Metiteleniane ʻi he hihifó ki he Teleʻa Orontes ʻi he hahaké.

Naʻe moʻui ʻa e fanga monumanu tauhí ʻi he ʻea māfana lelei ʻo ʻIukalití. Naʻe ngaohi ʻi he feituʻú ʻa e sīliolo, lolo ʻōlive, uaine mo e papa—ko ha koloa naʻe siʻi ʻaupito ʻi Mesopotēmia mo ʻIsipite. ʻIkai ngata aí, ko e tuʻu ʻa e koló ʻi he fetaulakiʻanga ʻo e ngaahi halanga fefakatauʻaki leleí naʻá ne ʻai ai ia ko e taha ʻo e ʻuluaki ngaahi taulanga lalahi fakavahaʻapuleʻangá. ʻI ʻIukaliti, ko e kau mēsianiti mei he ʻĪsiní, ʻAnatōlia, Pāpilone, ʻIsipite mo e ngaahi feituʻu kehe ʻo e Hahake Lotolotó naʻa nau fefakatauʻaki ai ʻa e mētalé, ngaahi fua ʻo e ngoué pea mo ha ngaahi koloa ngaohi fakalotofonua lahi ʻaupito.

Neongo ʻa ʻene lakalakaimonū fakamatelié, ko ʻIukaliti naʻe hoko maʻu pē ia ko ha puleʻanga puleʻia. Ko e koló ko e nofoʻanga mamaʻo taha fakatokelau ia ʻo e ʻEmipaea ʻIsipité ʻo aʻu ki hono fakatahaʻi ki he ʻemipaea fakamāmani Hetí ʻi he senituli hono 14 K.M. Naʻe moʻuaʻaki ʻe ʻIukaliti ke ne totongi tukuhau pea ke tokonaki maʻa hono pulé ha kau tau. ʻI he taimi naʻe kamata fakaʻauha ai ʻe he “Ngaahi Kakai [fakatūʻuta] mei Tahí”a ʻa ʻAnatōlia (loto Toake) mo Sīlia hahaké, naʻe ui ai ʻe he kau Hetí ʻa e kau tau mo e ngaahi vaka tau tahi ʻa ʻIukalití. Ko hono olá, naʻe tuʻu taʻemaluʻi ai ʻa ʻIukaliti tonu pea naʻe fakaʻauha ʻosi ʻi he 1200 K.M. nai.

Toe Fakaake ʻa e Kuohilí

Ko hono fakaʻauha ʻo ʻIukalití naʻe iku ai ki ha fuʻu tafungofunga lahi naʻe meimei mita ʻe 20 hono māʻolungá peá ne kāpui ʻo laka hake ʻi he ʻeka ʻe 60. Ko e vahe ono pē ʻe taha ʻo e ʻēliá ni kuo ʻosi kelí. ʻI he lotolotonga ʻo e ngaahi maumaú, kuo tatala hake ai ʻe he kau ʻāsiolokí ʻa e ngaahi toetoenga ʻo ha fuʻu palasi lahi mo hono ʻū loki naʻe meimei teau mo e ngaahi lotoʻā pea ʻokú ne kāpui ʻa e sikuea mita ʻe 10,000 nai. Ko e palasí ni naʻe ʻi ai hono vaitaki, ʻū falemālōlō pea mo ha fakatafeʻanga vai ʻuli. Ko e nāunau falé naʻe fonoʻaki ʻa e koula, maka-koloa puluú (lapis lazuli) mo e lei. Kuo maʻu hake mo e ngaahi pāneli lei kuo tongi iiki. Ko ha ngoue ʻaaʻi mo hano kiʻi foʻi vai ki lalo naʻe tānaki atu ki he fakaʻofoʻofa ʻo e palasí.

Ko e koló mo e lautoka takatakaí naʻe eʻa hake ai ʻa e ongo temipale ʻo Pēali mo Tākoní.b Ko e ongo taua temipale ko ení, mahalo ʻi he mita ʻe 20 nai hono lōloá, naʻe ʻi ai hano kiʻi hala vahaʻa loki naʻe taki atu ai ki ha loki ʻi loto naʻe ʻi ai ha ʻīmisi ʻo e ʻotuá. Ko ha sitepu naʻe ʻalu hake ai ki ha laʻi peletifoomu ʻa ia naʻe angi ai ʻa e tuʻí ʻi he ngaahi ouau kehekehe. ʻI he poʻulí pe lolotonga ʻa e taimi matangí, naʻe tutu nai ha ngaahi afi fakaʻilonga ʻi he tumutumu ʻo e ongo temipalé koeʻuhí ke ne tataki lelei ai ʻa e ngaahi vaká ki he loto taulangá. Ko e kau kaivai naʻa nau taku ʻenau toe foki moʻuí ki he ʻotua-afā ko Pēali-Hetatí ʻoku ʻikai ha veiveiua ko kinautolu ne nau ngaohi ʻa e meʻaʻofa fakamālō ʻo e ngaahi taula maka ʻe 17 naʻe ʻilo ʻi hono potu toputapú.

ʻIlo Mahuʻinga ʻo e Ngaahi Lea Kuo Tongi

Naʻe laui afe ʻa e ngaahi lauʻi maka ʻumea naʻe ʻiloʻi ʻi he ngaahi toetoenga kotoa ʻo ʻIukalití. Ko ha ngaahi konga tohi fakaʻekonōmika, fakalao, fakatipilomētika mo e founga puleʻí kuo maʻu hake ia ʻi he ngaahi lea ʻe valu, ʻo hiki ʻi he ngaahi mataʻitohi ʻe nima. Naʻe maʻu ʻe he timi ʻa Schaeffer ha ngaahi lea kuo tongi ʻi ha lea ia kuo ʻikai ʻiloʻi ʻo aʻu mai ki he ʻahó ni—ʻoku ʻomai ai ʻa e hingoa ʻIukalití—ʻo ngāueʻaki ʻa e ngaahi fakaʻilonga tohi matatōtao ʻe 30, ʻa ia naʻe faʻuʻaki ʻa e taha ʻo e ngaahi ʻalafapeti motuʻa taha kuo faifai ʻo ʻiloʻí.

Tānaki atu ki hono hiki ʻa e ngaahi meʻa anga-mahení, ko e ngaahi tohi fakamoʻoni faka-ʻIukalití ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi konga tohi fakaefaʻutohi ai ʻokú ne ʻomai ha ʻilo foʻou ki he ngaahi fakakaukau mo e ngaahi tōʻonga fakalotu ʻo e taimi ko iá. Ko e lotu ʻo ʻIukalití ʻoku hā naʻe meimei tatau lahi ia mo ia naʻe fai ʻe he ngaahi kaungāʻapi Kēnaní. Fakatatau kia Roland de Vaux, ko e ngaahi konga tohi ko ení “ko ha ʻata meimei totonu ia ʻo e tuʻunga fakasivilaise ʻi he fonua ko Kēnaní ki muʻa siʻi pē ʻi hono ikunaʻi ʻe ʻIsilelí.”

Lotú ʻi he Kolo ʻo Pēalí

Laka hake ʻi he ngaahi ʻotua mo e ngaahi ʻotua fefine ʻe 200 ʻoku lave ki ai ʻi he ngaahi konga tohi Ras Shamra. Ko e ʻotua taupotú ko ʻEla, naʻe ui ko e tamai ʻo e ngaahi ʻotuá pea mo e tangatá. Pea ko e ʻotua-afā ko Pēali-Hetatí ko e “pule ia ʻo e ʻaó” pea mo e “ʻeiki ʻo e māmaní.” ʻOku fakamatalaʻi ʻa ʻEla ko ha motuʻa poto kava tea ʻoku mamaʻo mei he tangatá. ʻI he tafaʻaki ʻe tahá, ko Pēalí ko ha ʻotua mālohi mo fiemaʻu tuʻunga ʻokú ne feinga ke puleʻi ʻa e ngaahi ʻotuá mo e tangatá.

Ko e ngaahi potutohi naʻe ʻiló ʻoku ngalingali naʻe lauloto ia lolotonga ʻa e ngaahi kātoanga fakalotú, hangē ko e taʻu foʻoú pe ko e utu-taʻú. Kae kehe, ko hono fakaʻuhinga totonú ʻoku ʻuliʻulilātai. ʻI ha foʻi maau fekauʻaki mo ha fekīhiaki ʻi he tuʻunga-pulé, ʻoku ikunaʻi ai ʻe Pēali ʻa e foha pele ʻo ʻEla, ko e ʻotua ʻo e tahí ko ʻIami. Ko e ikuná ni naʻá ne ʻoange nai ai ki he kau kaivai ʻIukalití ʻa e loto-falala ʻe maluʻi kinautolu ʻe Pēali ʻi tahi. ʻI ha tautāmate mo Moti, ʻoku ikuʻi ai ʻa Pēali pea tuku hifo ki Pulotu. ʻOku hoko ai ha laʻalaʻā, pea ʻoku tuʻu ʻa e ngaahi ngāue fakaetangatá. Ko e uaifi mo e tuofefine ʻo Pēali ko ʻĀnatí—ʻotua ʻo e ʻofá mo e taú—ʻokú ne fakapoongi ʻa Moti pea toe fakamoʻui ai ʻa Pēali. ʻOku fakapoongi tavale ʻe Pēali ʻa e ngaahi foha ʻo e uaifi ʻo ʻEla, ko ʻAtilatí (ʻĀsela), pea toe maʻu ʻa e taloní. Ka ʻoku toe foki mai ʻa Moti ʻi he ʻosi ʻa e taʻu ʻe fitu mei ai.

ʻOku fakaʻuhingaʻi ʻe he niʻihi ʻa e foʻi māú ni ko ha fakaʻilonga ia ʻo e takai fakataʻu ʻa e ngaahi faʻahitaʻú ʻa ia ʻi he lolotonga iá ʻoku ikuʻi ai ʻa e ʻuha foaki moʻuí ʻe he vevela ʻo e faʻahitaʻu māfaná pea toki foki mai ʻi he faʻahitaʻu fakatōlaú. ʻOku fakakaukau ʻa e niʻihi ko e takai taʻu ʻe fitú ʻoku felāveʻi ia mo e tailiili ki ha honge mo e laʻalaʻā. ʻI ha taha pē ʻo e ongo tuʻungá ni, ko e māʻolunga taha ʻa Pēalí naʻe vakai ki ai ʻoku fiemaʻu ia ki he lavameʻa ʻa e ngaahi feinga fakaetangatá. ʻOku hiki ʻe he mataotao ko Peter Craigie: “Ko e taumuʻa ʻo e lotu ʻa Pēalí ke maluʻi ʻa hono tuʻunga taupotú; ko ʻene kei ʻi he tuʻunga taupotú pē, ko e anga ia ʻo e tui ʻa ʻene kau lotú, ʻe toki hokohoko atu ai ʻa e moʻui ʻa e ngoue mo e fanga pulu ʻoku mātuʻaki fiemaʻu ki he moʻui ʻa e tangatá.”

Ko ha Maluʻi mei he Tōʻonga Faka-Panganí

ʻOku hā mahino ʻi he ngaahi konga tohi naʻe maʻu haké ʻa e tuʻunga ololalo ʻo e lotu faka-ʻIukalití. ʻOku pehē ʻe he The Illustrated Bible Dictionary: “ʻOku fakahaaʻi ʻe he ngaahi konga tohí ʻa e ngaahi ola māʻulalo ʻo e lotu ʻa e ngaahi ʻotua ko ení; ʻenau fakamamafa ki he taú, paʻumutu toputapú, ʻofa fakaefehokotaki fakasinó pea mo e tōlalo fakasōsiale naʻe hoko aí.” ʻOku pehē ʻe De Vaux: “ʻI hono lau ʻa e ngaahi māú ni, ʻokú te mahinoʻi ai ʻa e ongoʻi fehiʻa naʻe maʻu ʻe he kau tui moʻoni ki he lotu faka-Iaueé pea mo e kau palōfita tuʻu-ki-muʻá ki he lotu ko ení.” Ko e Lao naʻe ʻoange ʻe he ʻOtuá ki he puleʻanga motuʻa ʻo ʻIsilelí naʻe hoko ia ko ha maluʻi mei he lotu loi peheé.

Ko e tongafisí, ʻasitalolosiá mo e faimaná naʻe failahia ia ʻi ʻIukaliti. Ko e fakaʻilongá mo e ngaahi meʻa fakahaá naʻe haʻao ki ai ʻo ʻikai ngata pē ʻi he ngaahi nāunau fakahēvaní kae pehē ʻi he ngaahi meʻamoʻui mele ʻi he keté pea mo e ngaahi toʻotoʻonga ʻo e fanga monumanu kuo tāmateʻí. “Naʻe fai ʻa e tui ko e ʻotua naʻe fai ki ai ha feilaulau monumanu fakaeouau naʻe hoko ia ʻo taha mo e manú pea ko e laumālie ʻo e ʻotuá naʻe fio ia mo e laumālie ʻo e manú,” ko e lau ia ʻa e faihisitōlia ko Jacqueline Gachet. “Ko hono olá, ʻi hono lau ʻa e ngaahi fakaʻilonga hāmai ʻi he ngaahi ʻōkani ko ení, naʻe malava ai ke fai ha fetuʻutaki mahino mo e laumālie ʻo e ngaahi ʻotua ʻa ia naʻe malava ke nau ʻomi ha tali lelei pe kovi ki ha fehuʻi fekauʻaki mo ha ngaahi meʻa ʻi he kahaʻú pe ko e meʻa ke fai ʻi ha tuʻunga pau.” (Le pays d’Ougarit autour de 1200 av.J.C.) ʻI hono kehé, naʻe pau ke hola ʻa e kau ʻIsilelí mei he ngaahi tōʻonga peheé.—Teutalonome 18:​9-14.

Naʻe tapui mahino ʻe he Lao ʻa Mōsesé ʻa e fehokotaki fakasino mo e manú. (Livitiko 18:23) Naʻe anga-fēfē ʻa e vakai ʻi ʻIukaliti ki he tōʻonga ko ení? ʻI he ngaahi konga tohi naʻe ʻiló, ʻoku fehokotaki fakasino ai ʻa Pēali mo ha pulu mui fefine. “Kapau ʻe fakaʻuhingaʻi ʻoku ʻai ʻe Pēali ʻa e fōtunga ʻo ha pulu tangata ki he tōʻongafai ko iá,” ko e lau ia ʻa e ʻāsioloki ko Cyrus Gordon, “ʻe ʻikai malava ke leaʻaki ʻa e meʻa tatau ki heʻene kau taulaʻeiki naʻa nau toe faʻifaʻitakiʻi ʻa ʻene ngaahi ngāue fakaetalatupuʻá.”

Naʻe fekauʻi ʻa e kau ʻIsilelí: “Tapu hoʻomou tafatafaʻi homou sino koeʻuhi ko e pekia.” (Livitiko 19:28) Kae kehe, ʻi he fakafeangai ki he mate ʻa Pēalí, “naʻe hifi ʻe [ʻEla] hono kilí ʻaki ha hele, naʻá ne tafatafaʻi ia ʻaki ha tele; naʻá ne hifi hono ongo kouʻahé mo e kumukumú.” Ko e tafatafaʻi fakaeouaú naʻe hā mahino ko ha tōʻonga ia ʻi he haʻohaʻonga ʻo e kau lotu kia Pēalí.—1 Tuʻi 18:28.

ʻOku ngali fakahaaʻi ʻe ha foʻi maau faka-ʻIukaliti ʻe taha ko hono haka ha kiʻi kosi ʻi he huʻakaú ko e konga ia ʻo ha ouau fakafanau naʻe angaʻaki ʻi he lotu faka-Kēnaní. Kae kehe, ʻi he Lao ʻa Mōsesé, naʻe tuʻutuʻuni ai ki he kau ʻIsilelí: “ʻE ʻikai te ke haka ha kiʻi kosi ʻi he huhuʻa o ʻene faʻe.”—Ekisoto 23:19.

Fakafehoanaki mo e Ngaahi Konga Tohi Fakatohitapú

Ko e ngaahi konga tohi faka-ʻIukalití naʻe fuofua liliu tefito ia ʻaki ʻa e tokoni ʻa e lea Hepelū Fakatohitapú. ʻOku pehē ʻe Peter Craigie: “ʻOku lahi ʻaupito ʻa e ngaahi foʻi lea ʻoku ngāueʻaki ʻi he konga tohi faka-Hepeluú ʻa ia ko honau ʻuhingá ʻoku taʻemahino mo ʻikai ʻiloʻi ʻi he taimi ʻe niʻihi; ko e kau liliu-lea ki muʻa ʻi he senituli hono 20 naʻa nau fakamahaloʻi pē, ʻaki ʻa e ngaahi fakaʻuhinga kehekehe, ʻa honau ngaahi ʻuhinga naʻe ngalingali ko iá. Ka ʻi he taimi ʻoku ʻasi ai ʻa e ngaahi foʻi lea tatau ʻi he konga tohi faka-ʻIukalití, ʻoku malava ai ʻa e fakalakalaká.”

Ko e fakatātaá, ko ha foʻi lea faka-Hepelū ʻoku ngāueʻaki ʻi he Aisea 3:18 (PM) ʻoku faʻa liliu ia ko e “mea fau oe ulu.” Ko ha tupuʻi lea faka-ʻIukaliti meimei tatau ʻokú ne fakahaaʻi fakatouʻosi ai ʻa e laʻaá mo e ʻotua-fefine ʻo e laʻaá. Ko ia ai, ko e kau fefine ʻo Selusalema ʻoku lave ki ai ʻi he kikite ʻa ʻAiseá naʻe sani ʻaki nai kinautolu ha fanga kiʻi foʻi teuteu laʻā pea pehē ki ha “teuga o hage koe mahina” ko e fakalāngilangi ki he ngaahi ʻotua Kēnaní.

ʻI he Palovepi 26:23 ʻi he konga tohi faka-Masoletí, ko e ‘ngutu mafana mo e loto koví’ ʻoku fakahoa ia ki ha ʻaiʻanga meʻa ʻumea ʻoku ʻufiʻufiʻaki ʻa e “efeʻi siliva.” Ko ha tupuʻilea faka-ʻIukaliti ʻokú ne ʻai ai ʻa e fakahoá ni ke liliu ʻo pehē “ʻoku hangē ha fukahi ngingila ʻi ha konga ʻumea.” ʻOku liliu feʻungamālie ʻe he New World Translation ʻa e foʻi palōveapé ni: “Hangē ha fukahi siliva ʻi ha konga ʻumea ʻoku pehē ʻa e loungutu faivelenga māfana fakataha mo ha loto ʻoku kovi.”

Ko ha Fakatokaʻanga ʻo e Tohitapú?

Ko hono sivisiviʻi ʻo e ngaahi konga tohi Ras Shamra kuo taki ai ʻa e kau mataotao ʻe niʻihi ke nau taku ko e ngaahi konga tohi faka-Tohitapu ʻe niʻihi ko hano liliu ia ʻo e ngaahi tohi maau faka-ʻIukalití. Ko André Caquot, ko ha mēmipa ʻo e Akoʻanga Falaniseé, ʻokú ne fakamatalaʻi ʻa e “fakatokaʻanga ʻo e anga faka-Kēnaní ko e makatuʻunga ia ʻo e lotu ʻa ʻIsilelí.”

Fekauʻaki mo e Sāme 29, ʻoku pehē ʻe Mitchell Dahood ʻo e Akoʻanga ʻEpikopō Tohitapu ʻi Lomá: “Ko e sāmé ni ko hano liliu ia kia Iauē ʻo ha himi faka-Kēnani motuʻa ki he ʻotua-afā ko Pēalí . . . Meimei ko e foʻi lea kotoa pē ʻi he sāmé ʻoku lava ke maʻu hono tataú he taimí ni ʻi he ngaahi konga tohi faka-Kēnani motuʻa angé.” ʻOku fakatonuhiaʻi nai ha fakamulituku pehē? ʻIkai ʻaupito!

ʻOku ʻiloʻi ʻe he kau mataotao fakanānā tokolahi ange ko e ngaahi faitataú kuo fakalahiʻi ia. “ʻOku ʻikai ha foʻi konga tohi faka-ʻIukaliti ʻe taha ʻoku huʻufataha kakato mo e Sāme 29,” ko e lau ia ʻa e teolosia ko Garry Brantley. “Ke pehē ko e Sāme 29 (pe ko ha konga tohi fakatohitapu kehe pē) ko hano toe hiki ia ʻo ha talatupuʻa fakapangani ʻoku ʻikai hano makatuʻunga fakaefakamoʻoni.”

Ko e moʻoniʻi meʻa ko ia ʻo e ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi faitatau ʻi he ngaahi lea fakaefakatātaá, huʻufataha fakaemāú mo e ngaahi faʻunga fakaehikí ko ha fakamoʻoni ia ʻo hono toe hikí? ʻI hono kehé, ko ha huʻufataha pehē ʻoku totonu ke ʻamanekina ia. ʻOku pehē ʻe he The Encyclopedia of Religion: “Ko e ʻuhinga ki he faitatau ko eni ʻo e faʻungá mo e fakamatalá ʻoku fakaesivilaise: neongo ʻa e ngaahi faikehekehe lahi fakasiokālafi mo fakaetaimi ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo ʻIukaliti mo ʻIsilelí, naʻá na hoko ko e konga ʻo ha foʻi sivilaise mavahe lahi ange ʻa ia naʻá na vahevahe ʻa e ngaahi foʻi lea fakaemaau mo fakalotu tatau.” ʻOku fakaʻosiʻaki ai ʻe Garry Brantley: “Ko e fakaʻuhinga taʻetotonu ia ke fakamono ʻa e ngaahi tui fakapanganí ki he konga tohi fakatohitapú koeʻuhí pē ko e ngaahi faitatau fakaeleá.”

Fakaʻosí, ʻoku totonu ke fakatokangaʻi kapau ʻoku ʻi ai ha faʻahinga faitatau ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e ngaahi konga tohi Ras Shamra mo e Tohitapú, ko e faʻú ʻataʻatā pē ia, ʻo ʻikai fakalaumālie. “Ko e tumutumu fakaʻēfika mo fakamōlale ʻoku aʻu ki ai ʻi he Tohitapú ʻe [ʻikai] maʻu ia ʻi ʻIukaliti,” ko e lau ia ʻa e ʻāsioloki ko Cyrus Gordon. Ko e moʻoni, ko hona ngaahi faikehekehé ʻoku fakalaka mamaʻo ia ʻi ha ngaahi faitatau pē.

Ko e ngaahi fakatotolo ki ʻIukalití ʻoku ngalingali ʻe hokohoko atu ʻene tokoniʻi ʻa e kau ako ʻo e Tohitapú ke nau mahinoʻi ʻa e ʻātakai fakasivilaise, fakahisitōlia mo fakalotu ʻo e kau hiki Tohitapú pea mo e puleʻanga Hepeluú fakalūkufua. Ko hono sivisiviʻi lahi ange ʻo e ngaahi konga tohi Ras Shamra te ne toe ʻomai nai ai ha fakamaama foʻou ki hono mahinoʻi ʻo e kau Hepelū ʻo e kuonga muʻá. Kae kehe, ʻi hono kotoá, ko e ngaahi meʻa kuo ʻilo fakaʻāsioloki ʻi ʻIukalití ʻokú ne huluʻi mālohi mai ai ʻa e faikehekehe ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e līʻoa ololalo kia Pēalí pea mo e lotu maʻa kia Sihová.

[Fakamatala ʻi lalo]

[Fakamatala ʻi he peesi 25]

Ko e ngaahi meʻa kuo ʻilo fakaʻāsioloki ʻi ʻIukalití kuó ne fakaleleiʻi ʻetau mahinoʻi ʻa e ngaahi Konga Tohitapú

[Mape/Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 24, 25]

(Ki he konga tohi kuo fokotuʻu, sio ki he tohí)

ʻEmipaea Hetí ʻi he senituli hono 14 K.M.

TAHI METITELENIANE

ʻEufaletesi

MOʻUNGA CASIUS (JEBEL EL-AGRA)

ʻIukaliti (Ras Shamra)

Sia ko Sukas

Orontes

SĪLIA

ʻISIPITE

[Maʻuʻanga]

ʻĪmisi ʻo Pēali mo ha ʻaiʻanga inu ʻi he fōtunga ʻo e ʻulu ʻo ha manu: Musée du Louvre, Paris; tā valivali ʻo e palasi fakatuʻí: © D. Héron-Hugé pour “Le Monde de la Bible”

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 25]

Toetoenga ʻo e hūʻanga ki he palasí

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 26]

Ko ha foʻi maau faka-ʻIukaliti fakaetalatupuʻa ʻokú ne ʻomai nai ha puipuituʻa ki he Ekisoto 23:19

[Maʻuʻanga]

Musée du Louvre, Paris

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 27]

Maka fakamanatu ʻo Pēali

Peleti koula ʻokú ne fakafofongaʻi ha tuʻunga fakaetulimanu

Tāpuni ʻo ha puha meʻa-teuteu lei ʻokú ne fakatātaaʻi ha ʻotua-fefine fakafanau

[Maʻuʻanga]

Ngaahi fakatātaá kotoa: Musée du Louvre, Paris