Ko e Hā ʻOku Akoʻi Mai ʻe Natulá?

“Kae kehe, ʻeke muʻa ki he fanga manú pea te nau fakahinohinoʻi koe; pehē ki he fanga manupuna ʻo e langí, pea te nau tala atu kiate koe. Pe fai ha tokanga ki he māmaní, pea te ne fakahinohinoʻi koe; pea ʻe fakahā atu ia ʻe he ika ʻo e tahí kiate koe.”​—SIOPE 12:7, 8.

ʻI HE ngaahi taʻu ki muí ni maí, kuo ako lahi moʻoni ʻa e kau faisaienisí mo e kau ʻenisiniá mei he ʻuluʻakaú mo e fanga manú. ʻOku nau ako mo faʻu fakatatau ki he ngaahi tisaini fakanatula ʻo e ngaahi meʻamoʻui kehekehe​—ko ha malaʻe ʻoku ʻiloa ko e biomimetics—​ʻi ha feinga ke faʻu ha ngaahi naunau foʻou pea fakaleleiʻi ʻa e ngāue ʻa e ngaahi mīsini lolotongá. ʻI hoʻo vakai ki he ngaahi fakatātā ʻi laló, ʻeke hifo, ‘Ko hai ʻoku tuha moʻoni mo e lāngilangi ki he ngaahi tisaini ko ení?’

Ako mei he Ongo Kaponga ʻo e Tofuaʻá

Ko e hā ʻe lava ke ako ʻe he kau tisaini vakapuná mei he tofuaʻa hamupaká? ʻOku hā ngali te nau ako mei ai ha meʻa lahi. Ko e mamafa ʻo ha tofuaʻa hamupaka lahi ko e toni ʻe 30​—ʻo mamafa tatau pē mo ha fuʻu loli uta ʻoku fonu—​ʻa ia ko hono sinó ʻoku kiʻi fefeka pea ʻokú ne maʻu ha ongo fuʻu kaponga lalahi hangē ha ongo kapakaú. Ko e monumanu mita ʻe 12 ko ení ʻoku fakaofo fau ʻa e faingofua ko ia ʻene fononga holo ʻi he lalo tahí. Ko e fakatātaá, ʻi he taimi kaí, ʻe lava ke kakau fakafoʻisiakale hake ʻa e hamupaká ki ʻolunga lolotonga iá ʻokú ne puhiʻi hake ha ʻau koa ʻi he tahí ʻi lalo ʻi ha pupunga paka pe ika ʻoku teu ke ne kai. ʻOku hanga ʻe he kupenga koa ko ení, ʻa ia ʻoku lava ke aʻu hono kiʻi fālahí ki he mita ʻe 1.5, ʻo pukeʻi fakatahatahaʻi ʻa e ngaahi meʻamoʻuí ni ki he fukahi tahí. ʻOku kai leva ʻe he tofuaʻá ʻene meʻakai ko eni kuó ne maʻú.

Ko e meʻa ʻoku tautautefito ʻa e ofoofo ai ʻa e kau fakatotoló ko e anga ko ia ʻa e afeafe fakatakamilo holo ʻa e meʻamoʻui sino fefeka ko ení ʻi ha ngaahi foʻi siakale ʻoku fāsiʻi moʻoni. Ne nau toki ʻiloʻi ko e fuo ʻo e ongo kaponga ʻo e tofuaʻá ʻa e fakapulipulí. Ko e tafaʻaki ki muʻa ʻo hono ongo kapongá ʻoku ʻikai ke hamolemole ia, ʻo hangē ko e kapakau ʻo ha vakapuna, ka ʻoku petepete ia, pea ʻoku fakaʻotuʻotu ai ha ngaahi foʻi hula ʻoku ui ko e tubercles.

ʻI he kakau vave ko ia ʻa e tofuaʻá he tahí, ʻoku hanga ʻe he ngaahi foʻi hula ko ení ʻo fakalahi ʻa e malava ke ne hikiʻi hake hono mamafá pea fakafaingofuaʻi ʻene fonongá. Anga-fēfē? ʻOku fakamatala ʻa e makasini Natural History ʻoku ʻai ʻe he ngaahi foʻi hulá ʻa e tahí ke paheke vave ʻi he kapongá ʻi ha taʻau fakafoʻisiakale fokotuʻutuʻu maau, naʻa mo e taimi ʻoku kakau hake ai ʻa e tofuaʻá ʻi ha ngaahi ʻengikolo ʻoku huʻu hangatonu ʻaupito ki ʻolungá. Kapau naʻe hamolemole ʻa e konga ki muʻa ʻo e kapongá, ʻe ʻikai malava ʻa e tofuaʻá ʻo kakau fakafoʻisiakale fakaofo pehē hake ki ʻolunga koeʻuhí ʻe fakapupunga ʻa e tahí ia ʻi mui ʻi he kapongá pea ʻe ʻikai lava ai ke ne hikiʻi ia ki ʻolunga.

Ko e hā ʻe lava ke ngāueʻaongaʻaki ki ai ʻa e ʻilo foʻou ko ení? Ko e ngaahi kapakau vakapuna ʻe makatuʻunga ʻi he tisaini ko ení ʻe siʻisiʻi ange ʻa e ngaahi hiku pe naunau fakamakēnika kehe ʻe fiemaʻu ki ai ke mapuleʻi lelei ʻaki e ngaʻunu ʻa e ʻeá. ʻE malu mo faingofua ange hono tauhi ʻa e ngaahi kapakau pehení. ʻOku tui ha mataotao biomechanics ko John Long ʻoku vavé ni ke ʻi ai ha ʻaho “te tau sio ai ʻoku ʻi he vakapuna kotoa pē ʻa e ngaahi foʻi hula ʻo e kaponga ʻo e tofuaʻa hamupaká.”

Fakatatau ki he Kapakau ʻo e Tala Tahí

Ko e moʻoni, kuo ʻosi faʻu fakatatau ʻa e kapakau ia ʻo e vakapuná ki he fuo ʻo e kapakau ʻo e manupuná. Kae kehe, ki muí ni mai kuo toe fakaofo ange hono fakaleleiʻi ia ʻe he kau ʻenisiniá ʻa e faʻu fakatatau ko ení. “Ko e kau fakatotolo ʻi he ʻUnivēsiti ʻo Fololitá,” ko e līpooti ia ʻa e New Scientist, “kuo nau faʻu ʻa e fuofua drone ʻoku puleʻi ʻaki ʻa e meʻa lomí ʻa ia ʻokú ne maʻu ʻa e malava ʻa e tala tahí ke kapakapatā he ʻeá, tūʻulu mo puna vave ki ʻolunga.”

ʻOku fakahoko ʻe he tala tahí ʻene fāliunga fakaofo holo ʻi he ʻeá ʻaki ʻene toutou peluki hono kapakaú ʻi he ngaahi hokotanga ʻi hono tuiʻi-kapakaú mo hono umá. ʻI he fakatatau ki he tisaini ngaofengofua ko eni ʻo e kapakaú, “ko e drone ʻinisi ʻe 24 ko ení ʻokú ne ngāueʻaki ha kiʻi foʻi moto ke ne puleʻi ha ngaahi foʻi ukamea ʻa ia ʻokú ne ʻai ke ngaue holo hono kapakaú,” ko e lau ia ʻa e makasiní. Ko e kapakau faʻu pōtoʻí ʻokú ne ʻai ke malava ʻa e kiʻi vakapuna siʻisiʻi ko ení ʻo kapakapatā mo tūʻulu holo ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e ngaahi fuʻu fale lalahí. ʻOku vēkeveke ʻa e Laulā Puna ʻa ʻAmeliká ke faʻu ha vakapuna ʻoku puleʻingofua ʻaupito ʻene puná ke ngāueʻaki ki hono kumi ʻa e ngaahi meʻatau kemikale mo fakaniukilia ʻi he ngaahi kolo lalahí.

Fakatatau ki he Vaʻe ʻo e Mokó

ʻOku toe lahi foki mo e meʻa ke ako mei he fanga manu totolo ʻo e fonuá. Ko e fakatātaá, ko e kiʻi moko siʻisiʻi ʻoku ʻiloa ko e ʻanaká ʻokú ne maʻu ʻa e malava ke kaka ʻi he holisí pea pikimaʻu hifo mei he ʻaofí. Naʻa mo e ʻi he ngaahi taimi ʻo e Tohi Tapú, naʻe ʻiloa ʻa e meʻamoʻuí ni ki heʻene malava fakaofó. (Palōveepi 30:28) Ko e hā ʻa e fakapulipuli ki he malava ʻa e kiʻi mokó ʻo talitekeʻi ʻa e kalāvité?

Ko e malava ʻa e kiʻi mokó ke pipiki ʻo aʻu ki he ngaahi tapa ʻoku molemole hangē ko e sioʻatá ʻoku haʻu ia mei he fanga kiʻi faʻunga hangē ha louʻulú, ʻoku ui ko e setae, ʻa ia ʻokú ne kāpui ʻa hono vaʻé. ʻOku ʻikai ke tukuange mai ʻe hono vaʻé ia ʻoʻona ha kulū. Ka ʻi hono kehé, ʻokú ne ngāueʻaki ha mālohi fakamolekula siʻisiʻi ʻaupito. ʻOku fepikitaki ʻa e ngaahi molekula ʻi hono vaʻé pea mo e ngaahi molekula ʻi he tapa ʻoku pipiki ki aí koeʻuhi ko ha mālohi fepikitaki vaivai ʻoku ui ko e van der Waals. Ko e anga-mahení, ʻoku faʻa lavangofua pē ʻe he kalāvité ke ne fakavaivaiʻi ʻa e mālohi fepikitaki ko ení, ko e ʻuhinga ia ʻoku ʻikai lava ai ke ke kaka ʻi ha holisi ʻaki hono ngāueʻaki pē ho nimá ke piki ki ai. Kae kehe, koeʻuhi ko e iiki ange ko ia ʻa e fanga kiʻi setae ʻo e kiʻi mokó ʻoku toe lahi ange ai ʻa e ʻēlia ke pipiki ki ai ʻi he holisí. ʻI he taimi ʻoku liuliunga ai ʻa e mālohi Van der Waals ʻi he fanga kiʻi setae ʻe laui afe ʻi he vaʻe ʻo e mokó, ʻokú ne faʻu ai ha fepikitaki feʻunga ke ne pukepuke ʻa e mamafa ʻo e kiʻi mokó.

Ko e hā ʻe lava ke ngāueʻaki ki ai ʻa e ʻilo foʻou ko ení? Ko e ngaahi naunau kuo faʻu ʻe he tangatá ke fakatatau ki he vaʻe ʻo e kiʻi mokó ʻe lava ke ngāueʻaki ia ko ha fetongi ʻo e Velcro​—ʻa ia ko ha toe foʻi fakakaukau ia ne ʻomi mei natula.a ʻOku toʻo hangatonu mai ʻe he makasini The Economist ʻa e lau ʻa ha tokotaha fakatotolo ʻo pehē ko ha meʻa ʻoku faʻu mei he “tepi mokó” ʻe lava ke tautefito ʻene ʻaongá “ʻi he ngaahi ngāue fakafaitoʻo ʻa ia ʻoku ʻikai lava ʻo ngāueʻaki ai ha meʻa fakapipiki kemikalé.”

Ko Hai ʻOku Tuha mo e Lāngilangí?

ʻI he lolotongá ni, ʻoku faʻu ʻe he National Aeronautics and Space Administration ha lōpoti ʻa ia ʻoku lahi hono vaʻé pea ʻoku lue ʻo hangē ha sikopió, pea ko ha kau ʻenisinia ʻi Finilani kuo nau ʻosi faʻu ha palau veʻe ono ʻa ia ʻoku lava ke ne kaka ʻi ha ngaahi tahake ʻo hangē ko ia ʻe lava ʻe ha fuʻu ʻinisēkite lahi. Kuo tisaini fakatatau ʻe ha kau fakatotolo ʻe niʻihi ha tupenu mo hano fanga kiʻi lau ʻo makatuʻunga ʻi he malava ko ia ʻa e fua ʻo e fuʻu painí ʻo ava mo mapuní ke tukuange ʻa e ʻea ʻaʻafú. ʻOku faʻu ʻe ha kautaha meʻalele ha meʻalele ʻokú ne maʻu ʻa e malava fakaofo ko ia ʻa e ika ko e boxfish ke ne talitekeʻi ʻa e mālohi ʻokú ne fakatuaiʻi ʻene ngaʻunu ki muʻá. ʻOku ako ʻa e kau fakatotolo ʻe niʻihi ki he malava ko ia ʻa e ngeʻesi ʻo e fingota abalone ʻo matuʻuaki ha faʻahinga mālohi pē ʻe tau ai, mo e taumuʻa ke nau faʻu ha ngaahi teunga maluʻi ʻoku maʻamaʻa mo mālohi angé.

ʻOku lahi fau ʻa e ngaahi fakakaukau lelei kuo maʻu mei natulá pea kuo faʻu ai ʻe he kau fakatotoló ha lisi fakaʻilekitulōnika ʻoku fakahokohoko ai ʻa e ngaahi tisaini fakanatula kehekehe ʻe laui afe. ʻE lava ke fekumi ai ʻa e kau faisaienisí ki ha “fakaleleiʻanga fakanatula ki heʻenau ngaahi palopalema fakaetisainí,” ko e lau ia ʻa e The Economist. Ko e ngaahi sisitemi fakanatula ʻi he lisi ko ení ʻoku ʻiloa ko e “ngaahi totonu pe mafai ki he tisaini mei natulá.” Ko e anga-mahení, ko ha tokotaha pe kautaha ʻokú ne maʻu ʻa e totonu ki ha tisaini foʻou, ko ia pē ʻokú ne lēsisita fakalao ha foʻi fakakaukau pe mīsini foʻou. ʻI he lāulea ki he lisi ko ení, ʻoku pehē ʻe he The Economist: “ʻI hono ui ʻa e ngaahi fakakaukau pōtoʻi biomimetic ko e ‘ngaahi totonu ki he tisaini mei natulá,’ ʻoku fakamamafaʻi ai ʻe he kau fakatotoló, ko natula ʻoku ʻaʻana moʻoni ʻa e ngaahi tisaini ko ení.”

Naʻe anga-fēfē hono maʻu ʻe natula ʻa e ngaahi fakakaukau fakaofo ko ení? ʻE lau ʻe he kau fakatotolo tokolahi ia ko e ngaahi tisaini pōtoʻi ko eni ʻoku hā mahino ʻi natulá ko e tupu ia mei he ʻevalūsioó ʻi he ngaahi taʻu ʻe laui miliona. Ka ʻoku kehe ʻa e fakamulituku ia ʻa e kau fakatotolo ʻe niʻihi. Ko ha faipaiolosī ki he fanga kiʻi meʻamoʻui īkí ko Michael Behe naʻá ne tohi ʻi he The New York Times ʻi he 2005: “Ko e fōtunga hā mai mataʻāʻā ʻo e tisainí [ʻi natulá] ʻoku ʻomai ai ha fakaʻuhinga faingofua mo fakatuipau: Kapau ʻoku hā mai, lue pe tangi ʻo hangē ha pató, pea ʻikai mo ha fakamoʻoni mālohi ke fakaʻikaiʻiʻaki, tā ʻoku tau maʻu ʻa e fakapapauʻiʻanga ke fakamulitukuʻaki ko ha pato ia.” Ko e hā ʻa ʻene fakamulitukú? “Ko e mātuʻaki hā mahino ko ia ʻa e tisainí ʻoku ʻikai totonu ke hoko ia ko ha meʻa ke ne ʻai kitautolu ke tau tukunoaʻi ai ia.”

Ko e moʻoni, ko ha tokotaha ʻenisinia ʻokú ne tisaini ha kapakau malu ange ki ha vakapuna ʻe tuha ke ne maʻu ʻa e fakahīkihiki ki heʻene tisainí. ʻI he tuʻunga meimei tatau, ko ha tokotaha ʻokú ne faʻu ha palasitā haʻi lavea ʻa ia ʻoku lava ke ngāueʻaki ki ha faʻahinga meʻa pē​—pe ko ha tupenu vala lelei ange pe ko ha meʻalele ʻoku lelei ange​—ʻokú ne tuha mo e fakahīkihiki ki heʻene tisainí. Ko hono moʻoní, ko ha tokotaha faʻu meʻa ʻokú ne faʻifaʻitaki ki ha tisaini ʻa ha taha kehe kae ʻikai ke ne fakahaaʻi pe fakahīkihikiʻi ʻa e tokotaha tisainí ʻe vakai nai ki ai ko ha tokotaha faihia.

Ko ia ai, ʻe tonu nai kiate koe ke lau ʻe he kau fakatotolo potó ʻa ē kuo nau faʻifaʻitakiʻi ʻa e ngaahi sisitemi ʻi natulá ke fakaleleiʻiʻaki ʻa e ngaahi palopalema fakaʻenisinia faingataʻá, ko e pōtoʻi fakaofo kuo maʻu mei he muʻaki fakakaukau ko iá ko e tupu ia mei he ʻevalūsioó? Kapau ʻoku fiemaʻu ha tokotaha tisaini poto ke ne faʻu ha foʻi tisaini fakatatau ki natula, fēfē ʻa e foʻi muʻaki tisainí? Ko hai ʻoku tuha moʻoni mo e fakahīkihikiʻi lahi angé, ko e tokotaha faiako ʻātí pe ko e tokotaha ako ʻokú ne faʻifaʻitakiʻi ʻene founga tā valivalí?

Ko ha Fakamulituku Tonu Fakalōsika

Hili hono sivisiviʻi ʻa e fakamoʻoni ʻo e tisaini ʻi natulá, ʻoku loto-tatau ʻa e kakai tokolahi mo e ngaahi ongoʻi ʻa e tokotaha-tohi-sāmé ʻa ia naʻá ne tohi: “He lahi moʻoni ē ko hoʻo ngaahi ngāué, ʻe Sihova! Kuó ke ngaohi kotoa kinautolu ʻi ho potó. ʻOku fonu ʻa e māmaní ʻi he meʻa kuó ke ngaohí.“ (Saame 104:24) Naʻe tatau eni mo e meʻa naʻe fakamulitukuʻaki ʻe he tokotaha-tohi Tohi Tapu ko Paulá. Naʻá ne tohi: “He ko hono ngaahi anga ʻoku taʻehāmaí [ʻa e ʻOtuá], ʻa hono mālohi taʻengatá mo hono tuʻunga ʻOtuá, ʻoku hā mahino mai ia mei hono fakatupu ʻo e māmaní ʻo faai mai, koeʻuhi ʻoku ʻiloʻi ia ʻi he ngaahi meʻa kuo ngaohí.”​—Loma 1:19, 20.

Kae kehe, ko e kakai loto-moʻoni tokolahi ʻa ia ʻoku nau tokaʻi ʻa e Tohi Tapú pea tui ki he ʻOtuá te nau fakakikihiʻi nai ʻo pehē naʻe ngāueʻaki ʻe he ʻOtuá ʻa e ʻevalūsioó ke fakatupuʻaki ʻa e ngaahi meʻa fakaofo ʻi natulá. Ka ko e hā nai ʻoku akoʻi ʻe he Tohi Tapú?

[Fakamatala ʻi lalo]

[Fakamatala]

Naʻe anga-fēfē maʻu ʻe natula ʻa e ngaahi fakakaukau lelei lahi ʻaupito ko ení?

[Fakamatala]

Ko hai ʻokú ne maʻu ʻa e totonu ki he tisaini ʻo natulá?

[Puha/​Fakatātā]

Kapau ʻoku fiemaʻu ha tokotaha tisaini poto ke ne faʻu ha foʻi tisaini fakatatau ki natula, fēfē ʻa e foʻi muʻaki tisainí?

ʻOku faʻu fakatatau ʻa e vakapuna mātuʻaki puleʻingofua ko ení ki he kapakau ʻo e tala tahí

ʻOku ʻikai lava ke ʻuli ʻa e vaʻe ʻo e moko ʻanaká, ʻikai ke ʻilonga ia ʻi ha feituʻu ʻoku totolo ai, ʻoku lava ke pipiki ki ha faʻahinga tapa pē tuku kehe pē ʻa e Teflon, pea ʻoku faingofua ʻene pipiki mo mavahe mei ha meʻá. ʻOku feinga ʻa e kau fakatotoló ke nau faʻu fakatatau ia

Ko e tisaini fakaofo ʻo e ika boxfish, ʻa ia ko ʻene talitekeʻi ʻa e mālohi ʻokú ne fakatuaiʻi ʻene ngaʻunu ki muʻá, kuo faʻu fakatatau ʻaki ia ha meʻalele

[Credit Lines]

Airplane: Kristen Bartlett/​University of Florida; gecko foot: Breck P. Kent; box fish and car: Mercedes-Benz USA

[Puha/​Fakatātā]

FANGA MANU POTO FAKAENATULA

Ko e fanga manu tokolahi ʻoku nau “poto fakaenatula” ʻi heʻenau ngaʻunu holo ʻi he māmaní. (Palōveepi 30:24, 25) Vakai angé ki ha fakatātā ʻe ua.

◼ Founga Hono Puleʻi ʻe he Loó Hono Halangá ʻOku anga-fēfē hono ʻiloʻi ʻe he fanga lō kumi meʻakaí honau halanga foki ki honau nofoʻangá? Naʻe ʻiloʻi ʻe ha kau fakatotolo ʻi Pilitānia ko e fanga loó, ʻoku ʻikai ngata pē ʻenau tukuange ha kemikale pau ʻi honau halangá, ka ʻoku nau toe faʻu foki mo e ngaahi halanga ʻi ha founga ʻe faingofua ai ʻenau foki ki honau nofoʻangá. Ko e fakatātaá, ʻoku faʻu ʻe he lō pharaoh “ʻa e ngaahi halanga ʻoku piko atu mei honau nofoʻangá ʻi ha ʻengikale tikilī ʻe 50 ki he 60,” ko e lau ia ʻa e makasini New Scientist. Ko e hā ʻoku fakaofo fekauʻaki mo e sīpinga ko ení? ʻI he taimi ʻoku foki ai ha lō ki hono nofoʻangá pea aʻu atu ki ha foʻi piko ʻi he halangá, ʻoku fakaenatula pē ʻene afe ʻi he halanga ʻoku taki atu ki hono nofoʻangá kae ʻikai ko e halanga ko ē naʻe ʻalu atu mei aí. “Ko hono fikaʻi ʻe he loó ʻene ngaahi halangá mo e ngaahi pikó,” ko e lau ia ʻa e makasiní, “ʻoku tokoni ia ki heʻenau feʻaluʻaki holo ʻi he ngaahi halangá, tautefito ʻi he taimi ʻoku nau feʻaluʻaki ai ʻi he halanga tataú, pea ʻoku siʻisiʻi ai e mole honau iví ʻi he ʻalu ʻi ha halanga hala.”

◼ Kāpasa ʻo e Manupuná ʻOku ʻikai lava ke hē ʻa e fanga manupuná ʻi heʻenau puna holo ki ha ngaahi feituʻu mamaʻo pea ʻi ha faʻahinga tuʻunga pē ʻo e ʻeá. Anga-fēfē? Kuo ʻiloʻi ʻe he kau fakatotoló ko e fanga manupuná ʻoku lava ke nau ongoʻi ʻa e ivi fakamakinito ʻo e māmaní. Neongo ia, ko e ivi fakamakinito ʻo e māmaní “ʻoku kehe ia ʻi he feituʻu taki taha pea ʻoku ʻikai tuhu maʻu pē ia ki he feituʻu tatau,” ko e lau ia ʻa e makasini Science. Ko e hā ʻokú ne taʻofi ʻa e fanga manupuná mei he puna ʻi he halanga ʻoku halá? ʻOku hā mahino ʻoku fakatonutonu ʻe he fanga manupuná honau kāpasa fakaenatulá ki he tō ʻa e laʻaá ʻi he efiafi kotoa pē. Pea neongo ʻa e liliu maʻu pē ʻa e anga ʻo e tuʻu ʻa e laʻaá ʻi he latituté mo e faʻahi taʻú, ʻoku fakakaukau ʻa e kau fakatotoló ko e fanga manupuna ko ení kuo pau pē ʻoku nau maʻu “ha uasi fakaenatula ʻokú ne tala ange kiate kinautolu ʻa e taimi ko ia ʻi he taʻú,” ko e lau ia ʻa e Science.

Ko hai naʻá ne ʻoange ki he loó ʻa e malava ke ne fikaʻi hono halangá? Ko hai naʻá ne ʻoange ki he fanga manupuná ʻa e kāpasá mo e uasi fakaenatulá, pea mo e ʻatamai ke nau malava ai ʻo mahinoʻi ʻa e fakamatala mei he ongo meʻangāue ko ení? Ko e ʻevalūsioó? Pe ko ha Tokotaha-Fakatupu poto?

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© E.J.H. Robinson 2004