Kuzumanana Kwabuumi Muntu Afwa—Ncinzi Ncobasyoma Bantu?
“Kuti naa muntu wafwa, sena uyoopona alimwi?—JOBO 14:14, BT.
1, 2. Ino bantu banji basola buti kujana luumbulizyo nobafwidwa muntu ngobayanda?
KUŊANDA yamalila imwi mu New York City, ibalongwe abanamukwasyi batungana mulongo cakaumuumu bayaabwiinda munsi-munsi aabbokesi livwunwidwe imuli mutumba wamusankwa uulaamyaka yakuzyalwa iili 17 walo wakoswedwa buumi kubulwazi bwakkansa. Banyina musankwa oyo ibatyompedwe kapati kaimbulumuka misozi baide kwiindulula ategwa: “Mbubo lino Tommy ulikondedwe. Leza wamuyanda Tommy kuti akabe anguwe kujulu.” Eci ncecintu ncobakayiisigwa kusyoma.
2 Ku Jamnagar mu India, ibusena bwamusinzo uulampa makkilomita aatandila ku 11,000 kuzwa ku New York City, imupati akati kabana basankwa botatwe wayasya mulilo aazikuni aabusena buumpilwa bantu kalibambila kuumpa mutumba wabausyi ibafwa. Aamulilo uupasauka, Brahman waambilila-ambilila majwi aa Sanskrit mantras ategwa: “Ibuumi butafwiki kabuzumanana kusoleka kwambubo kuti bukabe boobo busumpukide kapati.”
3. Mmibuzyo nzi bantu njobayeeya cakuzinzibala kwamyaka minji?
3 Lufwu lulatusikila toonse buyo. (Ba-Roma 5:12) Tacili cintu ceenzu kulindiswe toonse ikulibuzya kuti naa lufwu ngamamanino aazintu zyoonse. Kayeeya aabuumi bwamasamu, Jobu, mulanda wa Jehova Leza wansiku uusyomeka, wakati: “Masamu alijisi lulangilo, kuti naa waagonka alasyuuka alimwi, zisyuukila tazikamani.” Ino mbuti kujatikizya bantu? Jobo wakabuzya kuti: “Kuti naa muntu wafwa, sena uyoopona alimwi?” (Jobo 14:7, 14, BT.) Myaka minji yainda, ibantu muzisi zyoonse balikwiiyeeya mibuzyo yakuti: Sena buumi bulazumanana muntu afwa? Ikuti naa mboobo, mbuumi nzi? Aboobo, ino ncinzi bantu ncobasyoma? Alimwi ino nkaambo nzi?
Bwiinguzi Bunji, Imutwe Wamakani Omwe
4. Ncinzi ncobasyoma bantu bazikombelo ziindene-indene kujatikizya buumi muntu afwa?
4 Ibunji bwabaabo balyaamba kuti Mbanakristo balaasyoma makani aakuti muntu afwa uunka kujulu naa kuhelo. Pele ba Hindu basyoma mumakani aakuzyalululwa. Kweelana akusyoma kwaba Mozilemu, ategwa kuyooba buzuba bwalubeta twaakufwa, Allah nayoolanga-langa buumi bwaumwi aumwi akumutumina kuparadaiso naa kumulilo wahelo. Muzisi zimwi, nzyobasyoma kujatikizya bafwide zivwelengene buyo tunsiyansiya tunyenzi a Bunakristo. Mucikozyanyo, mu Sri Lanka iba Buda aba Katolika balasiya zijazyo ampulungwido kazili bukwazi kuti naa kuli wafwa muŋanda yabo, alimwi ibbokesi lilabikkwa imaulu aamufwu kaalanzyide kumulyango kunjililwa. Basyoma kuti ikucita boobo cigwasya kuti muuya wamufwu uzwe muŋanda omo. Akati kaba Katolika aba Protestanti banji mu West Africa, ncilengwa buya ikuvwuntamika zimbonimboni ciindi umwi naafwa kutegwa kubule uutilange mucimbonimboni akubona muuya wamuntu oyo wafwa. Mpoonya kwainda mazuba aali 40 kuzwa ciindi naafwa muyandwa, ibanamukwasyi alimwi abalongwe balasekelela kuunka kwacintu eci cuumi kujulu.
5. Nkaambo nzi ikasyomwa muzikombelo zinji?
5 Nokuba kuti kuli bwiinguzi bwaandeene-andeene boobu, kulibonya kuti izikombelo zinji zilazuminana akaambo komwe. Basyoma kuti icintu cimwi mukati kamuntu—naa ncintu cuumi, muuya naa ceelo—tacifwiki alimwi cilazumanana kupona mubili wamuntu wafwa. Ikutandila kuli zyoonse zikombelo ambunga zya Kristendomu izisika kuzyuulu zili mbozibede zisyoma mukutafwika kwabuumi. Amucikombelo caci Juda nenjiisyo iizumizidwe. Mucikombelo caba Hindu, ilusyomo olu nentalisyo yanjiisyo yakuzyalululwa. Iba Mozilemu basyoma kuti buumi bulazumanana mubili wafwa. Bama Aborijini baku Australia, basimalende bamu Afulika, ba Shinto, mane aba Buda, boonse bayiisya njiisyo zyaandeene-andeene kujatikizya mutwe wamakani oyu.
6. Ino bahaabupampu bamwi baulanga buti muzeezo wakuti buumi tabufwiki?
6 Kulubazu lumwi, nkobali bantu baamba kuti buumi bulamana muntu afwa. Kuli mbabo, imuzeezo wakuti kuli buumi bumbi busumpukide buzumanana mucintu cimwi citazibidwe kabotu cizandukide kumubili, ulibonya kuti ngwabufwubafwuba buyo. Haabupampu waku Spain wamumwaanda wamyaka wa 20 wazina lya Miguel de Unamuno wakalemba kuti: “Ikusyoma mukutafwika kwabuumi nkulombozya kuti obo buumi kabutafwi, pele ikulombozya kuli boobo nkookuya kwakuti muntu mane waakuleka buya akubelesya maanu.” Ibambi ibasyoma obo babikkilizya bantu baindene-indene kapati mbuli basibusongo bansiku ba Aristotle a Epicurus, musilisi Hippocrates, sibusongo waku Scotland David Hume, haabupampu waku Arabia Averroës alimwi a Jawaharlal Nehru imweendelezi wakusaanguna kucisi ca India nocakaanguluka.
7. Mmibuzyo nzi iiyandika kapati kujatikizya kusyoma kwakutafwika kwabuumi iyeelede kulangwa-langwa lino?
7 Akaambo kamizeezo alimwi alusyomo lwiindene-indene boobo, tweelede kubuzya kuti: Sena tujisi ncobeni buumi butafwiki? Ikuti buumi kabufwika ncobeni, ino ciyiisyo cakubeja cili boobo cakaduma buti muzikombelo zinji zyasunu? Ino muzeezo oyo wakazwa kuli? Cilayandika kapati kuti tujane bwiinguzi bwakasimpe alimwi bukkazika moyo kumibuzyo eyi nkaambo buliswaangene kapati abuumi bwesu bwakumbele. (1 Ba-Korinto 15:19) Pele, atusaangune kulanga-langa mbucakatalika ciyiisyo cakutafwika kwabuumi.
Mbuyakatalika Njiisyo Eyi
8. Mmulimo nzi ba Socrates alimwi a Plato ngobakabeleka mukumwaya muzeezo wakuti buumi tabufwiki?
8 Basibusongo bwamumwaanda wamyaka wasanu B.C.E. bamucisi caba Giliki ba Socrates alimwi a Plato baambwa kuti balaakati kabantu bakusaanguna ikusumpula muzeezo wakuti buumi tabufwiki. Pele, tabasi bakacitalisya ciyiisyo eci. Pele, bakaubotezya muzeezo oyu akuucinca kuti ube ciyiisyo cabusongo, aboobo bakaupa kuti ukkomanisye bantu bayiide bakuciindi cabo alimwi abakazyooboola kuzwawaawo. Ibwini mbwakuti basibukombi bwiitwa kuti mbwaci Zoroaster bwaku Persia yansiku alimwi abana Egepita bakaliko kabatana bana Zoroaster bakali kusyoma mukutafwika kwabuumi abalo. Aboobo imubuzyo ngwakuti, Nkuukuli kwakazwa ciyiisyo eci?
9. Nkuukuli kwakazwa kuyunga kubukkale bwansiku bwa Egepita, Persia alimwi abwaba Giliki?
9 Ibbuku litegwa The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, lyaamba kuti, “Munyika yansiku, izisi zya Egepita, Persia alimwi acaba Giliki zyakayungwa kapati abukombi bwa Babuloni.” Kujatikizya zintu zyabukombi nzyobakali kusyoma bana Egepita, ibbuku eli lizumanana kuti: “Akaambo kakuswaangana kwa Egepita abana Babuloniya kwakumatalikilo, cakali kukonzyeka kapati ikusanganya mizeezo azilengwa zya Babuloni mubukombi bwa Egepita mbubwenya mbuli mbwaatondezya mabwe aa El-Amarna.”a Ncimwi buyo azilengwa zyakaindi zyabana Persia aba Giliki.
10. Ino bana Babuloni bakali kuulanga buti muzeezo wabuumi buzumanana muntu afwa?
10 Pele sena bana Babuloni bansiku bakali kusyoma mukutafwika kwabuumi? Kujatikizya kaambo aka, Professor Morris Jastrow, Jr., waku Yunivesiti yaku Pennsylvania mu U.S.A., wakalemba kuti: “Ibantu alimwi abasololi bacikombelo [bamu Babuloniya] kunyina nobakali kulangila kuti cilakonzyeka kubunyonyweeda limwi buya buumi. Ilufwu [kweelana ambubakali kuyeeya] kwakali kwiinda buyo kuya kubuumi bumbi aboobo ikukazya makani aakutafwika [kwabuumi bwamuntu buliko lino] nkobakali kukazya bana Babuloni, kwakali kukankaizya buyo kaambo kakuti kusanduka oku ikuletwaa lufwu takukonzyi kweelebwa pe.” Inzya, ibana Babuloni bakali kusyoma kuti buumi munzila imwi, bwakali kuzumanana muciimo cimwi muntu afwa. Eci bakali kucitondezya kwiinda mukubikkilizya zintu zimwi bazikka muntu ikutegwa kabelesya Mubuumi obo buzumanana.
11, 12. Nolyakainda Zambangulwe, cakatalikila kuli ciyiisyo cakutafwika kwabuumi?
11 Cakutadooneka, iciyiisyo cabuumi butafwiki cakatalikila mu Babuloni wansiku. Sena kuli mpindu iiliko mukuzyiba boobo? Nkwiili ncobeni, nkaambo kweelana a Bbaibbele, imunzi wa Babelo naa Babuloni wakayakwaa Nimrodi, imuzyukulaa Nowa. Nolyakainda Zambangulwe lyakuciindi ca Nowa, kwakacaala buyo musyobo omwe alimwi abukombi bomwe. Nimrodi tanaakali buyo ‘sikukazya kumeso aa Jehova’ pele walo alimwi abasikumutobela bakali kuyanda kulicitila “mpuwo.” Aboobo kwiinda mukuyaka munzi oyo aŋanda ndamfwu ooko, Nimrodi wakatalisya bukombi bwiindene.—Matalikilo 10:1, 6, 8-10; 11:1-4.
12 Ikweelana atunsiyansiya, kwaambwa kuti Nimrodi wakafwa lufwu lubi kapati. Naakafwa, ibana Babuloni balalangilwa kuti bakayanda kuti bamulemeke kapati mbwaakali ngowakatalisya munzi wabo, ngowakauyaka alimwi ngowakali mwami wabo wakusaanguna. Mbwaanga leza Marduki (Merodaki) wakali kulangwa kuti ngowakaanza Babuloni, bahaabupampu bamwi baamba kuti Marduki wiiminina Nimrodi wakacitwa buleza. (2 Bami 25:27; Isaya 39:1; Jeremiya 50:2) Ikuti kakuli boobo nkokuti muzeezo wakuti muntu ujisi buumi butafwiki ngwalino-lino, kuciindi calufwu lwa Nimrodi. Kayi, imalembe aamakani aakaindi atondezya kuti nolyakainda Zambangulwe, ikwakatalikila ciyiisyo cabuumi butafwiki nkuu Babelo naa Babuloni.
13. Mbuti ciyiisyo cakutafwika kwabuumi mbocakamwaika koonse-koonse anyika, alimwi ncinzi cakacitika?
13 Kunze lyaboobo, Ibbaibbele litondezya kuti Leza wakanyonganya kusoleka kwabasikuyaka ŋanda ndamfwu ku Babelo kwiinda mukupilinganya mwaambo wabo. Mbwaanga tiibakacili kukonzya kumvwana nobakanana, bakaleka kuyaka baandaana bamwaika “koonse koonse ansi.” (Matalikilo 11:5-9) Tweelede kuzyiba kuti nokuba kuti mwaambo wabantu aabo bakatiyake ŋanda ndamfwu wakapilinganisigwa, imizeezo yabo kwiina noyakacinca. Akaambo kaceeci, kufwumbwa nkobakaunka, imizeezo yabo yabukombi ayalo bakaitolelezya. Munzila eyi injiisyo zyabukombi zyabana Babuloni—kubikkilizyaa aciyiisyo cakutafwika kwabuumi—zyakaba ngamatalikilo aanjiisyo zyamuzikombelo zipati zyamunyika. Aboobo bwami bwanyika yoonse bwabukombi bwakubeja bwakatalisigwa, bwalo mu Bbaibbele cakweelela ibwiitwa kuti, “BABULONI MUPATI UUZYALA BASIBWAAMU AZISESEMYO ZYAANSI.”—Ciyubunuzyo 17:5.
Bwami Bwanyika Bwabukombi Bwakubeja Bwasika Kujwe
14. Ino njiisyo zyabukombi bwabana Babuloni zyakamwaika buti mucisi ca India?
14 Basikwiiya zyakaindi bamwi baamba kuti imyaka iyiinda ku 3,500 yainda, ikupola kwabantu banji kwakaleta bantu basilukanda lusalala-salala, imusyobo wabantu baku Europe uusangene awaku India kuzwa kunyika lwaambo aa Kkuti lya Indus, ikkuti lyaabanwaa zisi zya Pakistan a India ono. Kuzwa kooko bakamwaikila mumimpata ya Mulonga wa Ganges alimwi acisi ca India. Bahaazibwene bamwi baamba kuti imizeezo yabukombi yabasikupola yakayeeme aanjiisyo zyaku Iran a Babuloni. Aboobo, imizeezo yabukombi eyi, ngowakaba musemu wanjiisyo zyaba Hindu.
15. Mbuti muzeezo wabuumi butafwiki mbowakazikuyunga bukombi bwaba Hindu basunu?
15 Mu India imuzeezo wakutafwika kwabuumi wakacinca wakaba wakuzyalululwa. Bama Hindu balemekwa, ibakali kukatazyigwaa penzi lyabubi buli munyika yoonse alimwi akupenga akati kabantu, bakatalisya muzeezo wiitwa kuti mulawo wa Karma, imulawo wakuti kwiina cintu cilicitikila buyo kakunyina ciciletelezya. Nobakasanganya mulawo oyu antoomwe alusyomo lwakutafwika kwabuumi, bakajana ciyiisyo cakuzyalululwa, calo caamba kuti izintu zibotu azibyaabi zicitwa mubuumi bumwi zilalumbulwa naa kusubulwa mubuumi butobela. Imakanze aabaabo basyomeka nkujana moksha, naa lwaanguluko kumulongo wakuzyalululwa akukamantana aceeco ncobati buumi busumpukide kapati naa Nirvana. Mukumana kwamyaanda yamyaka, mbubwakali kuyabukomena bukombi bwaba Hindu, acalo ciyiisyo cakuzyalululwa cakali kuyabukomena. Alimwi injiisyo yakuzyalululwa nempati mubukombi bwaci Hindu sunu.
16. Nkusyoma kuli buti kujatikizya Buumi buzumanana ikwakazikuduma mukuyeeya alimwi amuzilengwa zyabukombi zyinabunji ku East Asia?
16 Ikuzwa kubukombi bwaba Hindu izikombelo zimbi zyakatalika mbuli caba Buda, ba Jaini alimwi aba Sikhi. Azyalo ezi zisyoma mukuzyalululwa. Kunze lyaboobo ibukombi bwaba Buda mbubwakali kuya busakanina mumasena manji mu East Asia—China, Korea, Japan alimwi akumbi—bwakazijatikizya kapati zilengwa alimwi abukombi bwacooko coonse mbocizulwa. Eci cakapa kuti kube zikombelo zijisi busyomi busangene, izitobela busyomi bwaba Buda alimwi abwakukomba mizimo. Iziinda kuyunga akati kazeezi nzya Tao, Confucian alimwi a Shinto. Munzila eyi, ilusyomo lwakuti buumi bulazumanana mubili wafwa ndolweendelezya kuyeeya alimwi azilengwa zyabukombi bwabantu banji mubusena obo bwanyika.
Ino Mbuti Mubukombi Bwaci Juda, Kristendomu Alimwi a Izilamu?
17. Ncinzi ba Juda bansiku ncobakali kusyoma kujatikizya buumi muntu afwa?
17 Ino bantu bamuzikombelo zyaba Juda, Kristendomu alimwi a Izilamu basyoma nzi kujatikizya buumi muntu afwa? Aakati kazikombelo ezi icansiku kapati ncaba Juda. Ibukombi bwaci Juda bwakatalika myaka iitandila ku 4,000 yainda kuciindi ca Abrahamu—kakucili myaka minji kabatana talisya ciyiisyo cakutafwika kwabuumi ba Socrates a Plato. Bama Juda bansiku bakali kusyoma mububuke bwabafwide ikutali mukutafwika kwabuumi bwabantu. (Matayo 22:31, 32; Ba-Hebrayo 11:19) Ino ono njiisyo yakutafwika kwabuumi yakanjila buti mubukombi bwaci Juda? Imakani aamusyule alatupa bwiinguzi.
18, 19. Ino ciyiisyo cakutafwika kwabuumi cakanjila buti mubukombi bwaci Juda?
18 Mu 332 B.C.E., Alexander Mupati wakazunda Middle East, kubikkilizyaa Jerusalemu. Ibakalya busena bwa Alexander nobakazumanana amakanze aakwe aakumwaya bu Helene koonse-koonse, kwakaba kusangana kwazilengwa zyamasi obile—zyaba Giliki alimwi aba Juda. Muciindi, bama Juda bakaiziba mizeezo yaba Giliki elyo mane bamwi bakaba basibusongo.
19 Philo iwaku Alexandria, wamumwaanda wamyaka wakusaanguna C.E., wakali umwi wabasibusongo ba Juda bali boobu. Wakali kumulemeka kapati Plato aboobo wakasolekesya kupandulula bukombi bwaba Juda munzila yabusongo bwaba Giliki, aboobo wakajula mulyango kuli bama Juda basongo bakalikuza kumbele. Ibbuku lyaba Juda litegwa Talmud—twaambo tulembedwe kujatikizya mulawo wakulwiidwa iwakalembwaa bamayi—alyalo lyakajisi mizeezo yaba Giliki. Ibbuku lya Encyclopaedia Judaica, lyaamba kuti, “Bamayi [bama Rabbi] babbuku lya Talmud bakali kusyoma kuti buumi bulazumanana muntu afwa.” Mpoonya ibbuku lijatikizya zyamasalamuzi lyabama Juda mbuli leelyo ilitegwa Cabala, mane lilayiisya aciyiisyo cakuzyalululwa. Aboobo imuzeezo wakutafwika kwabuumi wakanjila mubukombi bwaba Juda munzila iitagaminide pe, kwiinda mubusongo bwaba Giliki. Ino ncinzi cikonzya kwaambwa kujatikizya kunjila kwaciyiisyo eci mu Kristendomu?
20, 21. (a) Ino Banakristo bakusaanguna bakali kububona buti busibusongo bwa Plato naa bwaba Giliki? (b) Ncinzi cakacitya kuti imizeezo ya Plato ivwelengane anjiisyo zya Banakristo?
20 Ibunakristo bwini-bwini bwakatalikaa Jesu Kristo. Ikujatikizya Jesu, Miguel de Unamuno, iwazubululwa musule, wakalemba kuti: “Wakali kusyoma mububuke bwamubili mbubwenya mbuli ba Juda ikutali mukutafwika kwabuumi mbuli ciyiisyo caba [Giliki] cabantu ca Plato.” Wakamanizya akuti: “Ikutafwika kwabuumi . . . nciyiisyo cabantu cakubeja.” Akaambo kaceeci, tulakonzya kubona kaambo mwaapostolo Paulo cakusinizya ncaakacenjezya Banakristo bamumwaanda wamyaka wakusaanguna kuti batajatikizigwi “kukusongwaalasongwaala akukwaamba makani aatawo aazwa kutunsiyansiya twabantu, aazwa kuzilenge zitaanzi zyaansi, aatazwi kuli-Kristo pe.”—Ba-Kolose 2:8.
21 Pele ino ndilili alimwi mbuti mbocakanjila mu Bunakristo eci “ciyiisyo cabantu cakubeja”? Ibbuku lya The New Encyclopædia Britannica lipandulula kuti: “Ikuzwa akati-kati kamwaanda wamyaka wabili AD, Ibanakristo bakayiisigwa busongo bwaba Giliki bakatalika kulimvwa kuti beelede kutondezya lusyomo lwabo muzintu zyaambwaa busongo obu, ikutegwa balikkomanisye beni alimwi akuti basandule bahedeni bayiide. Ibusongo ibwakabakkomanisya kapati mbwaa Plato.” Basibusongo bobile bakusaanguna bali boobu ibakayunga kapati munjiisyo zya Kristendomu bakali ba Origen waku Alexandria alimwi a Augustine waku Hippo. Boonse bobile bakalijatikizidwe kapati amizeezo ya Plato elyo bakalimbele ikunjizya mizeezo eyo muziyiisyo zya Bunakristo.
22. Mbuti ciyiisyo cakutafwika kwabuumi mbocazumanana kuduma mu Izilamu?
22 Nokuba kuti muzeezo wakutafwika kwabuumi wakanjila mubukombi bwaba Juda abwa Kristendomu akaambo kakuyunga kwa Plato, oyu muzeezo wakakomena mubukombi bwa Izilamu nkukwenya kumatalikilo. Ibbuku lyaba Izilamu lisalala, litegwa Koran, liyiisya kuti muntu ulijisi cintu cuumi cizumanana kupona afwa. Lyaamba kuti ikuunka cintu cuumi kwamamanino nkuubuumi mumuunda wakujulu waparadaiso naa kuyakusubulwa mumulilo wahelo. Oku takuli kwaamba kuti bahaabupampu iba Arabu kwiina nobasoleka kuvwelenganya njiisyo zyaba Izilamu abusibusongo bwaba Giliki. Atwaambe kuti, icooko caba Arabu cakayungwa munzila imwi amilimo ya Aristotle. Pele ikutafwika kwabuumi cicili nceciyiisyo caba Mozilemu.
23. Mibuzyo nzi iikulwaizya kujatikizya buumi muntu afwa iiyoolangwa-langwa mucibalo citobela?
23 Cakutadooneka, izikombelo zyamunyika zilaalusyomo lwaandeene-andeene lwa Buumi buzumanana lujisilidi amuzeezo wakuti buumi tabufwiki. Alimwi ibusyomi buli boobu bwabanjila, inzya mane akubeendelezya alimwi akubaanga mubuzike ibantu babalilwa kutuulunzuma tuli mbotubede. Akaambo kazyeezi zyoonse, tukulwaizigwa kubuzya kuti: Sena cilakonzyeka kuzyiba masimpe kujatikizya cicitika twafwa? Sena buumi bulazumanana muntu afwa? Ino Bbaibbele ncinzi ncolyaamba kumakani aya? Eci tuyoocilanga-langa mucibalo citobela.
Bupanduluzi buyungizidwe
a El-Amarna mmatongo aajanwa mumunzi wa Egepita uutegwa Akhetaton walo uutegwa wakayakwa mumwaanda wamyaka wa 14 B.C.E.
Sena Inga Mwapandulula?
◻ Mmakani nzi aajanwa mubusyomi bwazikombelo zyinabunji kujatikizya buumi muntu afwa?
◻ Mbuti makani aazyaciindi alimwi aamu Bbaibbele mbwaatondezya kuti ibusena ikwakatalikila ciyiisyo ca kutafwika kwabuumi nkuu Babuloni wansiku?
◻ Muunzila nzi mozijatikizidwe zikombelo zya Kujwe kumakani aakusyoma kwabuna Babuloni kwakutafwika kwabuumi?
◻ Mbuti ciyiisyo cakutafwika kwabuumi mbocakanjila muzikombelo zyaci Juda, Kristendomu alimwi aca Izilamu?
[Zifwanikiso izili apeeji 22, 23]
Ikuzunda kwa Alexander Mupati kwakacitya kuti kube kuvwelengana kwazilengwa zyaba Giliki azyaba Juda
Augustine wakasoleka kuvwelenganya busibusongo bwa Plato a Bunakristo
[Kulumba]
Alexander: Musei Capitolini, Roma; Augustine: Kuzwa mubbuku litegwa Great Men and Famous Women