Imuzeezo oyu Wanjila Muzikombelo zya Kujwe
“Ndakali kuyeeya kuti ciyiisyo cakutafwika kwabuumi cilizuminidwe koonse-koonse abantu boonse. Aboobo ndakagambwa kapati kujana kuti ibasongo bamwi ba Kujwe alimwi a Kumbo balaukazya kapati muzeezo oyu. Lino ndilalibuzya mbuli muzeezo oyu mbuwakatalika kutobelwa aba Hindu.”—SICIKOLO WAKU YUNIVESITI WALO WAKAKOMENENA MUCIKOMBELO CABA HINDU.
1. Ino luzibo lwakutalika alimwi akumwaigwa kwanjiisyo yakutafwika kwabantu iili muzikombelo zinji tweelede kukuzyibila nzi?
INO muzeezo oyo wakuti muntu ulaa buumi butafwiki wakanjila-njila buti mubukombi bwaba Hindu alimwi amubukombi bumwi bwa Kujwe? Oyu mubuzyo ulabajatikizya nobaba baabo bali Kumbo ibanga kabatabuzi bukombi obu nkaambo ilusyomo olu lujatikizya nzila njabulanga buumi bwakumbele muntu amuntu. Akaambo kakuti ciiyisyo cakutafwika kwamuntu ncecipati muzikombelo zinji sunu, ikuziba mbuli mbucakatalika kulakonzya kupa kuti kube kuteelela kabotu alimwi akubandika.
2. Nkaambo nzi cisi ca India ncobwali busena bwalikuyunga kapati kumakani aabukombi mu Asia?
2 Professor waziiyo zyabukombi ku Yunivesiti yaku Lancaster mu Britain wazina lya Ninian Smart waamba kuti: “Ibusena bwalikuyunga kapati kumakani aabukombi mu Asia cali cisi ca India. Eci tacili buyo akaambo kakuti mucisi ca India mumwakatalika zikombelo zili mbozibede mbuli zyaba Hindu, ba Buda, ba Jaini, ba Sikhi azimwi-zimwi pele nkaambo kakuti muuya wacomwe cazikombelo ezi icaba Buda wakanjila muzilengwa zyamu zisi zyoonse zili mu Asia nkwiili Kujwe.” Umwi haabupampu mu Hindu wazina lya Nikhilananda waamba kuti, izisi zinji zyakayungwa munzila eyi “zicilanga cisi ca India kuti ngomunzi wabo munzila yakumuuya.” Ino ono ciyiisyo eci cakutafwika cakanjila buti mu India alimwi amumasena ambi aamu Asia?
Iciyiisyo Caba Hindu Cakuzyalululwa
3. Ikweelana asikwiiya zyakaindi umwi, nguni ulangilwa kuti nguwakatola muzeezo ku India wakuti lufwu nkwiinda buyo kuya kubuumi bumbi?
3 Mumwaanda wamyaka wacisambomwi B.C.E., ciindi Pythagoras abasikumutobela bamucisi caba Giliki nobakali kusumpula ciyiisyo cakuti lufwu nkwiinda buyo kuya kubuumi bumbi, abalo bama Hindu ibakali kukkala mumbali-mbali aankomwe zyamilonga ya Indus a Ganges mu India bakali kusumpula ciyiisyo nciconya. Sikwiiya zyakaindi Arnold Toynbee waamba kuti ikusumpulwa kwalusyomo olu aciindi nciconya “mucisi caba Giliki alimwi amu India teekwakacitika buyo cakutaziba pe.” Tonybee waamba kuti, “Icintu comwe cilangilwa kuti ncecakaleta [muuya oyu] ninkamu yabantu bamisyobo yamu Europe alimwi amu Asia iyakanyina cilawo cisitikide cakukkala iyakali kwiide kweendeenda yalo mumwaanda wamyaka wa 8 a 7 yakasikide mu India, South-Western Asia, icisi cili mumweezi mumbali-mbali aankomwe yakunyika ya Black Sea antoomwe atunyika tulekede aniini kuba nsumbu twaku Balkana alimwi aku Anatolian.” Kuboneka kuti misyobo eyi noyakali kulonga ikuya ku India yakabwezelezyaa muzeezo wakuti lufwu nkwiinda buyo kuya kubuumi bumbi.
4. Nkaambo nzi oyu muzeezo wakuti lufwu ninzila buyo yakuya kubuumi bumbi ncowakabakkomanisya bama Hindu?
4 Ibukombi bwaci Hindu bwakatalika kaindi mu India ciindi noyakasika misyobo imbi yamu India iisangene ayaku Europe kautandila kusika mwaka wa 1500 B.C.E. Ikuzwa kumatalikilo, ibukombi bwaci Hindu bwakali kusyoma kuti buumi bulaandeene amubili akuti tabufwi pe. Aboobo iba Hindu bakali kukomba mizimo alimwi bakali kwiibikkila cakulya kuti ilye. Nokwakainda myaanda yamyaka iili mbwiibede iciindi nowakasika mu India muzeezo wakuti buumi bulakonzya kuzwa akuya mucintu cimbi muntu afwa, oyu weelede kuti wakabakkomanisya ba Hindu ibakali kukatazyigwaa penzi lyabubi buli munyika yoonse alimwi akupenga akati kabantu. Nobakasanganya muzeezo oyu antoomwe ayooyo wiitwa kuti mulawo wa Karma, imulawo wakuti kwiina cintu cilicitikila buyo kakunyina ciletelezya, iba Hindu bakasumpula ciyiisyo cakuzyalululwa calo caamba kuti izintu zibotu azibyaabi zicitwa mubuumi bumwi zilalumbulwa naa kusubulwa mubuumi butobela.
5. Ikweelana abukombi bwaba Hindu, makanze nzi aamamanino aabuumi?
5 Pele kwakali muzeezo aumbi wakali kukulwaizya ciyiisyo caba Hindu cijatikizya buumi. Ibbuku lya Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics lyaamba kuti, “kuboneka kuti aciindi nciconya nocakatalika ciyiisyo cakuti lufwu nkwiinda buyo kuya kubuumi bumbi alimwi aca karma, naa nozyatakaina talikwa ezi, kwakali aumbi muzeezo wakali kusumpulwa asyoonto-syoonto ku N. India—imuzeezo wabasibusongo wa Brahman-Ātman [Brahman imupati kwiinda alimwi walyoonse alyoonse, uulaa buumi busumpukide kapati].” Oyu muzeezo wakasanganizigwaa ciyiisyo cakuzyalululwa ikutegwa kupandululwe mbaakani ini-ini njobalangila kusika ba Hindu—ilwaanguluko kuzwa mumulongo wakupona buumi bumbi lyoonse akuba muntu ulaa buumi busumpukide kapati. Iba Hindu basyoma kuti iciimo eci cilakonzya kujanwa kwiinda mukusoleka kubaa bukkale bubotu alimwi akubaa luzibo lwaalubazu lwaba Hindu.
6, 7. Ino bama Hindu basunu basyoma buti kujatikizya Buumi buzumanana muntu afwa?
6 Aboobo ibaalumi basongo bama Hindu bakacinca muzeezo oyu wakuti lufwu nkwiinda buyo kuya kubuumi bumbi akuubamba kuti ibe njiisyo yakuzyalululwa kwiinda mukusanganya mulawo wa Karma alimwi amuzeezo wa Brahman. Sikupegwa Bulumbu bwakweema Octavio Paz alimwi iwakali mwiiminizi wacisi ca India ku Mexico wakalemba kuti: “Mbubwenya mbobwakali kuyabukomena bukombi bwaci Hindu acalo ciyiisyo cakali kuya bukomena . . . icakali kuyandika kapati mubukombi bwa Brahman, bwaba Buda alimwi abumwi-bumwi bukombi bwamu Asia: ikuzwa kwabuumi muntu nafwa akuya kuli bumbi butobelana.”
7 Injiisyo yakuzyalululwa nempati mubukombi bwaci Hindu sunu. Nikhilananda, sibusongo mu Hindu waamba kuti: “Ikwaamba kuti buumi butafwiki tabujanwi abantu basyoonto buyo basalidwe pele kuti ncikono cabantu boonse, ndolusyomo lwamu Hindu oonse uulyaabide.”
Imulongo Wakuzyalululwa Mubukombi Bwaba Buda
8-10. (a) Ino bukombi bwaba Buda bukupandulula buti kupona? (b) Ino umwi haabupampu mu Buda ukupandulula buti kuzyalululwa?
8 Ibukombi bwaba Buda bwakatalikila mu India kaitandila kusika 500 B.C.E. Ikweelanaa busyomi bwaba Buda, imwanaa mwami imu India wazina lya Siddhārtha Gautama walo wakazyoozibwa kuti Budha naakapegwa luzibo, ngowakatalisya bukombi bwaba Buda. Mbwaanga bwakazwa mubukombi bwaba Hindu, iziyiisyo zyambubo zilakozyanya-kozyanya azyaba Hindu. Ikweelana abukombi bwaba Buda, ikupona kwamuntu ncintu cizumanana mukuzyalululwa kunji alimwi akufwa alimwi mbubwenya mbuli mubukombi bwaba Hindu, iciimo camuntu-amuntu ncajisi lino ciyabuyo mbuli micito yakwe mbuyakabede mubuumi bwakwe bwamusyule.
9 Pele iba Buda, ikupona tabakupandululi munzila yakuti mbuumi buzwa muntu afwa. Arnold Toynbee waamba kuti, “[Buddha] wakabona kuti mumuntu kuli buyo mulongo waziimo zimwi zitajiseni pe zyalo ziswaanganizigwa buyo aakulombozya.” Pele Buddha wakali kusyoma kuti cimwi cintu—iciimo naa nguzu—zilazwa kubuumi bumwi kuya kulibumbi. Dr. Walpola Rahula syaabupampu mu Buda upandulula kuti:
10 “Imuntu ncintu buyo cisanganizidwe nguzu zyakumubili azyakumizeezo. Ncotwaamba kuti lufwu nkutabelekela limwi buya kwamubili. Sena nguzu zyoonse ezi zilekela limwi buya kubeleka waleka kubeleka mubili? Ibukombi bwaba Buda bwaamba kuti ‘Peepe.’ Ikulombozya, ikuyandisisya kupona, ikuzumanana kupona, ikuzyalululwa ziindi zinji ninguzu zini-zini zikwelelezya buumi boonse, buponi boonse, izikwelelezya anyika yoonse. Ezi nenguzu ziinda zyoonse, iziinda munyika. Ikweelanaa bukombi bwaba Buda, ezi nguzu tazileki pe kubeleka waleka kupona mubili, noufwa; pele zilazumanana kulitondezya muciimo cimbi, akupona alimwi calo caambwa kuti kuzyalululwa.”
11. Ino ba Buda basyoma buti kujatikizya Buumi buzumanana muntu afwa?
11 Imuzeezo waba Buda wa Buumi buzumanana muntu afwa ngooyu: Ikupona takujisi mamanino pe ccita kuti muntu wasika ambaakani yamamanino ya Nirvana, ilwaanguluko kuzwa kumulongo wakuzyalululwa lyoonse. Nirvana nciimo cimwi citali cakutangala kutamani alimwi citali cakupona akuba muntu uulaa buumi busumpukide kapati. Nciimo cakutapona—“kubusena kutafwiki” iciinda ciimo cakupona buyo kwamuntu. Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary ipandulula “Nirvana” kuti “mbusena naa ciimo ikutalanganizigwa, ikunyina macise naa ikutakwe buumi.” Muciindi cakulangaula buumi butafwiki, iba Buda bakulwaizigwa kwiinda aciimo cakutafwika akujana Nirvana.
12-14. Ino misyobo yaandeene-andeene yabukombi bwaci Buda yuutondezya buti muzeezo wakutafwika?
12 Ibukombi bwaba Buda nobwakasakanina mumasena manji mu Asia, bwakacinca ziyiisyo zyambubo ikutegwa bweendelane azilengwa zimwi zinyenzi. Mucikozyanyo, ibukombi bwaba Buda ibutegwa Mahayana, ibudumide kapati mu China alimwi amu Japan, busyoma mubantu baitwa kuti ma bodhisattva naa ibayooba bama Buda kumbele. Aba bantu balalilesya kunjila mu Nirvana kwiinda mukuzyalululwa kuli mbokubede ikutegwa babelekele bamwi akubagwasya kujana Nirvana. Aboobo muntu ulakonzya kusala kuzumanana kuzyalululwa nokuba kuti waijana kale Nirvana.
13 Ikucinca kumbi kwakazyooyunga kapati mu China alimwi amu Japan nkwanjiisyo ya Nyika Iisalala ya Kumbo yakaletwaa Buddha Amitabha naa Amida. Aabo bakomba muzina lya Buddha cakusyomeka balazyalululwa mu Nyika Iisalala naa paradaiso mwalo imuli bukkale bubotu ibukonzya kupa kuti kujanwe ciimo camamanino cilongezyedwe. Ncinzi cacitika akaambo kaciyiisyo eci? Professor Smart, iwaambwa kumatalikilo upandulula kuti: “Mbuli mbokweelede, ibubotu bwaparadaiso ibupanduludwe kabotu-kabotu mumagwalo aa Mahayana bwakabweza busena bwa nirvana mukweezyeezya kudumide kwakuti nembaakani iisumpukide.”
14 Ibukombi bwaba Buda bwa Tibetan bulasanganizya azilengwa zimbi zinyenzi. Mucikozyanyo, ibbuku lyabafwide lya Tibetan lipandulula mamanino aamuntu uuli muciimo caakati-kati katanazyalululwa. Kwaambwa kuti ibafwu balamunikwa amumuni uumweka kapati wabuumi busumpukide elyo abo bakomwaa mumumuni oyu tabaangululwi pe, pele balazyalululwa. Icakutadooneka, ibukombi bwaba Buda mumisyobo yambubo yaandeene-andeene bupa muzeezo wakutafwika.
Ikukomba Mizimo Mucikombelo Caba Shinto mu Japan
15-17. (a) Ino bukombi bwamizimo bwakakomena buti mubukombi bwaba Shinto? (b) Ino busyomi bwakutafwika mbupati buti mubukombi bwaba Shinto?
15 Ibukombi bwakaliko mu Japan kacitanasika cikombelo caba Buda mumwaanda wamyaka wacisambomwi C.E. Bwakali bukombi bwakanyina zina alimwi bwakajisi busyomi buswaangene abukkale alimwi azilengwa zyabantu. Nokuba boobo, nobakasika ba Buda kwakayandika kwaandaanya akati kabukombi bwabana Japan alimwi aboobo bweenzu. Aboobo bukombi butegwa “Shinto” bwakatalika, izina lyaamba kuti “nzyobayanda baleza.”
16 Ino ba Shinto bakusaanguna bakali kusyoma nzi kujatikizya Buumi buzumanana muntu afwa? Nobwakatalika bulimi bwamupunga mumyeezi, Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan ipandululula kuti, “obu bulimi bwamumyeezi bwakapa kuti kube minzi yabantu iisitikide alimwi azilengwa zyabulimi—zyalo izyakabeleka kapati kumbele mubukombi bwaba Shinto—zyakazyootalisigwa.” Akaambo kakuyoowa bantu bafwide cakapa kuti aba bantu bansiku babe azilengwa zyakupiilila mizimo yabo. Eci cakapa kuti kube bukombi bwamizimo.
17 Ikweelanaa kusyoma kwaba Shinto, imuntu “uufwide” ucicijisi ciimo cakwe pele cilidamide akaambo kalufwu. Iciindi abo bafwidwa nobacita zilengwa zyamweesyo, obu buumi bulasalazigwa kusika aciimo cakugwisya luciso loonse akubaa bukkale bwaluumuno alimwi bubotu. Muciindi, oyu muzimo ulasumpuka kusika aciimo cakuba kaleza. Ibukombi bwaba Shinto mbubwakaliko aciindi nciconya lyakali cikombelo caba Buda bwakasanganya ziyiisyo zimwi zyaba Buda kubikkilizyaa njiisyo yaparadaiso. Aboobo tujana kuti ikusyoma mukutafwika ncicipati mubukombi bwaba Shinto.
Ikutafwika Mubukombi bwa Tao,
Ikukomba Mizimo Mubukombi bwa Confucian
18. Ino bama Tao bayeeya buti kujatikizya kutafwika?
18 Ibukombi bwa Tao bwakatalikwaa Lao-tzu, walo uyeeyelwa kuti wakali kupona mumwaanda wamyaka wacisambomwi B.C.E. mu China. Ikweelana abukombi bwa Tao, imakanze aabuumi nkweendelanya milimo yamuntu aya Tao—inzila yazilenge, mbuli malundu, masamu, mwezi azimwi-zimwi zyoonse. Imuzeezo waba Tao kujatikizya kutafwika ulakonzya kwaambwa munzila eyi: Tao ngoweendelezya mujulu aansi. Tao tajisi matalikilo alimwi tajisi mamanino. Ikwiinda mukupona kweelana a Tao, imuntu ulatola lubazu muli Tao elyo ulapona kusika kutamani.
19-21. Nkusoleka nzi kwakacitwa akaambo kakuyeeya kwaba Tao?
19 Mukusoleka kuti bakamantane azilenge, iba Tao bakabikkila kapati maanu mukubula mamanino kwazyo alimwi akukonzya nkozikonzya kubukuluka naa kucinca kuti kwayandika. Bakali kuyeeyela kuti ambweni kwiinda mukupona kweendelanaa Tao naa azilenge, imuntu ulakonzya kubaa coolwe cakujana maseseke aazilenge zyamujulu aansi akuba muntu uutakwe ntenda, uutaciswi nokuba kufwa.
20 Iba Tao bakasaanguna kusoleka kubikkila maanu kuzintu mbuli kuzinzibala kuyeeya, kuyoya alimwi azyakulya, zyalo ziyeeyelwa kuti zyakali kukonzya kumusya kucembaala kwamubili alimwi akufwa. Muciindi kwakatalikwa kumvwugwa twaano tujatikizya bantu batafwiki bakali kuuluka mumakumbi. Aaba bakali kulibonya akuzimaana kufwumbwa bayanda. Ibakali kukkala mumalundu aasetekene naa munsumbu zyakulaale kwamyaka iitabaliki alimwi bakali kuponenaa mume naa micelo yamasalamuzi. Imakani aazyakaindi aabana China aluula kuti mu 219 B.C.E., imwami Ch’in Shih Huang Ti wakatuma mato aajisi basankwa abasimbi ibali 3,000 ikuti bakajane nsumbu ya P’eng-lai yamucaano ikukkala bantu batafwi kutegwa bajole musamu oyu wakutafwika. Aino kunyina nobakauleta musamu oyu wakali kutegwa ngwakoongola.
21 Akaambo kakuyandaula buumi butamani cakapa kuti bana Tao basoleke mapiilusi aakutafwika avwelenganizidwe aa alchemy. Ikweelana ambubayeeya bana Tao, ibuumi buba ciindi nguzu zikazyanya zya yin a yang (mwanakazi amwaalumi) noziswaangana. Aboobo kwiinda mukusanganya lead (mubala uusiya-siya naa yin) amekyuri (uubalangala naa yang) aba basimisamu bakali kwiiya mbozyeenda zilenge alimwi bakali kuyeeya kuti icitikajanike ndipiilusi lyakutafwika.
22. Ncinzi cakacitika akaambo kakuyunga kwaba Buda mubukombi bwaba Chainizi?
22 Ikusika mumwaanda wamyaka waciloba C.E., ibukombi bwaba Buda bwakanjila mubukombi bwaba Chainizi. Icakacitika ncakuti kwakaba kuswaangana kwaziyiisyo zyaba Buda alimwi akukomba mizimo. Professor Smart waamba kuti, “Ibukombi bwaba Buda alimwi abwaba Tao bwakalitondezya kuti bulasyoma kuti kuli buumi buzumanana muntu afwa calo catakali kulibonya kapati pe mubukombi bwamizimo bwansiku bwaba Chainizi.”
23. Ino Confucius wakali kubulanga buti bukombi bwamizimo?
23 Confucius, sibusongo umbi wakadumide mu China mumwaanda wamyaka wacisambomwi B.C.E., walo wakajisi ciyiisyo cakatalisya bukombi bwaci Confucius tanaakaamba zinji pe kujatikizya Buumi buzumanana muntu afwa. Pele wakali kukankaizya ikubaa bukkale bubotu mbobayanda bantu. Pesi wakali kubuyanda bukombi bwamizimo elyo wakali kukankaizya kapati kulemeka zilengwa ziswaangeene amizimo yabafwide.
Izikombelo Zimbi zya Kujwe
24. Ino bukombi bwaba Jaini buyiisya nzi kujatikizya buumi?
24 Icikombelo caba Jaini cakatalikila mu India mumwaanda wamyaka wacisambomwi B.C.E. Mahāvīra, iwakacitalisya wakali kuyiisya kuti zintu zyoonse zipona zilijisi buumi butafwiki alimwi akuti lufwutuko lwazintu ezi kuzwa kubuzike bwa Karma lulakonzyeka kwiinda mukupona munzila yakuliimya kwini-kwini alimwi akulyeendelezya antoomwe akutaba silunya kuzilenge zyoonse. Ibana Jaini nzyobacisyoma asunu ezi.
25, 26. Ndusyomo nzi lwaba Hindu ilujanwaa mubukombi bwaba Sikhi?
25 Alimwi ku India nkokwakatalikila bukombi bwaba Sikhi, ibukombi bucitwaa bantu bali tuulunzuma ituli 19. Obu bukombi bwakatalika mumwaanda wamyaka wa 16 ciindi Guru Nānak naakayeeya kusanganya busyomi bwaba Hindu alimwi abwa Izilamu akubamba bukombi bukamantene. Ibukombi bwaba Sikhi bwakabweza lusyomo lwaba Hindu lwakutafwika kwabuumi, kuzyalululwa alimwi a Karma.
26 Icakutadooneka, ilusyomo lwakuti buumi bulazumanana mubili wafwa ndolupati muzikombelo zinji zya Kujwe. Ino mbuti kujatikizya Kristendomu, bukombi bwaba Juda alimwi a Izilamu?
[Maapu iili apeeji 10]
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IMWAANDA WAMYAKA 3 B.C.E.
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Bukombi bwaba Buda bwakayunga Asia yoonse nkwiili Kujwe
[Cifwanikiso icili apeeji 9]
Ikuzyalululwa nceciyiisyo cipati mubukombi bwaba Hindu
[Cifwanikiso icili apeeji 11]
Ikwiinda mukupona kweendelanaa zilenge imuna Tao ulasola kuba muntu uupona kusika kutamani
[Cifwanikiso icili apeeji 12]
Confucius wakali kubuyanda bukombi bwamizimo