Ikutafwika kwa Buumi—Mbuyakatalika Njiisyo Eyi
“Kunyina makani aamba zyabuumi bwakwe bwakumuuya aayijatikizya boobu mizeezo yamuntu mbuli aabandika ciimo cakwe afwa.”—“ENCYCLOPÆDIA OF RELIGION AND ETHICS.”
1-3. Ino ba Socrates a Plato bakausumpula buti muzeezo wakuti buumi tabufwiki?
UMWI haabupampu alimwi mwiiyi wamyaka yakuzyalwa iili 70 watamikizigwa kubula bulemu alimwi akusofwaazya mizeezo yabana kwiinda muziyiisyo zyakwe. Nokuba kuti walikwabilila kabotu-kabotu kumulandu wakwe, ibabetesi aba bataluzi bamujanaa mulandu elyo waambilwa kuti weelede kufwa. Imawoola masyoonto buyo katanajayigwa, oyu mwiiyi uucembeede waambila basicikolo bamubungilide twaambo tusinizya kuti buumi tabufwiki alimwi akuti lufwu talweelede kuyoowegwa pe.
2 Oyu muntu wasinganizigwa boobu ngu Socrates sibusongo iwakazibidwe kapati mucisi caba Giliki mumwaanda wamyaka wasanu B.C.E.a Sicikolo wakwe wazina lya Plato wakalemba zintu ezi zyakacitika mumulaso wakwe wakuti Apology alimwi awakuti Phaedo. Ba Socrates alimwi a Plato baambwa kuti balaakati kabantu bakusaanguna ikusumpula muzeezo wakuti buumi tabufwiki. Pele tabasi bakacitalisya ciyiisyo eci.
3 Mbuli mbotutibone, muzeezo oyu wakutafwika kwamuntu wakatalikila muziindi zyamusyule kapati. Nokuba boobo, Socrates a Plato bakaubotezya muzeezo oyu akuucinca kuti ube ciyiisyo cabusongo aboobo bakaupa kuti ukkomanisye bantu bayiide bakuciindi cabo alimwi abakazyooboola kuzwawaawo.
Kuzwa Kuli Pythagoras Kusika Kuzyuumbwe Zyabana Egepita
4. Katanasika Socrates, mizeezo nzi njobakajisi ba Giliki kujatikizya Buumi buzumanana muntu afwa?
4 Abalo bama Giliki ibakali kupona ciindi kakutanasika ba Socrates a Plato bakali kusyoma kuti buumi bulazumana muntu afwa. Imu Giliki wakazibidwe kapati kumakani aanamba wazina lya Pythagoras iwamumwaanda wamyaka wacisambomwi B.C.E. wakali kusyoma kuti buumi tabufwiki alimwi akuti bwakali kukonzya kuzwa akuya mucintu cimbi. Katana Pythagoras, Thales waku Miletus walo uuyeeyelwa kuti ngowakali sibusongo wakusaanguna muna Giliki wakali kusyoma kuti obu buumi butafwiki teebwakali buyo mubantu, mubanyama alimwi amuzisamu, pele bwakali kujanwaa muzintu zili mbuli magineti nkaambo ilakonzya kukwela lubulo. Bama Giliki bansiku bakali kutaminina kuti bafwide bakali kulonzyegwa akutolwa kutalaa mulonga wa Styx kubusena bupati buli kunsi aanyika bwiitwa kuti kunyika yabafwide. Okuya, ibabetesi bakali kutumina bafwide aba muntolongo iilaa bwaanda bulamfwu kapati kukupenzyegwabulanga naa kubusena bwakutangala mu Paradaiso.
5, 6. Ino bana Persia bakali kubulanga buti buumi?
5 Kujwe, mu Iran naa Persia, kwakali kupona musinsimi umwi mumwaanda wamyaka waciloba B.C.E. wazina lya Zoroaster. Wakatalisya bukombi bwakali kwiitwa kuti mbwaci Zoroaster. Obu mbubwakali bukombi bwa Bwami bwa Persia bwalo bwakazwide nyika yoonse cisi caba Giliki kacitanabaa mpuwo. Imagwalo aaci Zoroaster aamba kuti: “Mukutafwika, ibuumi bwa Balulami Bunookkomana lyoonse, pele buumi bwa Mubeji bunoopenzegwabulanga. Elyo eyi Milawo wailongezya Ahura Mazda [ikwaamba “leza musongo”] kwiinda mubweendelezi bwabulelo Bwakwe.”
6 Alimwi ciyiisyo cakutafwika kwabuumi cakali kuyiisigwa mubukombi bwamu Iran kabutana talika bwaci Zoroaster. Mucikozyanyo, imisyobo yamu Iran yansiku yakali kulanganya bafwide kwiinda mukubapa zyakulya alimwi azyakusama ikutegwa zibagwasye kunyika yabafwide.
7, 8. Ino bana Egepita bansiku bakali kusyoma nzi kujatikizya kufwutuka kwacintu cuumi imubili wamuntu wafwa?
7 Ilusyomo mubuumi buzumanana lwainda lufwu, wakali ngomusemu wabukombi bwabana Egepita. Ibana Egepita bakali kusyoma kuti muntu uufwide wakali kubetekwaa Osiris imupati wabaleza bakunyika yabafwide. Mucikozyanyo, ibulembo bumwi bwaamalala ibwaambwa kuti mbwamumwaanda wamyaka wa 14 B.C.E. butondezya Anubis, leza wabafwide kasololela mulembi Hunefer kuli Osiris. Acikkelo, imoyo wamulembi iwiiminina manjezeezyaakwe ulapimwa akapepe nkabikka mumutwe leza mukaintu wakasimpe abululami. Leza umbi wazina lya Thoth nguulemba cicitika. Akaambo kakuti moyo wa Hunefer taujisi mulandu, wauba-uba kwiinda kapepe elyo Hunefer wazumizigwa kunjila mubusena bwa Osiris akutambula buumi butafwiki. Alimwi oobu bulembo bwaamalala butondezya syaamankwamu mukaintu kaimvwi acikkelo, kalibambilide kulya yooyo uufwide ikuti naa moyo walema kwiinda pepe. Alimwi ibana Egepita bakali kwiibamba mibili yabafwide ikutegwa itaboli kufwambaana alimwi bakali kuyobola mibili yabaabo bakali kuba bamafarao muzyaanda zibotu nkaambo bakali kuyeeya kuti ikufwutuka kwabuumi kwakayeeme akubamba mubili.
8 Aboobo, ibunji bwamasi aansiku aakasumpukide akali kusyoma ciyiisyo comwe—ikutafwika kwabuumi. Sena boonse bakacijana kuntu komwe ciyiisyo eci?
Nkucakazwa Kwini-Kwini
9. Mbukombi nzi bwakayunga nyika yansiku ya Egepita, Persia alimwi acisi caba Giliki?
9 Ibbuku litegwa The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria lyaamba kuti, “Munyika yansiku, izisi zya Egepita, Persia alimwi acaba Giliki zyakayungwa kapati abukombi bwa Babuloni.” Eli bbuku lilazumanana kupandulula kuti: “Akaambo kakuswaangana kwa Egepita a Babuloniya kwakumatalikilo, cakali kukonzyeka kapati ikusanganya mizeezo azilengwa zya Babuloni mubukombi bwa Egepita mbubwenya mbuli mbwaatondezya mabwe aa El-Amarna. Mu Persia, ibukombi bwa Mithra bulatondezya kuyunga kwini-kwini kwamizeezo ya Babuloni . . . Ikusangana kupati kwaziyiisyo zya Misyobo yoonse yamucisi caba Giliki cakaindi alimwi azyamubukombi kulazuminwa lino abahaabupampu boonse cakuti buya tabaciyandi amubandi umbi. Ibunji bwaziyiisyo ezi zya Misyobo yoonse nzyabana Babuloni.”b
10, 11. Ino bana Babuloni bakali kuulanga buti muzeezo wabuumi buzumanana muntu afwa?
10 Pele sena imuzeezo wabana Babuloni uujatikizya cicitika twafwa tawaandeene awabana Egepita, bana Persia alimwi aba Giliki? Mucikozyanyo amulange kweema kwabana Babuloni kwa Epic of Gilgamesh. Imwami Gilgamesh uuyabucembaala walo wakatazyigwa kapati akaambo kalufwu, wazwa kuyabulangaula buumi butafwiki pele taazwidilila pe. Mane nakalindu ngwaaswaanganya mulweendo lwakwe wamukulwaizya kuti abubelesye kabotu buumi bwakwe obu nkaambo kunyina nayoojana buumi obo butamani mbwayandaula. Imulumbe uuli mukweema oku ngwakuti ilufwu kwiina mbolweelebwa pe alimwi bulangizi bwabuumi butafwiki ncintu buyo cakulipungila. Sena eci citondezya kuti bana Babuloni teebakali kusyoma kuti Buumi bulazumana muntu afwa?
11 Professor Morris Jastrow, Jr., waku Yunivesiti yaku Pennsylvania mu U.S.A., wakalemba kuti: “Ibantu alimwi abasololi bacikombelo [bamu Babuloniya] kunyina nobakali kulangila kuti cilakonzyeka ikubunyonyweeda limwi buya buumi. Ilufwu [kweelana ambubakali kuyeeya] kwakali kwiinda buyo kuya kubuumi bumbi aboobo ikukazya makani aakutafwika kwamuntu nkobakali kukazya bana Babuloni, kwakali kukankaizya buyo kaambo kakuti kusanduka oku kuletwaa lufwu takukonzyi kweelebwa pe.” Inzya ibana Babuloni bakali kusyoma kuti buumi munzila imwi, muciimo cimwi bwakali kuzumanana muntu afwa. Eci bakali kucitondezya kwiinda mukubikkilizya zintu zimwi bazikka muntu ikutegwa kabelesya Mubuumi obo buzumanana.
12-14. (a) Nkuli kwakatalikila ciyiisyo cakutafwika kwabuumi nolyakainda Zambangulwe? (b) Ino njiisyo eyi yakazulila buti koonse-koonse anyika?
12 Cakutadooneka, iciyiisyo cabuumi butafwiki cakatalikila mu Babuloni wansiku. Ikweelana a Bbaibbele, ibbuku lizibidwe kuluula makani aakaindi mubuluzi lyaamba kuti imunzi wa Babelo naa Babuloni wakayakwaa Nimrodi, imuzyukululwaa Nowa.c Nolyakamana Zambangulwe lyakuciindi ca Nowa, kwakacaala buyo musyobo omwe alimwi abukombi bomwe. Ikwiinda mukuyaka munzi oyu akubikka ŋanda ndamfwu mumunzi omo, Nimrodi wakatalisya bumbi bukombi. Imakani aa Bbaibbele aalembedwe atondezya kuti noyakapilinganisigwa myaambo ku Babelo, abo basikuyaka ŋanda ndamfwu ibatakazwidilila bakaandaana akuyakutalika bukkale bumbi, bakabwezelezya abukombi bwabo. (Matalikilo 10:6-10; 11:4-9) Aboobo ziyiisyo zyabukombi zyabuna Babuloni zyakamwaya koonse-koonse anyika.
13 Ikweelanaa tunsiyansiya, kwaambwa kuti Nimrodi wakafwa lufwu lubi kapati. Naakafwa, ibana Babuloni balalangilwa kuti bakayanda kuti bamulemeke kapati mbwaakali ngowakatalisya munzi wabo, ngowakauyaka alimwi ngowakali mwami wabo wakusaanguna. Mbwaanga leza Marduki (Merodaki) wakali kulangwa kuti ngowakayaka Babuloni, bahaabupampu bamwi baamba kuti Marduki wiiminina Nimrodi wakacitwa buleza. Ikuti kabuli boobo nkokuti muzeezo wakuti muntu ujisi buumi butafwiki ngwalino-lino, kuciindi calufwu lwa Nimrodi. Kayi, imalembe aamakani aakaindi atondezya kuti nolyakainda Zambangulwe, ikwakatalikila ciyiisyo cabuumi butafwiki nkuu Babelo naa Babuloni.
14 Ino ono njiisyo eyi yakazyooba buti musemu mubukombi bunji bwakuciindi cesu? Icibeela citobela ciyoolanga-langa mbuyakanjila-njila muzikombelo zya Kujwe.
Bupanduluzi buyungizidwe
a B.C.E. yiiminina “Before the Common Era [Kacitana Ciindi Cesu],” C.E. yiiminina “Common Era [Ciindi Cesu],” iivwula kwaambwa kuti A.D., yalo yiiminina anno Domini, icaamba “mumwaka wa Mwami Wesu.”
b El-Amarna mmatongo aajanwa mumunzi wa Egepita uutegwa Akhetaton walo uutegwa wakayakwa mumwaanda wamyaka wa 14 B.C.E.
c Amubone The Bible—God’s Word or Man’s?, mapeeji 37-54, yakamwaigwa aba Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc.
[Zifwanikiso izili apeeji 6]
Ikuyeeya kwabana Egepita kujatikizya buumi kunsi aanyika
[Cifwanikiso icili apeeji 7]
Socrates wakali kwaamba kuti buumi tabufwiki