Ngaahi Taumuʻa ʻOlimipikí ʻOku ʻi he Fakatuʻutāmaki

ʻI HE taimi naʻe fokotuʻu ai ʻe Pāloni Pierre de Coubertin ke toe fakaake ʻa e ngaahi ʻOlimipikí, naʻá ne fokotuʻu mai ai ha ngaahi taumuʻa ʻiloa. Ko e moʻoni, ko e tui ʻOlimipiki ʻi onopōní, ʻa ē ʻoku tuku kia Coubertin, ʻoku pehē ai: “Ko e meʻa mahuʻinga taha ʻi he Ngaahi Sipoti ʻOlimipikí ʻoku ʻikai koeʻuhí ke ikuna ka ke kau ki aí . . . Ko e meʻa tefitó ʻoku ʻikai koeʻuhí ke maʻu ha ikuna ka ke fai ha feinga lelei.”

Naʻe tui ʻa Coubertin ko e kau ʻi he feʻauhi fakatupu moʻuileleí ʻe lava ke langa hake ai ha tuʻunga lelei fakaeʻulungaanga, fakatupu ha fakafuofua lelei, pea pouaki ʻa e ʻulungaanga totonú. Naʻe aʻu ʻo ne lea ʻo kau ki ha ‘lotu ʻa e sipotí.’ Ko e ngaahi ʻOlimipikí, naʻá ne fakapapauʻi, ʻe lava ke akoʻi ai ʻa e kakaí ke nau nofo melino.

Ka ʻi he aʻu mai ki he taimi naʻe mate ai ʻa Coubertin ʻi he 1937, naʻe mole atu ai ha ngaahi ʻamanaki pē ʻi he fekauʻaki mo e meʻá ni. Ne ʻosi tuku fakataimi ʻa e ngaahi sipotí ki muʻa koeʻuhi ko ha tau ʻa e māmaní, pea naʻe langaʻi hake ai ʻa e ngaahi taʻemanongá ki ha toe vākovi lahi ʻe taha. ʻI he ʻahó ni, ko e ngaahi taumuʻa ʻa e ʻOlimipikí ʻoku nau toe ʻi he tuʻunga fakatuʻutāmaki lahi ange. Ko e hā ʻoku pehē ai ení?

Ko e Ngaahi ʻOlimipikí mo e Ngaahi Faitoʻo Kona Tapú

ʻI he laui hongofuluʻi taʻu kuo ngāueʻaki ai ʻe he kau ʻatelitá ʻa e ngaahi faitoʻo kona tapu ʻoku fakalahiʻi ai ʻenau lavameʻá ke maʻu ai ha tuʻunga māʻolunga fakaefeʻauhi, pea ʻoku ʻikai ke hao ʻa e Ngaahi Sipoti ʻOlimipikí mei he faingataʻa ko ení. Ko e moʻoni, ʻi he taimí ni, ko e taʻu ia ʻe 25 hili ʻa hono kamata ʻo ha fakakaukau ki hono sivi fefeka ʻo e faitoʻo kona tapú, ko hono ngāueʻaki ʻo e ngaahi kemikale ʻoku tapuí ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo e kau ʻatelita he ʻOlimipikí ʻoku hokohoko atu pē ʻene hoko ko ha palopalemá.

ʻOku hanga ʻa e kau ʻatelita ʻe niʻihi ki he sitēloití ke maʻu mei ai ha ʻaonga. ʻOku ngāueʻaki ʻe he niʻihi kehe ʻa e ngaahi faitoʻo fakatupu mālohi. ʻOku manakoa ʻa e ngaahi hōmone ki he tupu ʻa e tangatá ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo e kau lele nounoú pea mo e kau ʻatelita mālohi kehe koeʻuhi ʻoku nau tokoniʻi ʻa e kau ʻatelitá ke nau toe ake vave ʻi he hili haʻanau fakamālohi sino lahi, pea ʻoku nau tokoni ki he mālohi ʻa e uouá. Lolotonga iá, ko e founga ʻo hono liliuʻi fakakēnisi ʻo e erythropoietin ʻa e faitoʻo kona tapu ko ia ʻoku manakoa ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo e kau lele lōloa, kau kakau, mo e kau sikī tokolahi ʻi he tafa fonuá, koeʻuhi ʻokú ne fakalahiʻi ʻenau kātakí ʻaki ʻene fakalanga ʻa hono faʻu ʻo e sela toto kulokulá.

ʻOku mahinongofua, ʻa hono ui ʻe Toketā Robert Voy, ko e talēkita ki muʻa ʻo e sivi faitoʻo kona tapu ki he Kōmiti ʻOlimipiki U.S., ʻa e kau ʻatelitá “ko ha lepi ʻoku luelue.” ʻOkú ne toe tānaki mai: “Kuo hoko ʻa e ngaahi ʻolimipikí ko ha feituʻu faiʻanga ʻahiʻahi ia ki he kau faisaienisí, kau kēmisí mo e kau toketā ʻoku ʻikai tauhi ʻa e ʻulungaanga tāú.” Fēfē ʻa e sivi ʻo e faitoʻo kona tapú? Ko Toketā Donald Catlin, ko e talēkita ʻo ha lepi sivi faitoʻo kona tapu ʻi he ʻIunaite Seteté, ʻokú ne pehē: “Ko e tokotaha ʻatelita ʻiloʻilo ko ia ʻoku loto ke ne ngāueʻaki ʻa e ngaahi faitoʻo kona tapú, kuo maliu ia ki he ngaahi meʻa ʻoku ʻikai lava ke mau sivi ʻo ʻilo.”

Totongi Fufū mo e Fakameleʻi

Koeʻuhi ko ha ngaahi kolo siʻi pē ʻoku lava ke nau peti ki hono fai ʻa e talitali ʻo e ngaahi ʻOlimipikí, ko e niʻihi ʻo kinautolu te nau fai ha meʻa pē ke maluʻi ʻa e meʻa ʻoku fakahokó. ʻI he meimei taʻu ʻe ua kuohilí, ko e International Olympic Committee (IOC) naʻe fihia tonu ia ʻi ha meʻa fakamā. Ko e ngaahi fokotuʻu atu ʻo e ngaahi totongi fufū naʻe aʻu ki he US$400,000 ʻa ia naʻe totongi ki he kau mēmipa IOC lolotonga ʻa e peti fakaʻosi ʻi Salt Lake City ki he Ngaahi Sipoti Faʻahitaʻu Momoko 2002 ʻo fehuʻia ai ʻa e ngaahi tuʻunga fakaeʻulungaanga ʻo e faʻahinga naʻe kau ʻi hono fili ʻa e feituʻu ke fai aí.

Ko e faikehekehe ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e anga-talitali kakaí mo e totongi fufū hangatonú ʻoku faʻa hoko ʻo faingataʻa ke ʻiloʻi ia ʻi hono foaki ʻe he ngaahi kolo talitalí ʻa e ngaahi meʻaʻofa lahi fau ki he faʻahinga ko ē ʻoku nau fili ʻa e feituʻú. Naʻe aʻu ki he kau mēmipa ʻe toko 20 ʻo e IOC naʻa nau kau ki he meʻa fakamā ko ia ʻi Salt Lake City, pea naʻe faifai pē ʻo kapusi ʻa e toko 6 ʻo kinautolu. Ki he Ngaahi Sipoti ʻo e 2000 ʻi ʻAositelēliá, ko e ngaahi feinga kotoa ke tauhi ha fakakaukau ʻikai kākaá ne mole ia ʻi he taimi naʻe fakahaaʻi ai ʻe he palesiteni ʻo e Kōmiti ʻOlimipiki ʻa ʻAositelēliá: “Ko ia, naʻe ʻikai te mau ikunaʻi [ʻa e petí] ʻi he fakaʻofoʻofa ʻo e koló pea mo e ngaahi langa ki he sipotí naʻe pau ke mau fai ha foaki tonu ki ai.”

Ko e ngaahi founga moʻui toloveka ʻa e niʻihi ʻo e kau mēmipa māʻolunga ʻo e IOC kuó ne toe langaʻi lahi ʻa e veiveiuá. Ko e pule Suisalani ki muí ni ʻo e Kautaha ʻAʻalo Fakavahaʻapuleʻangá, ko Tommy Keller, naʻá ne pehē ʻi he taimi ʻe taha, ʻi heʻene vakaí ko e kau ʻōfisa sipoti ʻe niʻihi ʻoku nau sio ki he ngaahi ʻOlimipikí ko ha ngaahi founga ia ʻo hono “fakahoko ʻenau loto-hīkisia fakafoʻituitui pē ʻanautolú.” Naʻá ne tānaki mai ki ai ko e foʻi mālohi ʻokú ne teké ʻoku hā ngali “ko e tuli ki he paʻangá pea mo e fakahoko ʻo e ngaahi taumuʻa fakafoʻituituí.”

Fakamāketi Longomoʻui

ʻOku ʻikai ha taha ʻe lava ke ne fakaʻikaiʻi ʻoku kau ki he ngaahi ʻOlimipikí ʻa e fuʻu paʻanga lahi ʻaupito. ʻI ha founga hokohoko, kuo nau fakatupu ha peseti lahi ʻi he mata televīsoné pea mo e ngaahi tuʻuaki fakatupu paʻanga lahi ʻi he letioó pe televīsoné, ʻo ʻai ʻa e tuʻunga siponisā ʻo e ngaahi sipotí ko ha meʻangāue fakamāketi lahi fakaʻulia.

Fakakaukau atu ki he ngaahi ʻOlimipiki ʻo e 1988, ʻa ia naʻe totongi ai ʻe he ngaahi kautaha ʻi he ngaahi fonua kehekehe ʻe hiva ha paʻanga fakakātoa lahi hake he US$100 milioná ki he IOC maʻá e ngaahi totonu fakamāketi ʻi māmani lahí. Ko e Ngaahi Sipoti Faʻahitaʻu Māfana ʻo e 1996 ʻi Atlanta naʻe ʻoatu ai ha fakakātoa ʻo e paʻanga ʻe $400 miliona ki he ngaahi totonu tatau. Pea ʻoku ʻikai ke kau ki ai ʻa e ngaahi totonu fakaetelevīsoné. Ko ha netiueka TV ʻAmelika naʻá ne totongi ʻo laka hake ʻi he $3.5 pilioná ki he ngaahi totonu ki hono fakamafola ʻa e Ngaahi Sipoti ʻOlimipikí ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e 2000 mo e 2008, pea naʻe līpooti ʻo pehē laka hake ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi taʻu ʻe fā, ʻe pau ke totongi ai ʻe ha kau siponisā ʻe 11 ʻi māmani lahi ʻa e taki paʻanga ʻe $84 miliona. Ko ia ai, kuo fakahaaʻi ʻe he kakai ʻe niʻihi ʻa e fakakaukau ʻo pehē lolotonga naʻe fakafofongaʻi ʻe he ngaahi ʻOlimipikí ʻa e taumuʻa ki ha tuʻunga lelei ʻaupito ʻa e tangatá, ʻi he ʻahó ni ko e ngaahi sipotí ko ha faingamālie tefito ia ki he fakatupu paʻangá ʻa ia ʻokú ne fakaʻilongaʻi ʻa e mānumanu ʻa e tangatá.

Ko e Hā Naʻe Fehālaakí?

ʻOku pehē ʻe he kau mataotao ʻe niʻihi ko e tuʻunga fakatuʻutāmaki ʻo e ngaahi ʻOlimipikí ʻe lava ke fakatotoloʻi ia ʻo maʻu ki he ongo kī ʻo e meʻa ʻe ua ʻoku hoko ʻa ia naʻe kamata ʻi he muʻaki ngaahi taʻu 1980 tupú. Ko e ʻuluakí ko e fili ko ia ke foaki ki he ngaahi kautaha sipoti tāutaha fakavahaʻapuleʻangá ʻa e totonu ke nau fakapapauʻi ʻa e kau ʻatelita ko ia naʻe taau ki he ngaahi ʻOlimipikí. Neongo naʻe fakangatangata ʻi ha taimi ʻe he IOC ʻa e kau ki aí ki he kau ʻamatuá pē, naʻe kamata leva ʻe he ngaahi kautahá ke fakaʻatā ʻa e kau ʻatelita palōfesinalé ke nau feʻauhi ʻi heʻenau ngaahi ʻiveni makehe ʻi he ʻOlimipikí. Ka naʻe haʻu fakataha ʻa e kau ʻatelita palōfesinalé mo ʻenau ngaahi ongoʻi fakapalōfesinale. Ko e ‘fai ʻa e feinga lelei’ peé ʻoku ʻikai te ne ʻomai ha ngaahi tola lahi ʻi hono fakafofongaʻi ʻo ha kautaha, pea naʻe ʻikai ke fuoloa kuo hoko ʻa e ikuná ko e meʻa mahuʻinga tahá ia. ʻOku ʻikai ha ofo, ʻi hono fakavaveʻi ʻe he meʻa ko iá ʻa hono ngāueʻaki ʻo e ngaahi faitoʻo kona tapu ʻokú ne fakalahiʻi ʻa e lavameʻá.

Ko e kī hono ua ʻo e meʻa ʻoku hokó naʻe hū mai ia ʻi he 1983 ʻi he taimi naʻe kumi ai ʻa e IOC ke maʻu ha tupu ʻi he meʻa naʻe ui ʻe heʻene mataotao ʻi he fakamāketí “ko e fakatātā ʻoku ʻikai lava ke ngāueʻaki ʻoku mahuʻinga taha ʻi he māmaní”—ko e ngaahi foʻi laine fuopotopoto ʻo e ʻOlimipikí. Naʻe fakatupunga ʻe he meʻá ni ʻa e tuʻunga ʻo e ngaahi founga fakakomēsiale taʻemapuleʻi ʻa ia ʻoku hoko ko e fakaʻilonga ʻo e ngaahi ʻOlimipikí. Naʻe pehē ʻe Jason Zengerle: “Neongo ʻa e talanoa kotoa ʻo fekauʻaki mo hono pouaki ʻa e melinó mo hono ʻomai ke fakataha ʻa e kakai ʻo e māmaní . . . , ko e ngaahi ʻOlimipikí ʻoku ʻikai moʻoni te nau kehe mei ha . . . toe fakahāhā fakangalingali sipoti pē.” Ko ia ai, ʻoku ʻuhinga ení, ko e ngaahi taumuʻa naʻe fokotuʻu ʻe he ngaʻunu ʻa e ʻOlimipikí ʻoku ʻikai ala maaʻusia?

[Puha/Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 5]

ʻŪ MOʻONI FEKAUʻAKI MO E NGAAHI ʻOLIMIPIKÍ

→ Ko e fakaʻilonga ʻOlimipikí ʻoku kau ki ai ʻa e ngaahi foʻi laine fuopotopoto ʻe nima, ʻokú ne fakafofongaʻi ʻa e ngaahi konitinēniti ʻo ʻAfilika, ʻĒsia, ʻAositelēlia, ʻIulope, mo ʻAmelika Noate mo Saute. ʻOku fakafehokotaki kinautolu ke fakatātaaʻi ʻa e tuʻunga fakakaumeʻa fakaesipoti ʻa e kakaí kotoa.

→ Ko e moto ʻo e ʻOlimipikí ko e Citius, Altius, Fortius​—ko e faka-Latina ia ki he “vave ange, māʻolunga ange, toʻa ange.” Ko e liliu ʻe taha ko e “oma ange, māʻolunga ange, mālohi ange” naʻe faʻu ia ʻe ha faiako mei Falanisē.

→ Ko e ulo ʻa e afi ʻOlimipikí naʻe tutu ia ʻi he ʻōlita ʻo Siusí lolotonga ʻa e ngaahi sipoti ʻi onoʻahó. ʻI he ʻahó ni, ʻoku tutu ai ha foʻi ama ʻe he ngaahi huelo ʻo e laʻaá ʻi ʻOlimipia, pea ʻoku toki ʻomai leva mei ai ki he feituʻu ʻoku fai ai ʻa e ngaahi sipotí.

→ Ko e talatukufakaholo ʻo e ʻOlimipikí ʻoku laui mileniume ʻa hono motuʻá. Ko e ʻuluaki Ngaahi Sipoti ʻOlimipiki naʻe lēkōtí naʻe fakahoko ia ʻi he 776 K.M., ka ʻoku pehē ʻe he tokolahi ko e tupuʻanga ʻo e ngaahi sipotí ʻoku toe aʻu atu ia ʻo ʻikai siʻi hifo ʻi he senituli ʻe nima ki muʻa ʻi he taimi ko iá.

[Maʻuʻanga]

AP Photo/Eric Draper

[Puha/Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 6]

FAIʻANGA ʻOLIMIPIKI ʻI SENEÉ

Talu mei Sepitema 1993, ʻi he taimi naʻe ikunaʻi ai ʻe Senē ʻa e peti ki he Ngaahi Sipoti ʻOlimipiki 2000, naʻe teuteu vave mo hohaʻa ai ʻa e koló ke talitali ʻa e kau ʻaʻahi ʻa ia ko honau tokolahí ʻe aʻu ki he laui manó. Naʻe fai ʻa e ngāue lahi ke fakamaʻa ʻa e feituʻú, langa ʻa e ngaahi nofoʻanga sīpinga māʻolunga, pea liliu ʻa e ngaahi lingiʻanga veve motuʻá ki ha ngaahi feituʻu kelekele lelei hokohoko, ngaahi paʻake, mo e ngaahi halanga vai, ʻa ia ʻokú ne ʻufiʻufi ʻa e ʻeka ʻe 1,900.

Ko e Kolo ʻOlimipiki Seneé, naʻe langa ia ke nofo ai ʻa e kau ʻatelitá mo e kau ʻōfisialé kotoa, ko e kolo fakalele ivi-sola lahi taha ia ʻi he māmaní. Ko e SuperDome​—ʻa e senitā faiʻanga sipoti mo e fakafiefia ʻi loto, lahi taha ʻi he Hemisifia faka-Tongá—ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e meʻa ʻokú ne tufaki atu ʻa e ivi-sola tāutaha lahi taha ʻi ʻAositelēliá, pea ʻoku lele ia he ivi ʻa ia ʻoku faʻu ai ʻa e kasa ʻoku meimei ʻikai ke tupu ai ʻa e mafana ʻa e ʻea ʻo e māmaní.

ʻOku ʻiloa ʻi he tafaʻaki langi ʻi mui he SuperDome ʻa e ngaahi laine ngaofe mo e ngaahi pimi fetuiaki ʻo e Sitētiume ʻOlimipikí. Naʻe feʻunga mo e US$435,000,000 ʻa hono langá pea ko e sitētiume ʻOlimipiki lahi taha ia ʻi he māmaní, ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e tangutuʻanga ʻe 110,000. ʻE lava ha ngaahi vakapuna Boeing 747 ʻe fā ke tau fakataha ʻi lalo ʻi he ʻāleso tefito ʻo e sitētiumé! ʻI ʻolungá, ʻoku maluʻi ai ʻe ha taila ʻato ʻoku ʻasi mai ai ʻa e māmá ʻa e kau mamatá mei he ngaahi huelo ʻutala vaioleti ʻo e laʻaá. “ʻI ha māhina ʻe ua ʻi he 2000,” ko e lau ia ʻa Alan Patching, ko e pule ʻo e sitētiumé, “ʻe hoko ai ʻa e feituʻú ni ko e konga mahuʻinga taha ia ʻo ʻAositelēliá.” Naʻá ne fakatoʻotoʻa leva ʻo fai ha tala ki muʻa: “ʻI he hili iá ʻe hoko ia ko ha fakaʻilonga, ʻo hangē ko e Opera House.”

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 4]

Pāloni Pierre de Coubertin

[Maʻuʻanga]

Culver Pictures

[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Tā ʻi he peesi 7]

AP Photo/ACOG, HO